reconstruction and Soviet industrialization after Second World War, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2
and religious institutions, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 17.1
revolutions in, 1.1, 13.1, 18.1
Soviet violence in, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1
see also Budapest
Hungary’s Provisional National Assembly
Hungary’s Provisional National Government, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 8.1
Hungary’s State Protection Authority (AVH)
Hunnia (Hungarian film studio, later Mafilm), 14.1, 14.2
State Department Store (film)
Strange Marriage, A (film)
Underground Colony (film)
see also Mafilm
Ibarruri, Amaya
Ibarruri, Dolores (La Passionaria)
Independent Poland: see Polska Niezawisła
International Red Aid society
“Iron Curtain” (also Churchill’s “Fulton speech”), 9.1, 11.1
Isakowicz-Zaleski, Father Tadeusz
Israel, 6.1, 6.2, 12.1
Italy, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1, 18.1
Jáchymov
Jackowski, Alexander, 14.1, 16.1
Jakeš, Miloš
“jampecek movement”
Jancsó, Miklós: Bright Winds (film), 7.1, 7.2
Jaworzno
Jędrychowski, Stefan
Jews
emigration after Second World War; see also Israel
evictions and persecutions after Second World War, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1
in wake of Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2
see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust
Jodl, Alfred
Juchnowicz, Stanisław, 15.1, 15.2
Junge Gemeinde (German Protestant Youth Movement)
Justus, Pal
Kádár, János, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1
Kaiser, Jakob, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
Kaliningrad (Konigsberg), 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Kalisz
Kalot (National Organization of Catholic Agricultural Youth Clubs, Hungary), 7.1, 11.1, 18.1
Kaluga (concentration camp)
Kamenovic: see Kremnov, Lieutenant
Kapuściński, Ryszard
Karaganda
Kardos, Lászlo
Karig, Sára
Karlsbad
Karlshorst (Soviet headquarters in Berlin), 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2
Kasman, Leon, 3.1, 6.1, 9.1
Katowice, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 11.1
Katyń Forest massacre, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 13.1
Katz, Otto
Kedim (Hungary’s Christian youth group)
Kenar, Antoni
Kennan, George, 1.1, 2.1, 9.1
Kenney, Padraic
Keresztes, Sándor
Kerkai, Father Janos, 7.1, 7.2
Kersten, Krystyna, 1.1, 9.1
Ketschendorf
KGB: see NKVD
Khrushchev, Nikita, 6.1, 12.1, 15.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4
Kielce, 6.1, 6.2
Kisielewski, Stefan
Kiss, Father Szaléz, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1
Kiszczak, Czesław, 4.1, 4.2
Kiszlinger, Jószef
Kizmann, Otto
Klein, Manfred, 7.1, 9.1
Klein, Matthaus
Koestler, Arthur, 3.1, 12.1
Kolbasov
Kolbuszowa
Kollár, Júlia, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3
Kolyma
Komar, General Wacław
Komarno
Komsomol (Soviet communist party’s youth wing), 3.1, 13.1
König, Hans
Konstancin (Warsaw suburb)
Konsum (German cooperative), 10.1, 11.1
Konwicki, Tadeusz
At the Building Site (novel)
Kopácsi, Sándor
Kopelev, Lev
Köpenick
Korczak, Janusz
“Kościuszko Division” (Polish-speaking division of the Red Army), 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
Kossuth Prize
Kossuth Radio (Hungarian radio station), 3.1, 18.1
Kovács, Alajos
Kovács, Béla, 9.1, 18.1
Kovács, János
Kovaly, Heda, 1.1, 6.1
Kovel
Krakow
communists and partisans in, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1
economic and cultural activities in, 10.1, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2
liberation of
political and ethnic violence in, 1.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1
religious institutions in, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 15.1
Krasnogorsk
Kremnov, Lieutenant (also Kamenovic)
Krenz, Egon
Krotoszyn, 7.1, 11.1
Krupa, Michał
Krynica
Krzyzanowski, General Alexander (also Wilk), 5.1, 12.1, 16.1
Kuhrig, Herta, 6.1, 17.1
“Kuibyshev gang” (Kujbyszewiacy, Kuibyshev-trained secret police), 4.1, 4.2, 9.1
Kulturbund (German Cultural Union), 7.1, 14.1, 16.1, 17.1
Sonntag (weekly publication)
Kun, Bela, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 10.1
Kundera, Milan
The Joke (novel)
Kunkel, Bruno (alias Max Kunz)
Kunmadaras
Kuroń, Jacek, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
Kursk, battle of
Kuznetsov, General F. I.
