by Will Durant
Bach, Johann Jakob, of Stockholm (1682–1722?), brother of J. S. Bach, 412
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 226, 295, 397, 407, 409, 412–30;
appearance and character, 428–29;
at Arnstadt, 413, 418;
birth of, 412;
at Cöthen, 414–15;
death of, 429;
at Eisenach, 411, 412–13;
and Frederick II, 408, 411, 417, 421;
and Handel, 227, 231, 234, 241, 242, 410, 413, 417, 422, 427–28, 429;
at Leipzig, 415 f.;
as organist, 413–14, 417, 427–28;
and Telemann, 411, 427;
at Weimar, 414, 417, 418, 424;
works: instrumental, 414, 417–23, 429;
vocal, 423–28
Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel (1714–88), son of J. S. Bach, 409, 411, 417, 420–21, 429
Bach, Maria Barbara (1684–1720), 413–15 passim
Bach, Veit (d. 1619), 412
Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann, of Halle (1710–84), son of J. S. Bach, 234
Bach family, 45, 412
Bachelier de Salamanque, Le (Lesage), 30
Bachgesellschaft, 430
Bacon, Sir Francis (1561–1626), 119, 528, 606, 609;
Bolingbroke and, 123;
influence on Encyclopedists, 369, 625, 633, 636, 651;
Voltaire on, 369
Baculard d’Arnaud, François de (1718–1805), 393, 463
Baden-Durlach, Karl Wilhelm, Margrave of (fl. 1715), 406
Baer, Karl Ernst von (1792–1876), 576
Baletti, Giuseppe (d. 1762), 27
ballet, 295, 315
Balzac, Honoré de (1799–1850), 36, 679
Bamberg, 406
Bandello, Matteo (1480?–1562), 188
banking, 10–16, 56, 58, 265–66
Bank of England, 10, 59, 96
Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820), 559
Banque Générale, 11–12
Banque Royale, 12, 14–15
Baptists, 62, 118
Barbados, 264
Barbier, Edmond Jean (1689–1771), notary and diarist, 609
“Bard, The” (Gray), 182
Barnard, Sir John, 183
Barockmuseum, Vienna, 433
barometers, 306, 550, 552
baroque style, 5, 302, 303, 400;
in architecture, 24, 215, 307, 399, 405–6, 432–33;
in ceramics, 404;
in music, 295, 428;
in sculpture, 405, 433–34
Basel, 469
Basel, 473, 476, 483, 509
Basel, University of, 476, 477, 509
Baskerville, John (1708–75), 163, 214
Bastille, 17, 496;
fall of, 512, 529;
Voltaire in, 3, 17, 33, 35–36, 41, 246, 267
Bath, Lord, see Pulteney, William
Bath, England, 66, 80–81, 88, 161, 216, 541
Bath, order of the, 97
Bathurst, Allen, 1st Lord Bathurst (1684–1775), 170, 171, 172
Baudelaire, Charles (1821–67), 661
Bauhin, Gaspard (1560–1624), 563
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb (1714–62), 403
Bavaria, 397, 398–99, 405;
challenges Pragmatic Sanction, 436;
in War of Austrian Succession, 276, 452–56;
in War of Spanish Succession, 398
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 355, 612, 616, 633;
influence of, 119, 247, 499, 609, 624, 638, 692;
on Chinese tolerance, 505;
and atheist morality 757, 776–77
Bayreuth, 404, 442, 469
Bayreuth, Margrave of, see Henry, Margrave of Bayreuth
Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de (1732–99), 330
Beaumont, Christophe de (1703–81), Archbishop of Paris, 639, 771
Beaumont, Élie de, see Élie de Beaumont, J. J. B.
