Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. C. Barry Cox, Ian N. Healey, and Peter D. Moore. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1973.
Island Populations. Mark Williamson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1981.
Island Biology. Sherwin Carlquist. New York: Columbia University Press. 1974.
Talk Is Cheap
Silent Partners: The Legacy of the Ape Language Experiments. Eugene Linden. New York: Times Books. 1986.
Apes, Men, and Language. Eugene Linden. New York: Penguin Books. 1976.
Language in Primates: Perspectives and Implications. Edited by Judith de Luce and Hugh T. Wilder. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1983.
In the Shadow of Man. Jane van Lawick-Goodall. Photographs by Hugo van Lawick. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1971.
Why Chimps Can Read. Ann J. Premack. Drawings by Robert Schneider. New York: Harper & Row. 1976.
Icebreaker
My information on the Senyavina incident came mainly from wire-service reports (Reuters, Associated Press, United Press International) that appeared in The Philadelphia Inquirer during February 1985. I also benefited from Serge Schemann’s March 1985 story in The New York Times. Those articles reached me through an admirable clip service, devoted to environmental news, run by a Washington group called the Monitor Consortium. In addition:
The Book of Whales. Written and illustrated by Richard Ellis. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1980.
Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Lyall Watson. Illustrated by Tom Ritchie. New York: E. P. Dutton. 1981.
Whales: A Celebration. Edited by Greg Gatenby. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1983.
The Yevtushenko poem is reprinted in Whales: A Celebration. It was translated from the Russian “by John Updike with Albert C. Todd.” Originally from Stolen Apples, Yevgeny Yevtushenko. New York: Doubleday & Co. 1968.
Beluga (Delphinapterus Leucas): Investigation of the Species. S. E. Kleinenberg, A. V. Yablokov, B. M. Bel’kovich, and M. N. Tarasevich. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1964. Translated from the Russian: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 1969. Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations.
The Blue Whale. George L. Small. New York: Columbia University Press. 1971.
The World’s Whales: The Complete Illustrated Guide. Stanley M. Minasian, Kenneth C. Balcomb, III, and Larry Foster. Washington: Smithsonian Books. 1984.
The Ecology of Whales and Dolphins. D. E. Gaskin. London: Heineman. 1982.
Agony in the Garden
Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs. Edited by O. A. Jones and R. Endean. (Especially “Population Explosions of Acanthaster planci and Associated Destruction of Hermatypic Corals in the Indo-West Pacific Region,” by Robert Endean.) New York: Academic Press. 1973.
“Crown-of-Thorns Starfish on the Great Barrier Reef.” Robert Endean. Endeavour, new series, Vol. 6, No. 1. 1982.
Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Robert Endean. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 1982.
Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Ramón Margalef. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1968.
“The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster) and the Great Barrier Reef.” Frank H. Talbot and M. Suzette Talbot. Endeavour, Vol. 30, No. 109. January 1971.
“Acanthaster: A Disaster?” William A. Newman. Science, Vol. 167. February 27, 1970.
“Acanthaster: A Rarity in the Past?” Thomas F. Dana. Science, Vol. 169. August 28, 1970.
“Coral-Eating Sea Stars Acanthaster planci in Hawaii.” J. M. Branham, S. A. Reed, Julie H. Bailey, and J. Caperon. Science, Vol. 172. June 11, 1971.
“Densities of Acanthaster planci in the Pacific Ocean.” Peter J. Vine. Nature, Vol. 228. October 24, 1970.
“Locomotory Response of Acanthaster planci to Various Species of Coral.” D. J. Barnes, R. W. Brauer, and M. R. Jordan. Nature, Vol. 228. October 24, 1970.
“Destruction of Pacific Corals by the Sea Star Acanthaster planci.” Richard H. Chesher. Science, Vol. 165. July 18, 1969.
“Starfish Infestation: Hypothesis.” J. L. Fischer. Science, Vol. 165. August 15, 1969.
“Fluctuations of Animal Populations, and a Measure of Community Stability.” Robert MacArthur. Ecology, Vol. 36, No. 3. July 1955.
“A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability.” R. T. Paine. The American Naturalist, Vol. 103. January-February 1969.
The Poseidon Shales
Das Holzmadenbuch. Bernhard Hauff and Rolf Bernhard Hauff. Holzmaden, West Germany: privately printed (only in German). 1981.
“Museum Hauff in Holzmaden/Teck.” A pamphlet. Holzmaden, West Germany: privately printed. No date.
