In New Jersey, Avis Anderson went out of her way to help me with materials from the Hartford Family Foundation’s collection. George H. Hartford is all but forgotten in Orange, but Doris Walker, former director of the Orange Public Library, came up with microfilms of local newspapers and historical materials. Bob Leach of the Jersey City Public Library provided materials about A&P’s headquarters complex there. Father Augustine Curley, O.S.B., of St. Benedict’s Preparatory School in Newark, located early yearbooks mentioning George L. Hartford. In New York, the staffs of the New-York Historical Society and the New York Public Library’s manuscripts division helped me delve into the tea and leather trades in the 1850s. Mary Witkowski of the Bridgeport Public Library sent me articles about George F. Gilman, and even found photos of him. My thanks also to Kathy Maher of the Barnum Museum in Bridgeport—although my hunch that Gilman and P. T. Barnum knew each other personally remains only a hunch.
Claire Uziel of the Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington helped me with that organization’s collection of oral histories related to Jewish grocers. Debbie Vaughan, archivist at the Chicago History Museum, led me to a wealth of information on the food trade. David Kessler of the Bancroft Library at the University of California at Berkeley came up with oral histories and other documents related to the grocery business in the early decades of the twentieth century. Sarah Ticer, an intern at the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas, arranged for me to use Sam Rayburn’s papers. In the midst of major renovation, the staff of the Texas State Library and Archives located documents related to that state’s chain-store debates in the 1930s.
Domenica Carriere of the Archives and Special Collections Department, Noel Memorial Library, at Louisiana State University in Shreveport, W. K. Henderson’s hometown, sent me transcripts of anti-chain broadcasts on KWKH. Sharon Sumpter, an archivist at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, furnished a copy of one of Henderson’s broadcasts. I also wish to record my thanks to Jocelyn K. Wilk of the Columbia University Archives; Debbie Greeson of the Kansas Historical Society; Edwin Frank and Chris Ratliff of the Special Collections Department at the University of Memphis library; and Marcia Stentz of the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives. Barry Herbert, deputy librarian of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, sought out pictures of Judge Walter Lindley, and Becky Woodrum of the U.S. bankruptcy court in Danville, Illinois, gave me a tour of the building where the 1945 antitrust trial was held.
I received suggestions and helpful leads from Tracey Deutsch, Hasia Diner, Joshua Freeman, Thomas Kessner, Nelson Lichtenstein, Terri Lonier, David Nasaw, and Helen Veit, and from participants at meetings of the American Historical Society and the Business History Conference. The guidance of my agent, Ted Weinstein, and of Thomas LeBien, my editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, was vital. I owe a special debt to Margaret Cannella for getting me interested in the grocery trade in the first place.
This book is dedicated to my father, Harry Levinson, who long ago wrote an article for executives titled “Don’t Choose Your Own Successor.” Unfortunately, his advice came too late for the Hartfords.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
A&P, see Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
A&P Radio Hour
A&P v. Maxwell (1931)
Abbott, Walter and Bertha
Acme Tea Company
Adams, O. C.
Adelman, Morris
advertising; against chain stores; against chain-store tax; in defense against lawsuit; food purity claims in; of Great American Tea Company; independent grocery stores and; in leather industry; of low prices; magazine; manufacturers’ allowances for; misleading, charges of; newspaper; of premiums; radio; of store brands; television; trade card; by Walmart; by wholesalers
African-Americans
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA); Food Industries Advisory Board
Agriculture, U.S. Department of
Akron (Ohio)
Alabama
Alaska
Albany (New York)
Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia
Allred, James
Alpha Beta grocery store
Alter, Jonathan
Amalgamated Meat Cutters
American Association of University Women
American Coffee Corporation
American Economic Association
American Fair-Trade League
American Farm Bureau Federation
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
American Fruit and Vegetable Shippers Association
American Grocer
American Grocery Company
American Home Economics Association
American Legion
American Magazine
American Management Association
American Museum
American Retail Federation
American Society of Automobile Engineers
American Academy of Political and Social Science
American Statistical Association
American Stores
American Sugar Refining Company
American Trucking Association
American Wholesale Grocers’ Association
Anderson, Avis H.
Anderson, Clinton
Ann Page brand
Anti-monopoly League
antitrust laws; violations of
Applegate, Jennie
Arbuckle Bros.
Ariosa coffee
Arizona
Arkansas
Arlington (Texas)
Armour & Company
Army, U.S.; Reserve
Arnold, Thurman W.
Associated Press
Association Opposed to Branch Stores
Atlanta
Atlantic City (New Jersey)
Atlantic Commission Company; in antitrust complaint; supermarkets and
Augusta (Maine)
Austin (Texas)
Austria, German annexation of
automobiles
Bacon, Albion Fellows
bakeries; industrial
baking powder
Baldridge, Holmes
Baltimore
Bankhead, William
Barger, Harold
Barnum, P. T.
