by Peter Finn
“People who are morally scrupulous”: Ibid.
“very unpleasant consequences”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 90.
“I have started rewriting”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 114.
“If you’re here to advise me”: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 90–91.
He angrily waved Pasternak’s telegram: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 115.
“It does not matter what might happen”: Miriam H. Berlin, “A Visit to Pasternak,” The American Scholar 52, no. 2 (Summer 1983): 327–35.
“Vittorio, tell Feltrinelli”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 113.
“To look at him, Pasternak might have been”: Yevtushenko, A Precocious Autobiography, 104.
Pasternak and Yevtushenko drank and talked: Yevtushenko, Shestidesantnik, memuarnaya proza, 386.
Soviet trade representatives in Paris and London: The International Book Association to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, note, October 3, 1957, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 84–85.
The Soviet embassy in London: Philip de Zulueta, British Foreign Office, letter to British ambassador in Moscow, titled “Vetting and Translation of Dr. Zhivago,” March 8, 1958, in the National Archives, London. Prime Minister’s file. Classmark, PREM 11/2504.
“the atmosphere created around the book”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 116.
Zveteremich was handed a typewritten letter: D’Angelo, Delo Pasternaka, 98.
“A brawl, I can truly say”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 76.
“P. asks you not to pay any heed to this”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 116.
“I became convinced”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 241.
“In order to avoid any further tension”: Ibid., 117.
“I know how such letters are written”: November 16, 1957, note for the Central Committee of the CPSU, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 86.
“free publisher in a free country”: Giangiacomo Feltrinelli quoted indirectly in “Pubblicato in URSS il libro di Borghese sulla ‘X Mas’ mentre si proibisce la stampa dell’ultimo romanza di Pasternàk” (Borges Book Will Be Published in the USSR by Christmas while Pasternak’s Last Novel Remains Banned), Corrispondenza Socialista, October 27, 1957.
“a hyena dipped in syrup”: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 116.
“The Cold War is beginning to involve literature”: Gino Pagliarani, “Boris Pasternak e la cortina di ferro” (Boris Pasternak and the Iron Curtain), L’Unità, October 22, 1957, in Conquest, Courage of Genius, 66.
“I have seen my friends”: Alexei Surkov, Mladost, October 2, 1957, in ibid., 67.
“Time and Newsweek”: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Storm, 91.
He told him he was “stunned”: November 16, 1957, letter of Boris Pasternak attached to note for the Central Committee of the CPSU, in Afiani and Tomilina, Pasternak i Vlast’, 86.
I can find no words: Carlo Feltrinelli, Feltrinelli, 118–19.
printed on November 15, 1957: Information on the novel’s first printing and appearance in bookstores from Carlo Feltrinelli, email correspondence.
“You look for a political libel and find a work of art”: Giorgio Zampa, “Si cerca il libello politico e si trova un’opera d’arte,” review of Doctor Zhivago, Corriere della Sera, November 22, 1957.
Chapter 8
in the form of two rolls of film: CIA, Dispatch to Chief, WE [Western Europe], “Transmittal of Film of Pasternak Book,” January 2, 1958. The name of the sender in the January 2, 1958, document, as well as the source of the film, has been redacted. It is standard CIA practice not to reveal liaison relationships with allied intelligence services even in documents that are more than fifty years old. It is nonetheless clear from the January 2, 1958, document that the film came from London. The document states that the provider of the film also wished to know what plans the CIA had so that it could synchronize its efforts with the agency. The provider could only have been MI6. Moreover, a U.S. official speaking on background to one of the authors confirmed that the source of the manuscript was Great Britain. A spokesman for the British government when contacted by the authors said that after MI6’s official history was published in 2010 a decision was made not to open the archives again.
In a memo to Frank Wisner: CIA, Memorandum for Deputy Director (Plans) from Chief, SR Division, “Request for Authorization to Obligate up to [redacted] from AEDINOSAUR,” July 9, 1958.
an assistant naval attaché in Moscow: Trento, The Secret History of the CIA, 497, note 4. Maury’s name, like others, is redacted in the CIA documents, but he has been identified as the chief, Soviet Russia Division, in numerous books, and former CIA officials confirmed his identity in interviews with the authors.
“He considered the Soviet regime”: Chavchavadze, Crown and Trenchcoats, 224.
“Our specialty was the charochka”: Ibid.