The Successful Dragons: A Natural History of Extinct Reptiles. Christopher McGowan. Toronto: Samuel Stevens. (Available through University of Toronto Press.) 1983.
Water Reptiles of the Past and Present. Samuel Wendell Williston. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1914.
Vertebrate Paleontology. Alfred Sherwood Romer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1966.
The Beautiful and Damned
“Genetic Basis for Species Vulnerability in the Cheetah.” S. J. O’Brien, M. E. Roelke, L. Marker, A. Newman, C. A. Winkler, D. Meltzer, L. Colly, J. F. Evermann, M. Bush, and D. E. Wildt. Science, Vol. 227. March 22, 1985.
“The Cheetah Is Depauperate in Genetic Variation.” Stephen J. O’Brien, David E. Wildt, David Goldman, Carl R. Merril, and Mitchell Bush. Science, Vol. 221. July 29, 1983.
The Cheetah: The Biology, Ecology, and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Randall L. Eaton. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1974.
East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa, Vol. III, Part A. Jonathan Kingdon. New York: Academic Press. 1977.
The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. George B. Schaller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1972.
“Elephant Seals: Genetic Variation and Near Extinction.” Michael L. Bonnell and Robert K. Selander. Science, Vol. 184. May 24, 1974.
“The Bottleneck Effect and Genetic Variability in Populations.” Masatoshi Nei, Takeo Maruyama, and Ranajit Chakraborty. Evolution, Vol. 29, No. 1. March 1975.
“Demography of Northern Elephant Seals, 1911-1982.” Charles F. Cooper and Brent S. Stewart. Science, Vol. 219. February 25, 1983.
Provide, Provide
Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. J. E. Lovelock. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1979.
“Atmospheric Homeostasis by and for the Biosphere: the Gaia Hypothesis.” J. E. Lovelock and Lynn Margulis. Tellus, Vol. 26. 1973.
“Biological Modulation of the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Lynn Margulis and J. E. Lovelock. Icarus, Vol. 21. 1974.
The Flight of the Iguana
The Voyage of the “Beagle.” Charles Darwin. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. 1959. (Originally published, 1845.)
The Origin of Species. Charles Darwin. New York: Avenel Books. 1979. (Reprint of the first edition, published 1859.)
The Theory of Island Biogeography. Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1967.
Island Life. Alfred Russel Wallace. New York: AMS Press Inc. 1975. (Facsimile of the 1911 edition.)
Island Populations. Mark Williamson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1981.
Island Life. Sherwin Carlquist. Garden City: The Natural History Press. 1965.
Galápagos: A Natural History Guide. M. H. Jackson. Calgary: The University of Calgary Press. 1985.
Darwin and the Beagle. Alan Moorehead. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. 1971.
Key Environments: Galápagos. Edited by R. Perry. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1984.
Iguanas of the World. Edited by Gordon M. Burghardt and A. Stanley Rand. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publications. 1982.
The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project. Edited by Robert I. Bowman. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1966.
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p; Patterns of Evolution in Galápagos Organisms. Edited by Robert I. Bowman, Margaret Berson, and Alan E. Leviton. (Especially “An Ecological Study of the Galápagos Marine Iguana.” P. Dee Boersma.) San Francisco: Pacific Division, AAAS. 1983.
“A Reappraisal of the Aquatic Specializations of the Galápagos Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus).” William R. Dawson, George A. Bartholomew, and Albert F. Bennett.
“Observations on Diving in the Galápagos Marine Iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Bell).” Edmund S. Hobson. Copeia. 1965, No. 2.
“A General Explanation for Insular Body Size Trends in Terrestrial Vertebrates.” Ted J. Case. Ecology, Vol. 59, No. 1. Winter 1978.
“The Galápagos Giant Tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus); Part I: Status of the Surviving Populations.” Craig G. MacFarland, José Villa, and Basilio Toro. Biological Conservation, Vol. 6, No. 2. April 1974.
“Galápagos Tomatoes and Tortoises.” Charles M. Rick and Robert I. Bowman. Evolution, Vol. 15. December 1961.
“Species Number and Endemism: The Galápagos Archipelago Revisited.” Michael P. Johnson and Peter H. Raven. Science, Vol. 179. March 2, 1973.
The Beaded Lizard
Interviews with Rev. John Fife, Jim Corbett, Phil Conger (now Willis-Conger), Father Ricardo Elford, Roger Wolf, Lupe Castillo, Duke Austin, Rabbi Joseph Weisenbaum, Sister Darlene Nicgorski, Dan Dale, “Lupe,” “Roberto,” and a number of other sanctuary activists, lawyers, public officials, and Central American refugees.
