by Neal Bascomb
morphine use, 27
Morritt’s funeral, 87–88
poetry
about ducks, 154
about Redlands, 20
A Gloucestershire Lad, 26
“Gütersloh,” 57
initial writings, 21
“Loneliness,” 58
“Prisoners,” 89
published in England, 69
“Solitary Confinement,” 27
“The Treasury,” 259
in the trenches, 25–26
Redlands, return to, 260
release from prison, 259–60
risk-taking, 19, 20
Schwarmstedt prison camp, 87–90, 101–4
scouting expertise, 17–20, 24–25
Stralsund prison camp, 258
train, escape from and recapture, 101–4
Harvey, Gladys (sister), 23
Harvey, Roy (brother), 23
Harvey, Sarah Anne Kane (wife), 22, 25, 58, 260
Heinsen, Germany, 220
Helder, Leonard
background, 35
Cambrai prison camp, 38–39
crash-landing and capture, 37–38
as Gray’s observer, 29, 35–38
Gütersloh prison camp, 40
Osnabrück prison camp, 40–41, 52
Henry V, King (England), 45
Hindenburg, Paul von, 49
Hobson, Chris, 276 n11
Holland, border with Germany, 248–49
Holzminden, Germany, 96, 170
Holzminden prison camp. See also Holzminden tunnel escape
abuse of prisoners, 127–32, 148, 152, 171, 192, 231
Armistice, 262–63
arrival of prisoners, 96–98, 104, 109, 125–26, 163, 283 n96
canteen, 130, 144, 181
Christmas celebrations, 154–55
daily life, 127–29, 141–42, 160–61
diversity of prisoners, 161
educational opportunities, 161, 162
escapes and attempts
assistance from guards and staff, 177–78
attic hatch, 110–13, 119, 126, 131, 187
chute, 152–53
key escape artists, xix
Livewire, 198
Medlicott and Walter, 163–64
prevention efforts, 131–32, 191–92
retaliation for, 118, 153
in rubbish bin, 191
in trash cart, 152
weaknesses (escape possibilities), 110–11
food, scarcity of, 100, 128, 151
Habrecht as commandant of, 100, 104, 109, 112
Hänisch and, 95, 116–18, 129, 167, 181, 182
inscription on cell wall, vii
inspections and reports on conditions, 143–44, 147, 171
map, xii–xiii
mental health of prisoners, 131, 151–54, 163
Niemeyer as camp officer, 98–99, 109
Niemeyer’s appointment as commandant, 95
Niemeyer’s spies, 182
orderlies
daily life, 141–42
parcel deliveries to, 163
spying for Niemeyer, 182
as tunnel accomplices, 136, 138–40, 143, 149–50, 188, 201, 287 n139
physical plan, 98, 99, 110
Pink Toes (escape band), 119, 157
police inspection, 159–60
prison conditions (actual), 100, 109, 117, 127–29, 144, 151–52
prison conditions (rumored), 97, 99
prisoners, transfer from, 155
recreation opportunities, 161–62, 181, 197
staff and guards, 109–10
theft by guards and staff, 129–30
treatment of prisoners, 104–5
Holzminden tunnel escape
aftermath, 230–32, 260–61
air supply, 174
border-run plans, 176–80, 188–90, 192–93, 196–97
braces, 158–59
breakout, 209–19, 221–22
as common knowledge, 197–98
escape list, 201, 268
escape order, 200
key escape artists, xix, 287 n137
manhunt, 237, 240
map of escape routes, xvii
Niemeyer’s discovery of, 224
number of escapees, 201, 224, 225, 256
orderlies as accomplices, 136, 138–40, 143, 149–50, 188, 201, 287 n139
recapture of prisoners, 239–40, 268
site selection, 135–37, 138–39, 155
size of hole, 157–58
successes, 241, 250–51, 254–56, 268