“asked that it not be done in the U.S.”: CIA, Memorandum for PP Notes, “Publication of Pasternak’s Dr. Zhivago,” September 8, 1958. A British request not to publish in the United States is apparent from subsequent CIA actions and concerns, and it is explicitly mentioned in this memo, although references to the British, as noted earlier, are redacted.
“should be published in a maximum number”: CIA, Memorandum, “Pasternak’s Dr. Zhivago,” December 12, 1957. This memo was likely written by the Psychological and Paramilitary Staff.
gave the CIA exclusive control: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “Exploitation of Dr. Zhivago,” March 27, 1959. This memo does not date the OCB guidelines. Librarians at the Eisenhower Presidential Library could find no record of the directive to the CIA, presumably because it was verbal. On November 7, 1958, in a single sentence, the minutes of an OCB meeting, which was attended by DCI Allen Dulles, recorded: “Discussed and noted actions being taken with respect to the Pasternak case.” Eisenhower Presidential Library. White House Office, Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs: Records, OCB series, Administration subseries, Box 4: OCB Minutes of Meetings 1958 (6).
“could incrementally over time”: Meyer, Facing Reality, 114.
“appeared natural and right”: Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 147.
the Cold War was also cultural: For full treatments of the Cultural Cold War, and contrasting views on the merit and efficacy of CIA operations, see Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, and Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer.
“manifest diversity and differences of view”: Michael Warner, “Sophisticated Spies: CIA Links to Liberal Anti-communists, 1947–1967,” Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 9, no. 4 (1996): 425–33.
“became one of the world’s largest grant-making institutions”: Ibid.
“centralized snooping,” as Truman called it: Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy, 35.
the CIA’s general counsel was uncertain: Thorne et al., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, 622.
“do things that very much needed to be done”: Gaddis, George F. Kennan, 317.
“The Inauguration of Organized Political Warfare”: Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, 668–72.
He had served for six months in Bucharest: Thomas, The Very Best Men, 21–23.
“The OSS operative was ‘brutally shocked’ ”: Dobbs, Six Months in 1945, 14.
Wisner divided his planned clandestine activity: Thorne et al., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, 730–31.
There were 302 CIA staffers: U.S. Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, book 1, 107.
“the atmosphere of an order of Knights Templar”: Colby and Forbath, Honorable Men, 73.
“boyishly charming, cool but coiled”: Tom Braden, “I’m Glad the CIA Is Immoral,” The Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967.
that “added dimension”: Winks, Cloak & Gown, 54.
“under an appropriate pseudonym”: Cord Meyer, letter to
Robie Macauley, September 19, 1996, Cord Meyer Papers, box 1, folder 8, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
wrote his novel Partisans: Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 246.
“I went down to Washington”: Meyer, Facing Reality, 63–64.
Members included Dwight D. Eisenhower: Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 131; and Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 31.
about 12 percent of the FEC budget: Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, 15.
the CIA routed through a Wall Street bank: Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer, 31.
enjoyed a good deal of autonomy: See Meyer, Facing Reality, 115. This is also A. Ross Johnson’s thesis.
“a single stoker or sweeper”: Critchlow, Radio Hole-in-the-Head, 15.
The KGB called Munich: Ibid., 87.
About one-third of the urban adult population: Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, 184.
“the mighty non-military force”: Solzhenitsyn, The Mortal Danger, 129.
In 1958, the Soviet Union was spending: Simo Mikkonen, “Stealing the Monopoly of Knowledge? Soviet Reactions to U.S. Cold War Broadcasting,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 11, no. 4 (2010): 771–805.
“A new wind is blowing”: “Propaganda: Winds of Freedom,” Time, August 27, 1951.
the FEC launched 600,000 balloons: Hixon, Parting the Curtain, 65–66.
The Czechoslovakian air force tried to shoot down: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 10.
“an extremely worrisome violation of airspace sovereignty”: Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, 72.
“Let’s do it,” he said: John P. Matthews, “The West’s Secret Marshall Plan for the Mind,” Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 16, no. 3 (2003): 409–27.
“There should be no total attacks on communism”: Reisch, Hot Boots in the Cold War, 15.
“We are swallowing them passionately”: Alfred A. Reisch, “The Reception and Impact of Western and Polish Émigré Books and Periodicals in Communist-Ruled Poland Between July 1, 1956 and June 30, 1973,” American Diplomacy, November 2012, http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2012/0712/comm/reisch_reception.html.