The Eliott Abrams quote comes from a videotaped interview with Mr. Abrams conducted by a crew from PBS television; portions of that interview were included within a segment of the PBS television series Frontline; the segment, with narration by Jessica Savitch, was produced and directed by Hector Galan under the auspices of WGBH Boston.
Among many printed sources drawn upon for this piece, some of the most valuable were:
“Immigration: Asylum Issues,” an Issue Brief prepared for the Congressional Research Service by Sharon Masanz. Washington: Library of Congress. 1983.
“Illegal/Undocumented Aliens,” an Issue Brief prepared for the Congressional Research Service by Joyce Vialet. Washington: Library of Congress. 1974.
“A Brief History of U.S. Immigration Policy,” a report prepared for the Congressional Research Service by Joyce Vialet. Washington: Library of Congress. 1980.
“Salvadorans in the United States: The Case for Extended Voluntary Departure,” a report prepared for the American Civil Liberties Union, under auspices of the National Immigration and Alien Rights Project, by Diana Bell, Kathryn Carovano, Stuart Gay, Sheila Murphy, Amit Pandya, and Cindy Peterson. Washington: ACLU. 1983.
No Promised Land: American Refugee Policies and the Rule of Law. Gary MacEoin and Nivita Riley. Boston: Oxfam America. 1982.
Basta!, newsletter and special supplements. Chicago: The Chicago Religious Task Force on Central America.
Public Law 96-212: Refugee Act of 1980. Washington. March 17, 1980.
The Deserts of the Southwest: A Sierra Club Naturalist’s Guide. Peggy Larson, with Lane Larson. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. 1977.
The North American Deserts. Edmund C. Jaeger. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1957.
Drinking the Desert Juices
The Desert Smells Like Rain: A Naturalist in Papago Indian Country. Gary Paul Nabhan. San Francisco: North Point Press. 1982.
Gathering the Desert. Gary Paul Nabhan. Illustrations by Paul Mirocha. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1985.
Social Organization of the Papago Indians. Ruth Murray Underhill. New York: Columbia University Press. 1939.
Red Man’s Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico. Ruth M. Underhill. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1965.
“Man in Arid Lands: The Piman Indians of the Sonoran Desert.” Bernard L. Fontana. In: Desert Biology, Vol. II. Edited by G. W. Brown, Jr. New York: Academic Press. 1974.
The Desert People: A Study of the Papago Indians. Alice Joseph, Rosamond B. Spicer, and Jane Chesky. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1949.
“Deceptive Barrenness.” Richard S. Felger and Gary Paul Nabhan. Ceres. March-April 1976.
“Diabetes Research Focuses on Desert Tribe.” Anonymous. Research Resources Reporter. May 1979.
“Saving the Bounty of a Harsh and Meager Land.” Noel Vietmeyer. Audubon, Vol. 87. January 1985.
“Diabetes Incidence and Prevalence in Pima Indians: A 19-Fold Greater Incidence than in Rochester, Minnesota.” William C. Knowler, Peter H. Bennett, Richard F. Hamman, and Max Miller. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 108, No. 6. 1978.
“Diabetes Mellitus in American (Pima) Indians.” Peter H. Bennett, Thomas A. Burch, and Max Miller. The Lancet. July 17, 1971.
“Hypertension in the Papago Indians.” Charles H. Strotz and Gregory I. Schorr. Circulation, Vol. XLVIII. December 1973.
“Gallbladder Disease in Pima Indians: Demonstration of High Prevalence and Early Onset by Cholecystography.” Richard E. Sampliner, Peter H. Bennett, Leonard J. Comess, Frederick A. Rose, and Thomas A. Burch. The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 283, No. 25. December 17, 1970.
“Congenital Anomalies and Diabetes in the Pima Indians of Arizona.” L. J. Comess, P. H. Bennett, T. A. Burch, and Max Miller. Diabetes, Vol. 18, No. 7. July 1969.
“Nutrient Intake of Pima Indian Women: Relationships to Diabetes Mellitus and Gallbladder Disease.” Jeanne M. Reid, Sandra D. Fullmer, Karen D. Pettigrew, Thomas A. Burch, Peter H. Bennett, Max Miller, and G. Donald Whedon. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 24. October 1971.
“Diabetes Mellitus: A ‘Thrifty’ Genotype Rendered Detrimental by ‘Progress’?” James V. Neel. The American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 14. 1962.
