by Will Durant
58. Besant, 459; Lecky, I, 522; Quennell, P., Caroline of England, 29.
59. George, M. Dorothy, London in the 18th Century, 29.
60. Lecky, I, 477.
61. Ibid., 479; Besant, 297 f.
62. Berkeley, George, Siris, in Jefferson, D. W., Eighteenth-Century Prose, 122.
63. Besant, 301–2.
64. Turberville, Johnson’s England, I, 48.
65. Boswell, Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, 84 (Aug. 31, 1773).
66. Enc. Brit., XX, 779d.
67. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 187.
68. Ashton, 62–63.
69. Hobhouse, L. T., Morals in Evolution, 313.
70. Besant, 342.
71. Lecky, I, 183.
72. Ibid., 367; Barnes, H. E., Economic History of the Western World, 256.
73. Westermarck, E. A., Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, II, 558.
74. Turberville, I, 72.
75. Some instances in Thackeray, The Four Georges, 42–43.
76. Turberville, I, 312.
77. Fielding, H., Amelia, Book I, Ch. ii.
78. Turberville, I, 310.
79. Quennell, M. and C., Everyday Things, 9.
80. Lecky, I, 507.
81. Turberville, I, 322.
82. Ibid., 319; Lecky, I, 501–2.
83. Smith, Preserved, History of Modern Culture, II, 586.
84. Johnson, S., The Rambler, 183.
85. Pope, A., Imitations of Horace, Epistle II.
86. James, B. B., Women of England, 318.
87. Turberville, I, 341.
88. Thackeray, Four Georges, 41.
89. Allen, B. S., Tides in English Taste, I, 249.
90. Lecky, I, 552.
91. Ibid., 553–54.
92. Walpole, H., Letters, I, 309 (June 29, 1744).
93. Weinstock, H., Handel, 228.
94. Allen, B. S., Tides, I, 94; Chesterfield, Letters, Oct. 19, 1748.
95. Clergue, H., The Salon, 4.
96. Chesterfield, Letters, June 11, 1750.
97. Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 25.
98. Wharton, G. and P., Wits and Beaux of Society, I, 349.
99. Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 29.
100. Chesterfield, letter of July 8, 1739.
101. Letter of June, 1752, in Letters to His Son, II, 96.
102. Letter of Apr. 19, 1749.
103. Apr. 13, 1752.
104. Nov. 6, 1747.
105. May 16, 1751.
106. May 23, 1751.
107. Sept. 5, 1748.
108. Apr. 15, 1751.
109. In Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 41.
110. Dec. 25, 1753.
111. May 17, 1748.
112. Nov. 11, 1752.
113. Oct. 9, 1747.
114. Feb. 22, 1748.
115. Oct. 19, 1748.
116. Jan. 8, 1750.
117. Apr. 13, 1752.
118. Dec. 25, 1753.
119. Stephen, Leslie, English Literature and Society in the 18th Century, 150.
120. Krutch, J. W., Samuel Johnson, 354.
121. Chesterfield, July 25, 1741.
122. Feb. 24, 1747.
123. Krutch, 354.
124. Parton, II, 551.
125. Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 43.
126. Nicolson, H., Age of Reason, 201.
127. In Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 34.
128. Dec. 2, 1746.
129. Oct. 17, 1768.
130. Letters, II, 334.
131. Oct. 11, 1769.
132. Sainte-Beuve, English Portraits, 44.
133. lbid., 45.
CHAPTER III
1. Acton, Lord, Lectures on Modern History, 166.
2. Quennell, P., Caroline, 22.
3. Halsband, Lady Mary, 45.
4. Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 70–72; cf. Laski, H., Political Thought in England, Locke to Bentham, 16.
5. Hauser, Social History of Art, II, 261.
6. New Cambridge Modern History, VII, 261.
7. Voltaire, XIXb, 29.
8. Chidsey, D. B., Marlborough, 291.
9. Rowse, A. L., The Early Churchills, 131.
10. Martin, H., XV, 76.
11. Lang, A., History of Scotland, IV, 226–27.
12. Collins, J. C., Bolingbroke, and Voltaire in England, 117.
13. Churchill, W. S., History of the English-Speaking Peoples, III, 91.
14. Schoenfeld, H., Women of the Teutonic Nations, 275.
15. Quennell, Caroline, 93; Martin, H., XV, 343.
16. Traill, H. D., Social England, V, 139.
17. Walpole, H., Reminiscences, in Letters, introd., cxxx.
18. Walpole, H., Memoires of… the Reign of George II, I, 63.
19. Thackeray, Four Georges, 33.
20. Wharton, G. and P., Wits and Beaux of Society, I, 276.
21. Lecky, History of England, I, 465.
22. Mossner, Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason, 4; Quennell, Caroline, 134.
23. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 77.