“Your priceless publications”: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 251.
“Through our book program we hoped to fill”: Patch, Closing the Circle, 255–62.
on the shelves at Stockmann: Burton Gerber, former CIA station chief in Moscow, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., November 20, 2012.
Members of the Moscow Philharmonic: Ludmilla Thorne, letter, The New Yorker, November 21, 2005, 10.
in food cans and Tampax boxes: Reisch, Hot Books in the Cold War, 515.
“the main wellspring of hostile sentiments”: Mark Kramer, introduction to ibid., xxiii.
“the CIA has stood foursquare”: Richard Elman, “The Aesthetics of the CIA,” Richard Elman Papers, box 1 (1992 accession), “Writings—Essays,” Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Library.
“get books published or distributed abroad”: Chief of Covert Action, CIA, in U.S. Senate, Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, book 1, 192–95.
The Penkovsky Papers, published by Doubleday: John M. Crewdson and Joseph B. Treaster, “The CIA’s 3-Decade Effort to Mold the World’s Views,” The New York Times, December 25, 1977.
“Books are the most important and most powerful weapons”: Garrand and Garrand, Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union, 42.
Chapter 9
Katkov told an American diplomat: American Consul General in Munich to the Department of State, Foreign Service Dispatch, March 7, 1958, Department of State Central File, 1955–59, 961.63: “Censorship in the USSR,” The National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
“Don’t let the opportunity pass”: Boris Pasternak, letter to Jacqueline de Proyart, January 7, 1958, in Boris Pasternak, Lettres à mes amies françaises (1956–1960), 81.
Pasternak knew that Mouton: Yevgeni Pasternak, “Perepiska Borisa Pasternaka s Elen Pel’t’e-Zamoiskoi” (Pasternak–Hélène Peltier-Zamoiska Correspondence), Znamya 1 (1997): 118.
code-named AEDINOSAUR: CIA, Memorandum, October 29, 1957.
The letters AE designated: A former CIA officer who discussed the agency and its practices on condition of anonymity, interview by Finn.
“we’ll do it black”: CIA, “Notes on PASTERNAK’S novel, Dr. Zhivago,” January 13, 1958.
about 18 million visitors: Pluvinge, Expo 58: Between Utopia and Reality, 11.
Belgium issued 16,000 visas: Travel by Soviet Officials to Belgium, RG 59, 1955–59, 033.6155, National Archives, College Park, MD.
“This book has great propaganda value”: CIA, Memorandum for SR Division Branch Chiefs, “Availability of Dr. Zhivago in English,” April 24, 1958.
“Stalinophobia—abhorrence at Stalinism”: Les Evans, introduction to Cannon, The Struggle for Socialism, 14.
“organized anti-Communism had become”: Jason Epstein, “The CIA and the Intellectuals,” The New York Review of Books, April 20, 1967.
a “contract consultant” for the CIA: Saunders, The Cultural Cold War, 157.
negotiated directly: Ibid., 443, note 4.
“You can’t expel me; I’ll live and die in the movement!”: Wald, The New York Intellectuals, 287.
Morrow was a charming, brilliant man: Alan M. Wald, who interviewed Morrow several times, phone conversation with Finn, November 12, 2012.
a bottle of whiskey and a box of chocolates: Excerpt from the oral history of Felix Morrow, Oral History Project, Columbia University. (The full transcript remains sealed but Morrow’s daughter allowed us to read and paraphrase the section dealing with his work for the CIA.)
“make arrangements with anti-Stalinist trade unionists”: Felix Morrow, letter to Carl Proffer, October 6, 1980, in Correspondence of Felix Morrow and Carl and Ellendea Proffer, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor, Box 7 of the Ardis Collection Records, Folder heading Ardis Author/Name Files—Morrow, Felix. Morrow’s name is redacted throughout the CIA documents, but he had written of his role in a series of letters to Carl Proffer of Ardis Publishers in 1980 and 1986. Morrow also described it in his oral history (see note above, chap. 9).
“an astonishing and attractive task”: Ibid.
“probably warranted in view of the time factor”: CIA, Contact Report, June 20, 1958.
On June 23, 1958, Morrow signed a contract: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, June 20, 1958.
Morrow was provided with a manuscript copy: CIA, copy of contract, June 19, 1958.