“Ascorbic Acid Deficiency Among Papago Indians.” M. Pijoan, C. A. Elkin, and C. O. Eslinger. The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 25, No. 5. 1943.
“Effects of Locust Bean Gum on Glucose Tolerance, Sugar Digestion, and Gastric Motility in Rats.” Alan C. Tsai and Becky Peng. Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 111. 1981.
Insects as Human Food. F. S. Bodenheimer. The Hague: Junk. 1951.
Man and the Biology of Arid Zones. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson. Baltimore: University Park Press. 1977.
The Desert Is a Mnemonic Device
This essay was informed by all of the interview and printed sources cited above for “The Beaded Lizard.” It benefited likewise from the Underhill, Nabhan, and Fontana books cited for “Drinking the Desert Juices.” It drew also upon a telephone interview with Eliott Abrams, further private conversations with John Fife and Jim Corbett, the collected samizdat letters of Corbett, and talks with Bob Hirsh, Peggy Hutchison, Sister Darlene Nicgorski, Phil (now) Willis-Conger, Ellen Willis-Conger, Father Tony Clark, Wendy LeWin, Mary Kay Espinoza, Don Reno, and others. Another invaluable source were the weekly summary-bulletins on the progress of the Tucson trial, issued by the press office of the sanctuary defense team. In addition:
Goatwalking. Jim Corbett. Unpublished manuscript. Copyright Los Cabreros Andantes, 1979.
Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. Robert B. Ekvall. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1968.
Wilderness and Paradise in Christian Thought: The Biblical Experience of the Desert in the History of Christianity and the Paradise Theme in the Theological Idea of the University. George H. Williams. New York: Harper and Brothers.
The Arab of the Desert. H. R. P. Dickson. Edited and abridged by Robert Wilson and Zahra Freeth. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1983.
The Desert Bible: Nomadic Tribal Culture and Old Testament Interpretation. Morris S. Seale. New York: St. Martin’s.
Escape! Aron Spilken. New York: New American Library. 1983.
Sanctuary: A Resource Guide for Understanding and Participating in the Central American Refugees’ Struggle. Edited by Gary MacEoin. New York: Harper & Row. 1985.
Sanctuary: The New Underground Railroad. Renny Golden and Michael McConnell. Marykno
ll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. 1986.
Of Earth and Little Rain: The Papago Indians. Bernard L. Fontana with photographs by John P. Schaefer. Flagstaff, Ariz.: Northland Press. 1981.
The Tarnished Door: The New Immigrants and the Transformation of America. John Crewdson. New York: Times Books. 1983.
The Miracle of the Geese
“Canada Goose Production and Water Level Relationships on the Madison River, Montana.” Donald Arthur Childress. Unpublished master’s thesis. Bozeman, Mont.: Montana State University. 1971.
Wild Geese. M. A. Ogilvie. Illustrated by Carol Ogilvie. Vermillion, S.D.: Buteo Books. 1978.
Canada Goose Management: Current Continental Problems and Programs. Edited by Ruth L. Hine and Clay Schoenfeld. Madison, Wisc.: Dembar Educational Research Services, Inc. 1968.
Honker. C. S. Williams. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. 1967.
“Nesting Canada Geese on the Upper Snake River.” Frank C. Craighead, Jr., and John J. Craighead. Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 13, No. 1. January 1949.
“Breeding Habits of Canada Geese Under Refuge Conditions.” Charles W. Kossack. The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 43, No. 3. 1950.
The Marguerite Duras quote comes from an essay that appeared originally in a special issue of Le Nouvel Observateur devoted to the subject of love. A portion of the essay, including the quoted paragraph, was reprinted in the April 1986 issue of Harper’s, in a translation by Christopher Benfey.
Swamp Odyssey
The Suwanee River: Strange Green Land. Cecile Hulse Matschat. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. 1938.
The Natural Environments of Georgia. Charles H. Wharton. Atlanta: Georgia State University. A report produced under a grant from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
“The Okefenokee, Land of the Trembling Earth,” a pamphlet. Dot Rees Gibson. Waycross, Ga.: Dot Gibson Publications. 1974.
“Okefenokee Swamp Origin: Review and Reconsideration.” F. K. Parrish and E. J. Rykiel. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Vol. 95, No. 1. 1979.
Other information, especially on the history of the Suwanee Canal Company, came from a draft paper by C. T. Trowell, 1982, which reached me in its unpublished form. But because that paper was self-proclaimed as an unfinished draft, Mr. Trowell is not to be held responsible for any individual facts or, certainly, any conclusions or innuendos that appear in my essay.
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