Barr, John E.
Barron’s
Bastrop (Louisiana)
Bauer v. O’Donnell (1913)
Bellevue Hospital Medical College
Berge, Wendell
Bergson, Herbert
Bernays, Edward
Bertram, Bradford & Company
Big Bear market
Biltmore Hotel (Coral Gables)
Black, Eugene
Bofinger, David T.
Bokar coffee
Bolger, Frances
Bon Ami cleanser
Bonaparte, Napoleon
Borden Milk
Boston; Economy Stores in; Great Atlantic & Pacific stores in
Boston & Maine Railroad
Brady, Thomas
Brandeis, Louis D.
brands; pricing and; store; of tea and coffee
Brazil
Breckenridge (Texas)
Bridgeport (Connecticut)
Bridgeport Trust Company
Brinkley, Alan
Brookhart, Smith
Brooklyn (New York); Consumers Committee
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, The
Brooklyn Daily Times, The
Brooks, C. A.
Brown Brothers & Company
Brownell, Herbert
Bruin, Peter
Buffalo (New York)
Bullock, Roy
Bureau of Corporations
Burger, Ralph W.
&
nbsp; Business Organization Inc.
Business Property Owners Inc.
Business Week
butcher shops
Butler, James
Butler, William
buying clubs
Byoir, Carl; background of; chain-store tax opposition coordinated by; and consumer movement; and German tourism industry; restraint of trade indictment of; Roosevelt and; in union negotiations
Byrnes, J. J.
Byrnes, William
California; A&P stores in; anti–chain store movement in; see also specific cities and counties
California Canning Peach Growers
California Chain Stores Association
California Fruit Growers Exchange
California Packing Corporation
Calloway, R. K.
Campbell Soup Company
Canada
Canada Dry
canned goods; fruits and vegetables; manufacturing methods for; milk products; safety concerns and; salmon; shipment of; store-brand
Cannon, Joseph
Capper, Arthur
Carnation Milk
cars, see automobiles
Caslow, Winfield
Catchings, Waddill
Celler, Emmanuel
cellophane
Census Bureau, U.S.
Centennial Tea Company
Chain Store Age
Chain Store Research Bureau
chain-store taxes; consumer opposition to; federal; state and local
Chamber of Commerce of the United States
Chandler, Alfred
Chase, Stuart
Chase & Sanborn coffee
Chicago; A&P stores in; federation of women’s clubs in; immigrants in; labor unions in; National Consumers Tax Commission headquarters in; Sears central warehouse in; U.S. Court of Appeals in; wholesalers in
China; Japanese invasion of; opening of trade with
Christian Science
Christianson, Theodore
chromolithography
Chrysler Corporation
Cincinnati
Cities Service Company
City of Tokyo (promotional wagon)
Civil War
Clark Equipment Company
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
Cleveland (Ohio)
Clews, George
Clews, John E.
Clicquot Club
Cloud Club (New York)
Cochran, John
Coclanis, Peter
coffee; A&P’s dominance of market for; advertising of; brands of; bulk sales of; door-to-door sales of; gifts with purchases of; industrialized processing of; mail-order sales of; price of; see also American Coffee Corporation
Coffin, Howard E.
Colgate, Samuel
Colorado
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
Columbia University Law School
Columbus (Ohio)
Commerce Department, U.S.; Business Advisory Council
Commercial Enterprise, The
Committee on Public Information
condensed milk
Congress, U.S.; antitrust legislation in; chain-store investigation directed by; chain-store tax bill in; Civil War tariffs enacted by; Democratic control of; New Deal legislation in; postal regulations in; price-cutting legislation in; Robinson-Patman Act in; trademark registration legislation in; veterans’ payments enacted by; World War I Food Administration authorizations in; see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Connecticut
Connecticut Food Council
Connecticut Piano Dealers’ Association
Consolidated Foods Corporation
consumers; anti–chain store movement and; antitrust cases and; brand names and; chain-store taxes opposed by; daily grocery shopping by; food prices and; food safety for; marketing to (see also advertising); New Deal and; spending on food of; supermarkets and; during World War II
Consumers’ Importing Tea Company
Consumers’ Research
Continental Bakery
Coolidge, Calvin
Coral Gables (Florida)
Corbin Sons & Company
Coronet magazine
Coster, F. Donald
Coughlin, Charles
Council of National Defense, Advisory Commission of
Court of Appeals, U.S.
Cream of Wheat Company
Crenshaw, M. G., & Company
Crosby, Bing
Croxton, Frederick E.
Cuba
Cuba (New York)
Cullen, Michael J.
Culwell, L. S.
Cumberland University
Czechoslovakia; immigrants from
Czech Republic
Dairymen’s League
Dallas (Texas)
Danville (Illinois)
Danville (Kentucky)
Darby, John
Data Processing Financial & General Corporation
Daughters, Charles
Dau’s Blue Book
Davis, John W.