Beauvais, Abbé Jean Baptiste Charles Marie de (1731–90), 782
Beauvais, bishop of, 254
Beauvais tapestry works, 305, 312, 315
Beauvau, Louis Charles Antoine, Marquis de (1710–44), 782
Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marchese di (1735?–94), 447, 691, 696
Becher, Johann Joachim (1635–82), 524
Becket, Thomas à (1118?–70), 158
Bedlam (Bethlehem Hospital), London, 147, 219, 220, 222, 597
Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770–1827), 241, 409, 411, 429;
on Handel, 427
Beggar’s Opera, The (Gay-Pepusch), 65, 70, 185–87, 217, 231, 233–34
Behn, Aphra (1640–89), 188
Belgium, see Netherlands, Austrian
Belgrade, 435
Belle-Isle, Charles Auguste Fouquet, Maréchal Comte de, later Duc de (1684–1761), 22, 271–72, 338, 452–53, 454–55
Belle-Isle, Comtesse de, 22
Bellevue, Château de, 282, 294, 315, 319
Belsunce de Castelmoron, François de (1671–1755), bishop of Marseilles, 258, 288
Benedict XIV (Prospero Lambertini), Pope (r. 1740–58), 300, 539;
and Voltaire, 385, 483; see also Epilogue
Benedictines: as teachers, 286, 775;
abbeys of, 406, 432, 433;
of St.-Maur, 501; see also Calmet, Dom;
Prévost, Abbé
Bénezet, Pastor (d. 1752), 257
Bengal, 113
Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 139, 149, 336, 376, 529, 687, 691
Bentley, Richard (1662–1742), 168, 217, 500
Berenice (Handel), 236–37
Berg, duchy of, 436, 451
Bergen op Zoom, 386
Bergier, Nicolas Sylvestre (1718–90), 699, 756–57, 763
Bergman, Torbern Olof (1735–84), 524, 525, 560–61
Bering, Vitus (1681–1741), 557–58
Bering Strait, 557, 560
Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 67, 95, 106, 117, 215, 633, 780;
replies to skeptics in Alciphron, 121, 124;
criticizes materialism, 143, 166, 713;
praises Pope, 166;
on mathematical abstruseness, 124, 508;
tar water of, 199
Berlin, 400, 437, 438, 599;
palaces of, 406;
music in, 410, 412, 430, 455
Berlin, Treaty of (1742), 454, 457
Berlin Academy of Sciences, 323, 448, 498, 509, 519, 697;
d’Alembert and, 516, 551;
Euler heads mathematics section, 510, 511;
Frederick II and, 448, 460, 477, 510, 516, 621, 688;
under Maupertuis’ presidency, 448, 465–68, 514–516
Bern, 473, 474–75, 476, 477, 590, 680
Bernacchi, Antonio (1685–1756), 234
Bernard, Samuel (1651–1739), 265
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri (1737–1814), 335
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598–1680), 433
Bernis, François Joachim de Pierre de (1715–94), 493, 730, 767
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700–82), 476, 509, 516–17, 538
Bernoulli, Jakob II (1758?–89), 476, 509
Bernoulli, Johann I (1667–1748), 476, 509, 516
Bernoulli, Johann II (1710–90), 509
Bernoulli, Johann III (1744–1807), 509
Berry, Charles, Duc de (1685–1714), 20
Berryer, Nicolas René (1703–62), 630, 643
Berry, Marie Louise Élisabeth d’Orléans, Duchesse de (d. 1719), 8, 20–21, 26, 34–37
passim, 596
Berthier, Guillaume François (1704–82), 356, 605*, 757–59, 763, 768;
and Encyclopédie, 637–39, 758, 759
Berthollet, Claude Louis (1748–1822), 525, 534, 536, 584
Bertin, Henri Léonard (1720–92), 660, 764
Besançon, 756
Besançon, Academy of, 498
Besançon, Parlement of, 771
Besnard, François, memoirist, 260
Besterman, Theodore (1904–), 392*
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 403
Beuchot, Adrien Jean Quentin (1773–1851), 644*
Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 55
Bibliotheca botanica (Linnaeus), 562
Bibliothèque Nationale, 23, 611*
Bibliothèque raisonnée, 466–67
Bibliothèque Royale, Paris, 19
Bicêtre, Hospice de, Paris, 598
Bidassoa, 32
Bijoux indiscrets, Les (Diderot), 376, 624, 626–27, 631
Bill of Rights (England, 1689), 105
Binfield, England, 164
biology, 401, 507, 563, 569–81, 583, 586, 651
Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st Earl of (1872–1930), 101*
Birmingham, England, 52, 214, 526, 528–30, 579;
Priestley’s letter to, 529–30
“Birthday Ode” (Handel), 231
Black, Joseph (1728–99), 517, 524, 556, 584