L’viv: see Lwow
Ład (Polish artistic group)
Ladan, Sándor
Lakatos, István
Langer, Jo (Oskar Langer’s wife), 10.1, 12.1
Langer, Oskar
Łapanów
League of German Girls
League of Hungarian University and College Associations (Mefesz), 7.1, 18.1
Lebed, Mykola
Lehmann, Wolfgang, 5.1, 5.2, 16.1
Leipzig, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 13.1, 13.2, 18.1, 18.2
Leipzig Fair
Lend-Lease program
Lenin, Vladimir, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 10.1, 13.1
Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, The (pamphlet)
What Is to Be Done (book)
Leonhard, Susanne
Leonhard, Wolfgang, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 12.1
Leucht, Karl
levente (Hungarian interwar paramilitary youth movement), 5.1, 7.1
Levi, Primo
Lex-Nerlinger, Alice, 15.1, 16.1
Likhachev, Dmitri
Lingner, Max, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
Aufbau der Republik (Construction of the Republic, mural), 14.1, 14.2
Lithuania, 6.1, 6.2; see also Baltic States
Little Stalins (postwar communist leaders in Eastern Europe), 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 11.1
Lobatiuk, Józef, 4.1, 4.2
Łódź
and civil society organizations
foreign occupation of
and “Kuibyshev gang”, 4.1, 4.2
physical violence and postwar conflicts in, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 9.1, 10.1
Loest, Erich, 5.1, 10.1, 13.1, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2
London, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 12.1
“London Poles”: see Polish government-in-exile
Lossonczy, Tamás
Lotnik, Waldemar
Łowicz
Lublin
Catholic University of, 11.1, 11.2
physical violence and plundering in, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1
and Poland’s National Armed Forces
and Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4.1, 4.2
radio broadcasts from
religious institutions in
and Union of Polish Fine Artists
Lublin castle, 6.1, 12.1, 16.1
Lublin provisional government (also “Lublin Poles”), 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1
Lukács, György, 11.1, 16.1, 18.1
Lukacs, John, 2.1, 2.2
Lwow (or L’viv), 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 6.1
Lysenko, Trofim, 7.1, 13.1, 13.2
Maclean, Donald
Maclean, Fit
zroy
Madisz: see Hungarian Democratic Youth Organization
Mafilm; see also Hunnia
Magdeburg
Magyar Radio: see Hungarian Radio
Mahle, Hans, 8.1, 8.2
Maiskii, Ivan
Majdanek
Makarenko, Anton, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4
The Road to Life (book)
Maléter, Colonel Pál
Manchuria
Mann, Thomas
Marai, Sandor, 1.1, 2.1
Portraits of a Marriage (novel)
Marinczenko, Stanisław
Marshall Aid Conference (Paris)
Marshall Fund (also “Marshall Money”)
Marshall, General George C., 1.1, 9.1
“Marshall Plan” (1947), 9.1, 11.1
Marton, Endre
Marton, Ilona
Marwick, Arthur
Marx, Karl Heinrich, 2.1, 9.1, 13.1
Marxism-Leninism: see Soviet communist ideology
Masaryk, Jan, 9.1, 18.1
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz
Mefesz: see League of Hungarian University and College Associations
Meráy, Tibor
Merker, Paul, 12.1, 12.2
Merridale, Catherine
Mewa (pseudonym)
Michurin, Ivan
Mickiewicz, Adam (celebrations in memory of)
Mielec
Mielke, Erich, 4.1, 13.1
Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 1.1, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2
Mikoyan, Anastas
Miłosz, Czesław, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
The Seizure of Power (novel)
Minc, Hilary, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 14.1
Mindszenty, Cardinal József, 7.1, 9.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 18.1, 18.2
Miskolc
Mittweida
Moczar, Mieczysław, 4.1, 9.1
Modrow, Hans, 1.1, 13.1
Modryn
Modzelewski, Karol, 16.1, 18.1
Modzelewski, Zygmunt
Mohács, 15.1, 15.2
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 2.1, 3.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 18.1
Montessori kindergartens
Moravia
Morawski, Jerzy, 16.1, 16.2
Morel, Salomon, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.