Dawson, Roy
Dayton’s Department Store
Deal (New Jersey)
Del Monte canned fruits and vegetables
Democratic Party; in New Jersey local politics; in New York State; in presidential elections; Robinson-Patman Act supported by; Roosevelt challenged by conservatives in; in Texas; veterans’ bonuses supported by
Detroit
Dexo shortening
Diamond matches
Dies, Martin
Dipman, Carl W.
Dirlam, Joel
discount stores
Doherty, Henry L.
Donovan, William J.
Doremus, R. Ogden
Dorrance, John T.
Doughton, Robert
Douglas, William O.
Dow Jones Industrial Average
Duncan, Robert
Du Pont Corporation
Durkee Company
Earle, George
Early, Stephen
Edison, Thomas
Edwards, Corwin
Egner, Henry
Ehrgott, John
Eight O’Clock Coffee
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Elgin Creamery Butter
Elizabeth (New Jersey)
Elizabeth II, Queen of England
Elks Club
El Ryad coffee
Emergency Consumers Tax Council of New Jersey
Emergency Price Control Act (1942)
Engels, Friedrich
English tea merchants
Enlightenment
Eppling, Mary Lee
Erie Railroad
Eureka (California)
Evansville (Indiana)
evaporated milk
Ewing, Caruthers
Fallert, Richard F.
Farley, James A.
Farmer-Labor Party
Federal Radio Commission
Federal Reserve Bank of New York 148
Federal Reserve Board
Federal Trade Commission (FTC); and chain-store tax bill; creation of; investigations of A&P by; Robinson-Patman Act enforced against A&P by; System of Accounts for Retail Merchants published by; on wholesale delivery costs
Field, Marshall
Filene’s Department Store
First National Stores
Fisher, John
“5 & 10 Cent” dry-goods chains
Fleischmann’s yeast
Florida; A&P stores in; chain-store tax in; see also specific cities
Flowers, Montaville
Flurry, Horace L.
Flynn, Edward J.
Food Administration, U.S.
Food Emporium
Food and Grocery Bureau of Southern California
Food and Grocery Chain Stores of America Inc.
Food and Grocery Conference Committee
food merchants; see also grocery stores
food safety
&nbs
p; Ford, Henry
Ford Motor company
Forestburgh (New York)
Fortune magazine
Fort Wayne (Indiana)
Fort Worth (Texas)
Forward America (film)
France
Frazier, Mrs. Kenneth C.
Fredericksburg (Virginia)
Freedom of Opportunity Foundation
frozen foods
fruits; canned; dried; tropical; see also produce
Fulda, Carl H.
Furnas, J. C.
Gair, Robert
Galbraith, John Kenneth
Garner, John Nance
Gates, Bill
Gay, Edwin
General Federation of Women’s Clubs
General Foods
General Maximum Price Regulation
General Mills
General Motors
Georgia
Germany; immigrants from; Nazi; in World War I
Gilded Age
Gilman, Anna
Gilman, George Francis; aggressive growth strategy of; birth of; death of; eccentricity of; entry into tea trade of (see also Gilman & Company); estate of; family background of; leather business of; marketing by; retirement of
Gilman, Joanna
Gilman, Nathaniel, Sr.
Gilman, Nathaniel, Jr., 14, n5
Gilman, Smull & Company
Gilman, Winthrop
Gilman & Company
Gilman, Frazier
Gimbel Brothers
Goldberg, Bowen & Company
Goldman, Sylvan
Goldman Brothers Wholesale Fruits and Produce
Gorman, Patrick
Gouverneur (New York)
Grandclément, Catherine
Grandma’s Bread
Grand Rapids (Michigan)
Grand Union Tea Company
Grape-Nuts Flakes
Graybar Building (New York)
Great American Tea Company; advertising of; establishment of; mail-order sales of; marketing of; New York City retail stores of; product diversification of
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P): 269–70; advertising by; anti-chain sentiment against; antitrust cases against; bond offering of; Burger succeeds Hartfords at; Central Division; Central Western Division; chain-store taxes and; combination stores of; consumer movement and; and Cream of Wheat case; decline of; earnings of; Eastern Division; Economy Stores; Ewing as general counsel of; expansion of; founding legends of; government investigations of; headquarters of; labor movement and; management approach of; manufacturing facilities of; marketing initiatives of; market share of; Middle Western Division; National Meat Division; New Deal programs and; New England Division; origins of (see also Great American Tea Company); ownership of; paternalism of; premiums offered by; and price discrimination ban; price-setting strategy of; product diversification of; Products Corporation; real estate policy of; reorganization of; research department of; Robinson-Patman Act and; Southern Division; “Statement of Public Policy”; store brands of; supermarkets of; suppliers’ relationships with; vertical integration of; Western Division; during World War II
The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America Page 44