24. Voltaire, XIXb, 23.
25. Lecky, I, 520.
26. Quennell, Caroline, 252.
27. Lecky, I, 326; Camb. Mod. History, VI, 181.
28. Macaulay, T., Essays, I, 346.
29. Walpole, Memoires of the Reign of George II, II, 273.
30. Mossner, Bishop Butler, 5.
31. Beard, M., History of the Business Man, 477.
32. Macaulay, Essays, I, 348; Lecky, I, 367–72; Koven, A. de, Horace Walpole and Mme. du Deffand, 13.
33. Lord Hervey in Jefferson, D. W., Eighteenth-Century Prose, 28.
34. Tucker in Lecky, I, 334.
35. Frederick the Great, Mémoires, I, 29.
36. Chesterfield, letter of Dec. 12, 1749.
37. In Lovejoy, Essays, 177.
38. Collins, J. C., Bolingbroke, 166.
39. Camb. History of English Literature, IX, 254.
40. Bolingbroke, On the Spirit of Patriotism, 28.
41. Collins, J. C., 172.
42. Bolingbroke, 128.
43. Hearnshaw, F. J., Social and Political Ideas of Some English Thinkers of the Augustan Age, 215.
44. Ibid.
45. Acton, Lectures, 273.
46. See Camb. Mod. History, VI, 64 f.; Wingfield-Stratford, History of British Civilization, 681; Churchill, III, 101.
47. Lecky, I, 385n.; Burke, Letters on a Regicide Peace, in Reflections on the French Revolution.
48. Altamira, R., History of Spain, 435.
49. Enc. Brit., XX, 779c.
50. In Lecky, I, 394.
51. Ibid., 291.
52. Ibid.
53. 239.
54. 241.
55. Mantoux, Industrial Revolution, 87.
56. Swift, Jonathan, Short View of the State of Ireland, in Lecky, II, 208.
57. Lecky, II, 424.
58. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 485.
59. D’Alton, E. A., History of Ireland, IV, 531.
60. Lecky, II, 199.
61. D’Alton, IV, 472–73.
62. Lecky, II, 217.
63. Ibid.
64. Mossner, Life of Hume, 234.
65. Lecky, II, 83.
66. Trevelyan, English Social History, 444.
67. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, II, 168.
68. Traill, Social England, V, 159.
69. Lang, A., History of Scotland, IV, 425–27.
70. Ibid., 449.
71. 451.
72. Voltaire, Age of Louis XV, II, 14.
73. Lang, A., IV, 512.
74. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 117.
75. Lang, A., IV, 519.
76. Enc. Brit., IV., 292d.
77. Voltaire, Age of Louis XV, II, 44.
78. Frederick, Mémoires, I, 191.
79. Wingfield-Stratford, 682.
80. Lecky, II, 479–80.
81. Ibid., 476.
82. Churchill, III, 112.
CHAPTER IV
2. Davidson, John, introd. to Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, xxi.
3. Ibid.
4. Hervey, Memoirs of the Court of George II, in introd. to Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees, x.
5. Besant, London, 152.
6. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 79.
7. Stephen, L., History of English Thought in the 18th Century, I, 217.
8. Thackeray, Four Georges, 34.
9. Lecky, II, 468.
10. Hume, D., essay “Of National Character.”
11. Besant, 153.
12. Lecky, I, 275–76, 303–4.
13. Trevelyan, G. M., England under the Stuarts, 342.
14. Robertson, J. M., History of Free-thought, II, 161; Lecky, I, 313.
15. Voltaire, XIXb, 218.
16. Voltaire, VIa, 288.
17. Woolston, Discourses, I, 34, in Stephen, History of English Thought, I, 232.
18. Bury, J. B., History of Freedom of Thought, 141; Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, article “Miracles,” in Works, VIa, 288–93; Robertson, J. M., Freethought, II, 157–59; Stephen, History of English Thought, I, 228–38.