Morris, William
Moscow, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 8.1, 12.1, 14.1, 18.1
Comintern’s International Lenin School in, 3.1, 3.2
as communist city, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1
East European communists in, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 7.1
Hotel Lux in, 3.1, 3.2
Lubyanka (political prison)
meetings in, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1
Moscow Higher Party School
political trials, 3.1, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2; see also “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”
public events, 8.1, 18.1
Radio Moscow
Second Comintern Congress
and Second World War, 6.1, 8.1
Stalin’s funeral in
see also Soviet Union
“Moscow communists” (Moscow-trained communists in Eastern Europe), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 8.1, 13.1, 14.1
Mundstock, Karl: White Nights (book)
Munich
and Radio Free Europe, 11.1, 11.2, 18.1
Munich agreement (1938)
Murmansk
Nagel, Otto
Nagy, Father Töhötöm, 7.1, 7.2
Nagy, Ferenc, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Nagy, Imre, 4.1, 18.1, 18.2
and Hungary’s “New Course”, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6
Naimark, Norman, 2.1, 4.1
National Committee for a Free Germany
National Council of Poland (Krajowa Rada Narodowa)
“national fronts”: see “popular fronts”
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Nazism
concentration camps, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1
ideology, 1.1, 3.1, 9.1, 13.1
jokes about
occupation of Eastern Europe, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 13.1
see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; Wehrmacht
Nékosz: see Hungarian National Association of People’s Colleges
Nerlinger, Oskar
Neue Zeit (German Christian Democratic newspaper)
Neues Deutschland (East German communist party’s official newspaper), 2.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 12.1, 13.1, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1
Neukölln youth group
New York Times, The, 2.1, 18.1
NKVD (Soviet secret police, later KGB), 9.1, 18.1
and “Anglo-American agents”, 3.1, 12.1, 12.2
East European intelligence command (based in Baden, Vienna)
mass arrests and show trials, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2; see also “Great Terror”/“Great Purges”
and “Moscow communists”, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
persecutions and evictions in Eastern Europe, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1
and Polish Home Army, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
and Stasi
violence in Eastern Europe, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1
see also Katyń Forest massacre; Red Army; Stalin, Iosif
Nordhausen
North Korea, 11.1, 13.1, 13.2
Nowa Huta, 14.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5
Nowotko, Marceli
NSZ. see Polish National Armed Forces
Nuremberg Trials
October Revolution: see Russian Revolution
Oelssner, Fred
Oktogon murders (Budapest, June 1946), 7.1, 7.2
Okulicki, General Leopold, 5.1, 16.1
Operation Unthinkable
Operation Vistula (Akcja Wisła)
Orbán, József Gyula
Orbis (Polish state travel agency)
Ordass, Lajos
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)
Orlov, “Counsellor”
Ortutay, Gyula
Orwell, George, 17.1, 17.2
Osóbka-Morawski, Edward, 4.1, 6.1
Ossowski, Stanisław
Ostrovskii, Nikolai: How the Steel Was Tempered (novel)
Ottoman Empire
Ózd
Paczkowski, Andrzej
Palestine, 6.1, 16.1
Panufnik, Andrzej, 5.1, 16.1, 16.2
Pápa
Pauker, Ana
Pavlik, Gejza
Pax (Polish Catholic party), 11.1, 16.1
Peace Race (Prague-to-Warsaw cycle race)
Pénzes, István
People’s Tribune: see Trybuna Ludu
Péter, Gábor, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 12.1
Petkov, Nikola, 9.1, 9.2
Petőfi, Sándor
“Petőfi Circle” (earlier “Bessenyei Circle”), 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Philby, Kim
Piasecki, Bolesław, 16.1, 17.1
Piatkiewicz, Jerzy