Blackheath, 88
Blackmore, Sir Richard (1650?–1729), physician and poetaster, 171
Blackstone, Sir William (1723–80), 72, 360, 494
Blanc, Mont, 552, 561
Blenheim Palace, 91, 215, 217
Blois, Marie Anne de Bourbon, Duchesse de, later Duchesse d’Orléans (b. 1666), 8, 19, 20, 21
Blois, France, 308
blood circulation, discovery of, 507, 567
bloodletting, 593, 597
Blount, Charles (1654–93), freethinker, 120
Blount, Sir John (fl. 1720), 58, 59
Blount, Martha, 171
Blue Nile River, 560
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75), 188, 780
Bodin, Jean (1530–96), 349, 359*
Bodmer, Johann Jakob (1698–1783), 400, 477
Boerhaave, Hermann (1668–1738), 507, 562, 601, 618
Boffrand, Germain (1667–1754), 307, 308
Bohemia, 431, 432, 436, 450;
campaigns in (War of Austrian Succession), 272, 276, 338, 453–56, 457
Böhler, Peter (fl. 1738), 131, 132, 403
Böhme, Jakob (1575–1624), 127
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas (1636–1711), 3, 464;
Buffon and, 575;
effect on French poetry, 323, 668;
German writing and, 400, 477;
Pope and, 165, 166, 177, 246
Bois de Boulogne, 295, 696
Boleyn, Anne (1507–36), 357
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (1678–1751), 57, 99–101, 132;
character and morals of, 66, 99;
Chesterfield on, 465;
deism of, 38, 91, 116, 120, 123, 125, 172, 247;
dismissal and flight, 91;
in France, 38, 91–93
passim, 99 f., 294;
and Jacobite invasion, 91, 92;
on Marlborough, 23, 299;
pardoned by George I, returns, 99, 110, 111;
and Pope, 99, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174;
second return, 100;
and Mme. de Tencin, 23, 299;
third return, death, 123;
Voltaire and, 38, 93, 116, 246, 247, 362, 738, 743;
and Walpole, 96, 99, 100, 101, 162;
writings of, 99–101
Bolingbroke, Viscountess (1), nee Frances Winchcombe (d. 1720), 93
Bolingbroke, Viscountess (2), see Villette, Marquise de
Bologna, University of, 522, 591
Bolton, Lancashire, England, 136
Bombay, 264
Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I
Bonn, 405
Bonnet, Charles (1720–93), 481, 576, 578, 583, 625
Bonnie Prince Charlie, see Stuart, Charles Edward
Bonnier, merchant, 290
Bononcini, Giovanni Battista (c.1672–c.1752), 232–33
Bon Sens du curé Meslier, Le (ed. d’Holbach-Diderot), 611, 617, 711
Bontemps, Mme., fortuneteller, 493
Book of Common Prayer, 129
Bordeaux, 308, 309, 310, 497, 517;
commerce and industry, 66, 261, 262, 264;
Montesquieu and, 340, 341, 344, 680
Bordeaux, Academy of, 341, 498
Bordeaux, Parlement of, 257, 341, 344, 770
Bordeu, Théophile de (1722–76), 599, 600, 621, 652–55
Bordoni, Faustina (1693–1783), 233, 234, 243, 410
Borgia, Caesar (1476–1507), 731
Boschi, Giuseppe (fl. 1710), 229, 230, 233, 234
Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe (1711–87), 508, 538, 539
Bose, Georg (fl. 1742), 519
Bosnia, 435
Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne (1627–1704), bishop of Meaux, 254, 325, 597, 760;
Montesquieu and, 345, 346, 350;
Voltaire and, 464, 484, 485, 504
Bossut, Abbé Charles (1730–1814), 516
Boston, Lincolnshire, England, 55
Boston, Massachusetts, 565, 595–96, 721
Boswell, James (1740–95), 158, 161, 750
Botanic Garden, The (E. Darwin), 580
botany, 507, 508, 561–68, 569
Böttger, Johann Friedrich (1682–1719), 404
Bouchardon, Edme (1698–1762), 307, 309, 310
Boucher, François (1703–70), 28, 303, 310, 313–16, 330, 404;
Chardin contrasted with, 316, 317, 318;
death of, 316;
Diderot criticizes nudes of, 312, 313, 316, 665, 667–68, 674;
La Tour compared with, 320, 321, 322;
Le Moyne’s influence on, 25, 311, 313;
and Oudry, 312, 315;
and Mme. de Pompadour, 281, 282;
his portraits of her, 279–80, 315–16, 321;
as tapestry designer, 305, 314, 315;
and Vanloo, 312, 314
Boucher, Jeanne Buseaux, 314, 315
Boufflers, Duc Joseph Marie de (1706–47), 287
Boufflers, Duchesse de (fl. 1747), 301
Boufflers, Marie Françoise Catherine de Beauvau-Craon, Marquise de (1711–87), 389