The agency wanted a “major literary figure” to write a preface: CIA, Soviet Russia Division Memorandum, “Background Information and Outstanding Problems on the Publication of Doctor Zhivago,” June 26, 1958.
“credentialed Russian scholars”: Felix Morrow, letter to Carl Proffer, October 6, 1980, in Correspondence of Felix Morrow and Carl and Ellendea Proffer, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor, Box 7 of the Ardis Collection Records, Folder heading Ardis Author/Name Files—Morrow, Felix.
reproductions for the CIA were prepared by Rausen Bros.: Felix Morrow, letter to Ellendea Proffer, November 4, 1986, in Correspondence of Felix Morrow and Carl and Ellendea Proffer, University of Michigan Special Collections Library, Ann Arbor.
“I can publish anywhere else I please”: CIA, letter, July 7, 1958. The University of Michigan is also redacted but it is clear from Morrow’s testimony, other CIA documents, and subsequent events.
University of Michigan Press was planning to publish: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR Meeting of July 17, 1958,” July 17, 1958.
Morrow gave a copy of the manuscript: Excerpt from oral history of Felix Morrow (see note above).
“the CIA’s interest in the book”: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR—Recent Developments,” July 28, 1958.
the Soviet Russia Division representative argued: CI
A, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR—Events of 15–20 August.”
meet with Harlan Hatcher: CIA, “Report of Trip to [the University of Michigan] Regarding Publication of Doctor Zhivago,” September 2, 1958. The name of the university president is redacted, as is the name of Fred Wieck, the editorial director of the University of Michigan Press. Morrow wrote in his letter to Proffer that the “CIA sent one emissary after another to Wieck and Hatcher.”
a series of temporary buildings: Burton Gerber, former CIA station chief in Moscow, interview by Finn, in Washington, D.C., November 20, 2012.
agreed to hold off: CIA, Memorandum for Chief, Soviet Russia Division from Commercial Staff, “Chronology of AEDINOSAUR,” October 14, 1958.
“It is our desire that it be made completely clear”: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, September 10, 1958.
following reports of a possible publication: CIA, Telex, February 24, 1958; CIA, Memorandum, February 28, 1958; CIA, Memorandum for the Record, March 3, 1958.
Rumors of a Mouton edition: Mancosu, Inside the Zhivago Story, 112–13.
CIA subsidies in 1958: Bob de Graaff and Cees Wiebes, “Intelligence and the Cold War Behind the Dikes: The Relationship between the American and Dutch Intelligence Communities, 1946–1994,” in Jeffreys-Jones and Andrew, Eternal Vigilance? 50 years of the CIA, 46.
The Soviet Russia Division decided: CIA, Memorandum for the Record, “AEDINOSAUR—Recent Developments,” July 28, 1958. Any reference to Mouton and the BVD is redacted in the July 28 memo and most other CIA memos, but it is clear from subsequent events and other CIA documents that this is the track the agency pursued. In a November 28, 1958, memo for the acting deputy director of Plans, Mouton is described as having agreed to conditions laid down by the CIA, among them that the agency would obtain the first one thousand copies off the press.
On August 1, the reproduction proofs: CIA, Memorandum for Acting Deputy Director (Plans) from the Acting Chief, Soviet Russia Division, “Publication of the Russian edition of Dr. Zhivago,” November 25, 1958.
The BVD decided not to deal directly with Mouton: Details about BVD involvement are based on interviews with Kees van den Heuvel from 1999 to 2000 in Leidschendam, the Netherlands; Rachel van der Wilden, widow of BVD officer Joop van der Wilden, in The Hague, August 16, 2012; Barbara and Edward van der Beek, children of Rudy van der Beek, January 14, 2012, in Voorburg, the Netherlands; correspondence with the retired in-house historian of the BVD, Dirk Engelen (email February 9, 2010); and discussions with the Cold War historian Paul Koedijk over the last years. See also Petra Couvée, “Leemten in het lot. Hoe Dokter Zjivago gedrukt werd in Nederland” (Fateful Gaps. How Doctor Zhivago Was Printed in the Netherlands), De Parelduiker 2 (1998): 28–37; Petra Couvée, “Een geslaagde stunt, Operatie Zjivago, de ontknoping” (A 1Successful Stunt. Operation Zhivago, Dénouement) in De Parelduiker 1 (1999): 63–70; and Vos, De Geheime Dienst.