19. Benn, A. W., History of English Rationalism in the 19th Century, I, 145.
20. Tindal, M., Christianity as Old as the Creation, 14, in Stephen, History, I, 139.
21. Stephen, I, 262; Robertson, II, 158.
22. In Stephen, I, 266.
23. Collins, J. C., Bolingbroke, 183.
24. Stephen, I, 178.
25. Torrey, N. L., Voltaire and the English Deists, 149.
26. In Hearnshaw, English Thinkers of the Augustan Age, 240.
27. Stephen, History, I, 180.
28. Collins, J. C., 180.
29. Goldsmith, O., Life of Bolingbroke, in Clark, B. H., Great Short Biographies, 1057.
30. In Stephen, I, 246.
31. Ibid., 345.
32. 349–52.
33. 356.
34. Enc. Brit., IV, 463b.
35. Mossner, Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason, 8.
36. Toynbee, Arnold J., Study of History, abridgment of Vols. I-VI by D. C. Somervell, 486.
37. Gibbon, Edward, Memoirs, 21.
38. Turberville, Johnson’s England, I, 33.
39. Inge, Christian Mysticism, 283.
40. Camb. Mod. History, VI, 81.
41. Gibbon, Memoirs, 22.
42. Bearne, Court Painter, 198.
43. Voltaire, essay “Epic Poetry.”
44. Besant, 149.
45. McConnell, F. J., John Wesley, 13.
46. Wesley, John, Journal, 94.
47. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, XII, 724d.
48. Ibid., 725a.
49. McConnell, 47.
50. Lecky, II, 554.
51. Wesley, Journal, 43; Hastings, XII, 725d.
52. Enc. Brit., XXIII, 576.
53. Lecky, II, 565.
54. Ibid.
55. 563.
56. 591–94; Lecky, History of European Rationalism, I, 45.
57. Turberville, Johnson’s England, I, 221.
58. Wesley, Journal for 1739, in Lecky, History of England, II, 584.
59. Ibid., 583.
60. 590.
61. 636; Toynbee, Study of History, IX, 459–60.
62. McConnell, 48.
63. Ibid., 66.
64. Wesley, Journal, entry for Mar. 30, 1736.
65. World Christian Handbook, 5.
66. Journal for Jan. 1, 1790.
67. Shaftesbury, 3d Earl of, Characteristics, I, 260.
68. Mandeville, Fable of the Bees, 83–85.
69. Hutcheson, F., Inquiry concerning Moral Good and Evil, in Enc. Brit., XI, 945c.
70. Buckle, II, 334.
71. Ibid., 336.
72. Hume, D., Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, 4.
73. Huxley, T. H., Hume, 3.
74. Ibid., 6.
75. Mossner, Life of Hume, 51.
76. Huxley, 6.
77. “My Own Life,” in Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, 233.
78. Mossner, 82.
79. Ibid., 94.
80. III.
81. Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, Part II, Sec. 5.
82. Ibid., I, II, I.
83. I, III, 10 and 7.
84. I, IV, 2 and 6.
85. I, IV, I.
86. Ibid.
87. Appendix.
88. I, IV, I.
89. I, IV, 7.
90. I, IV, 2.
91. I, IV, 1.
92. II, III, 3.
93. Ibid.
94. II, I, 10.
95. II, I, 7.
96. II, I, 8.
97. II, II, II.
98. “My Own Life,” in Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, p. 234.
99. Mossner, p. 129.
100. Treatise, III, I, Sec. 1.
101. III, II, 2.
102. III, III, 6.
103. Mossner, p. 213.
104. Ibid., 215–18.
105. Hume, Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding, p. 2.
106. Ibid., Part X, Secs. 91–95 and 100–101.
107. XI, 102.
108. Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, V, I, Secs. 174–75; Appendix II; cf. essay “Of the Dignity and Mean ness of Human Nature.”
109. Enquiry concerning… Morals, IX, I, Sec. 226.
110. Ibid., IV, Sec. 166.
111. “My Own Life,” loc. cit., p. 236.
112. Dialogues concerning Natural Religion, 156.
113. Ibid., 148.
114. 182–83.
115. Essay “On Suicide.”
116. Dialogues, 210.
117. Ibid., 194.
118. 211.
119. 169.
120. 180.
121. 171.
122. 227.
123. 214.
124. Hume, Natural History of Religion, Secs. I, XIII-XV, in Cassirer, E., Philosophy of the Enlightenment, p. 181.
125. Dialogues, introd., xv.
126. Burton, Life of Hume, II, in Lecky, History of England, II, 543.
127. Enquiry concerning… Morals, III, II, Sec. 155.
128. Hume, History of England, IV, p. 480.
129. Hume, Essays Literary, Moral, and Political, 27, 273.
130. Ibid., 161.
131. Essay “Of National Character.”
132. Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding, Part VII, Sec. 65.