Boufflers-Rouvrel, Marie Charlotte Hippolyte, Comtesse de (1725–1800?), 158, 161
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de (1729–1811), 558, 662, 664
Bouguer, Pierre (1698–1758), 517–18, 552
Bouillon, Charles Godefroy de La Tour d’Auvergne, Duc de, 252, 328
Bouillon, Louise de Lorraine, Duchesse de (1707–37), 23, 328
Boulainvilliers, Henri de (1658–1722), 502, 610
Boulanger, Nicolas (d. 1759), 692–93, 695, 698
Boulle, André Charles (1642–1732), 304
Boulogne, Abbé Étienne Antoine de (1747–1825), 782
Boulogne, bishop of, 288
Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809), 528, 579
bounties, export, 98
Bounty, 557
Bourbon, Louis Henri, Duc de, Prince de Condé (“Monsieur le Duc”; 1692–1740), 14, 269, 270, 274, 307–8, 344
Bourbon, Duchesse de (fl. c.1780), 594
Bourbon, Marie Anne de (fl. 1725), sister of “Monsieur le Duc,” 344
Bourbon, house of, in France, 352, 611, 694;
restoration of (1814/15), 677;
in Spain, 285
Bourbon, island of, 264, 294
Bourdaloue, Louis (1632–1704), Jesuit theologian, 254
Bouret, Abbé Siméon (b. 1710), 328
Bourgeois Gentilhomme, Le (Moliere), 619, 669–70
bourgeoisie, French, 263–66;
in art, 288, 316, 318;
and the Church, 611, 781;
dress of, 293;
education of, 286;
Encyclopédie influenced by, 647;
in government, 253, 266, 275;
Jansenism among, 256, 768, 771;
in literature, 331, 625, 665, 669–71, 752;
morality of, 287–92 passim;
in the nobility, 252;
supports Revolution, 264, 290, 535
Bourges, 757, 759
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de (1769–1834), 31
Bourse, Paris, 265
Bow Street police court, London, 196, 198
Boyce, William (1710–7
9), composer, 225–26
Boyer, Jean François (1675–1755), bishop of Mirepoix, 288, 382, 638
Boyle, Richard (1695–1753), see Burlington, 3d Earl of
Boyle, Robert (1627–91), 214, 516, 584
Boyle lectures, 127
Boylston, Zabdiel (1679–1766), 595–96
Bradley, James (1692–1762), astronomer, 537, 539–41, 544
Bradley, Richard (fl. 1717), botanist, 565–66
Brahmins, 151, 502
Brahms, Johannes (1833–97), 242, 407, 430
Braille, Louis (1809–52), 629
Braille system, forerunner of, 597, 627, 629
Branca, Giovanni (1571–1645), 52
Brandenburg, electorate of, 437, 451;
Mark (province) of, 437, 510
Brandenburg Concertos (Bach), 242, 414, 415, 421–23
Breitinger, Johann Jakob (1701–76), 400, 477
Bremen, free city of, 397
Brera Observatory, Milan, 539
Breslau, Silesia, 451, 452, 453, 551
Brest, France, 109, 110
Breteuil, Louis Nicolas Le Tonnelier, Baron de (1648–1728), 365
Brézé, M. de, 383–84
Briasson, French publisher (fl. 1745), 634
Bridewell, London, 222
Bridgeman, Charles (fl. 1730), 78
Briefe die neueste Literatur betreffend, 498
Brieg, principality of, 451
Brighton, England, 80
Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–93), 689
Bristol, England, 55, 60, 108, 132
Britain, see England
British Board of Longitude, 538
British Museum, London, 70, 214, 243, 499, 559*
British Empire, 113
British thermal unit, 517
Briton, The, 202
Brittany, 259, 590, 770
“Broadbottom, Jeffrey,” 82
Bromfield, William (fl. 1752), surgeon, 243
Brompton, England, 588
Broschi, Carlo, castrato, see Farinelli
Brown, Lancelot “Capability” (1715–83), 78
Bruce, James (1730–94), 560
Bruchsal, 406
Brucker, Johann Jakob (1696–1770), 645
Brueghel, Pieter, the Elder (1520?–69), 220
Bruges, 278
Brühl, 405, 406
Brunetière, Ferdinand (1849–1906), 633, 689
Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600), 645, 692
Brunswick, 411
Brunswick-Bevern, duchy of, 442
Brunswick-Lüneburg, duchy of, 89
Brussels, 278, 365;
Voltaire in, 38, 82, 378, 379–80, 440
Brutus, Lucius Junius (fl. 509? B.C.), Roman consul, 361
Brutus (Voltaire), 361–62
bubonic plague, 590
Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave and 1st Duke of (1648–1721), 214
Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62), 349, 370
Buffier, Claude (1661–1737), 758
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1708–88), 248, 498, 508, 532, 553–55, 569–75;