Picasso, Pablo, 14.1, 16.1
Pieck, Wilhelm, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 16.1
Pióker, Ignác
Pioneers (Soviet and East European), 7.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6
Pipes, Richard
Pistonek, Walter: “Sixteen Principles” of socialist planning
Pócspetri
pogroms (anti-Semitic riots in Eastern Europe), 6.1, 9.1
Poland
and civil society organizations, 7.1, 7.2
communist plots before Second World War
communist propaganda in, 12.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1
creation of communist regime in, 4.1, 4.2
destruction and war reparations after Second World War, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2
ethnic conflict in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Nazi occupation of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1
and “New Course”, 3.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
political and cultural opponents, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
postwar elections in
reconstruction and Soviet industrialization in, 14.1,
14.2, 15.1, 15.2
and religious institutions, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 17.1
socialist reforms, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
Soviet mass imprisonments/executions, 3.1, 5.1, 12.1, 12.2
Soviet occupation of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 11.1
Soviet violence in, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1; see also Katyń Forest massacre
see also Home Army; Warsaw
Polish army (after 1945), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1, 18.1
“Polish bands”
Polish Bureau for the Reconstruction of the Capital (BOS), 14.1, 14.2
Polish Bureau for Supervision of Production Aesthetics (BNEP), 14.1, 14.2, 14.3
Polish communist party (also PPR and PZPR), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 12.1, 18.1
Polish “Democratic Party” (phony party)
Polish Education Ministry, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 13.1, 17.1
Polish government-in-exile (London), 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 16.1; see also Home Army
Polish Institute of National Memory, 1.1, 6.1
Polish Ministry of Culture, 14.1, 14.2
Polish Ministry of Trade and Industry
Polish National Armed Forces (NSZ)
Polish National Liberation Committee, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, 9.1
Polish National Radical Party
Falanga (newspaper)
Polish “Peasants’ Party” (phony party, replacing PSL), 9.1, 9.2
Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL), 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 16.1
Polish People’s Guard
Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, 9.1, 14.1; see also Lublin provisional government
Polish Radio, 8.1, 17.1
“Radio Honeybee” (Radio Pszczółka), 8.1, 8.2
“Radio Lightning” (Radio Błyskawice)
Raszyn transmitters (Warsaw suburb), 8.1, 8.2
Polish revolutionary committee (“PolRevKom”)
Polish scouting movement (also Szare Szeregi, Grey Ranks), 7.1, 17.1
Polish Security Service (SB), 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1, 12.1, 18.1
“Polish Service” (Służba Polska)
Polish Social Democratic Party, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1
Polish Underground State (Polish resistance movement)
Polish Union of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy (ZBoWiD)
Polish Union of Fighting Youth (ZWM), 7.1, 9.1
Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR): see Polish communist party
Polish Workers’ Party (PPR): see Polish communist party
Polkehn, Hugo
Polkehn, Klaus, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2
Polska Niezawisła (Independent Poland, newspaper), 5.1
Polska YMCA (Polish section of Young Men’s Christian Association), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Pomian, Krzysztof, 13.1, 16.1, 17.1, 18.1
“popular fronts” (1930s, also “national fronts”), 3.1, 3.2
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956 Page 76