133. Essay “Of Commerce.”
134. Essay “Of Civil Liberty.”
135. Essay “Jealousy of Trade.”
136. In Black, Art of History, p. 80.
137. Mossner, 317.
138. Essay “Of the Study of History.”
139. “My Own Life,” loc. cit., 236.
140. In Black, 114.
141. Mossner, 318.
142. “My Own Life,” loc. cit., 236.
143. Ibid., 237.
144. Mossner, 223.
145. Ibid., 318.
146. 444–45.
147. “My Own Life,” loc. cit., 238.
148. Ibid., 239.
149. Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding, Part XI, Sec. 108.
150. Mossner, 568.
151. Adam Smith, letter to Wm. Strahan, Nov. 9, 1776, in Hume, Dialogues, p. 247.
152. Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, Part IV, Sec. 5.
153. Wolf, History of Science, 757.
154. Mossner, 478.
155. Hume, Dialogues, introd., xxx.
156. Mossner, 588.
157. “My Own Life,” loc. cit., 239.
158. Strachey, L., Portraits in Miniature, 151.
159. “My Own Life,” loc. cit., 244.
160. Ibid., 245.
161. Mossner, 598–600.
162. Ibid., 603.
CHAPTER V
1. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, I, 132.
2. Buckle, I, 312.
3. Joh
nson, Lives of the Poets, II, 143.
4. Pope, “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot,” lines 127–28.
5. Essay on Criticism, lines 214–15.
6. Ibid., line 298.
7. Lines 631–42.
8. 585–87.
9. Stephen, L., Alexander Pope, 45.
10. Rape of the Lock, Canto II, lines 105–9.
11. Ibid., III, 16.
12. v, 85–86.
13. See “Windsor Forest,” lines 41–42.
14. Pope, “Eloïsa to Abelard,” lines 281–92.
15. Ibid., lines 325–28.
16. Stephen, Pope, p. 61.
17. Ibid., 64.
18. Johnson, Lives, II, 161.
19. Stephen, Pope, 64.
20. Ibid., 78.
21. Pope, “Second Epistle of the Second Book of Horace,” lines 68–69, in Collected Poems, p. 305.
22. Thornton, J. C., Table Talk from Ben Jonson to Leigh Hunt, 112.
23. E.g., see Jefferson, Eighteenth-Century Prose, 25.
24. Parton, I, 214.
25. Stephen, Pope, 91.
26. Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
27. London, National Portrait Gallery.
28. Stephen, Pope, 100.
29. See “Farewell to London,” in Poems, 368, and Strachey, Portraits, 14.
30. Garnett and Gosse, English Literature, III, 199.
31. Pope, Dunciad, Book II, lines 75–76, 102–8, 155–56.
32. Ibid., Book IV, lines 471–82.
33. Robertson, J. M., in Shaftesbury, Char acteristics, introd., p. xxv.
34. Collins, Bolingbroke, 158.
35. Stephen, Pope, 166.
36. Essay on Man, Epistle I, lines 1–16.
37. Milton, Paradise Lost, 1, line 26.
38. Essay on Man, I, 81–84.
39. I, 91–96.
40. End of Epistle I.
41. Essay on Man, II, 1–17.
42. Ibid., 217–20.
43. III, 303–6.
44. IV, 35–36.
45. 49–50.
46. Taine, H., History of English Literature, Book III, Ch. vii, Sec. 4.
47. Voltaire, Lettres sur les Anglais, in Works, XIXb, p. 94.
48. Johnson, Lives, II, 193.
49. “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot,” lines 305–29.
50. Satires, epilogue, lines 208–9.
51. Dunciad, IV, 629–55.
52. Johnson, Lives, II, p. 199.
53. Thackeray, English Humourists, 213.
54. Walt Whitman, in Traubel, H., With Walt Whitman in Camden, 126.
55. Lecky, History of England, I, 463.
56. Brandes, Voltaire, I, 16.
57. Woods, Watt, and Anderson, Literature of England, II, 51.
58. Garnett and Gosse, III, 287; questioned by Camb. History of English Literature, X, 147.
59. Arnold, M., Essays in Criticism, 317.
60. Johnson, Lives, II, 391, 388.
61. Allen, R. J., Life in 18th-Century England, 16.
62. Brandes, Voltaire, I, 32.