threats to, 155–56, 181–83, 191–92, 197–98
tool acquisition, 138
tunnel construction, xvi, xxiv, 139, 149–51, 154, 156–59, 166, 167–69, 172–74, 179–81, 193–96, 288 n157
tunnel cross-section, xiv–xv
tunnel damage and collapse, 218–19, 221–23
tunnel entrance, 137–39, 149, 183, 186–88, 287 n138
twentieth anniversary, 264–65
zero hour, 200–203, 207
hot-air balloons, escapes in, xxiii, 56
I
Illingworth, Frederick, 268
Indian Royal Flying Corps, 34
International Committee of the Red Cross, 46
invisible-ink letters, 52–53
J
Jagdstaffel (Flying Circus), 31, 36–37, 39
Jorehaut Tea Company, 32
Jutland, Battle of (1916), 167
K
Kane, Sarah Anne, 22, 25, 58, 260
Karlsruhe prison camp, 98
Kennard, Caspar
background, 43–44
Clausthal prison camp, 61–63, 78, 79, 81–83, 115
claustrophobia, 157, 174–75, 213
crash-landing and capture, 42–44
death, 264–65
flight experience, 43–44
Gütersloh prison camp, 44
Holzminden prison camp, 115, 125, 131
Holzminden tunnel escape
arrival in Holland, 254–56, 268
border run, 219–21, 227–30, 236–37, 243–44, 248, 251–56
border-run plans, 176–80, 188–89, 192–93, 196–97, 208
breakout, 212–15
escape order, 200
map of escape route, xvii
tunnel construction, 156–59, 167, 174–75, 288 n157
zero hour, 209
language abilities, 177
Niemeyer and, 90
Osnabrück prison camp
Allouche and, 60–63
arrival at, 44
escape plans, 50–55, 59–60
return to active duty, 258
Saint-Omer, France, 42
Kennard, Keith (brother), 43
Knight, Gerald, 93, 114, 160
Knight, Raymond, 24–25
Kröner, Commandant, 183, 184–85
“The Lady of Shalott” (Tennyson), 119
L
Lagergeld (prison camp money), 51, 77
Langelsheim, Germany, 122
Langran, William, 167, 200, 210–11, 268
Laurence, Colin
emergency landing and capture, 73–74
Holzminden tunnel escape, 168, 200, 226–27, 240, 268
U-boats, search for, 71, 73
Leggatt, Edward
Clausthal escape, 83, 106–9
Holzminden tunnel escape, 179, 200, 242, 256, 268
Le Hameau aerodrome, France, 29–32, 35–36
Lewis, Cecil, 11–12
Lincoln, Abraham, 46
Livewire (Holzminden prisoner), 198, 203
Loevestein Castle, escape from, xxiii
“Loneliness” (Harvey), 58
Louis XV, King (France), 46
Lovelace, Richard, vii
Ludendorff, Erich, 169–70, 202
Luscombe, Bernard, 239–40, 268
Lyon, Peter, 178, 179, 200, 221, 268
M
Mackay, Corporal, 218
Mandelbrot (Holzminden guard), 110, 22
4
maps, xi–xvii
German prisoner of war camps, xi
Holzminden prison camp, xii–xiii
Holzminden tunnel, xiv–xv, xvi
Holzminden tunnel escape routes, xvii
Marcoing rail junction, 32, 35–39
Marconi, Guglielmo, 55
Mardock, Frederick, 167–68, 200, 226–27, 240, 268
Marne, Second Battle of the (1918), 202
Matilda, Empress, xxiii
Maubeuge, Germany, 4–7
Maurice Farman Longhorn biplane, 10–11
McAlister, George, 139
McLeod, Neil, 167, 200, 268
Medlicott, Harold, 120–21, 163–65, 184–85
Mesopotamian campaign, 34
MI9 (British intelligence organization), xxii–xxiii, 266–67
Middle Ages, prisoners of war, 45
milk, as invisible ink, 52–53
Morris, Arthur, 167, 200, 268
Morris, Lionel, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 54
Morritt, William, 87–88, 213
Morrogh, Jack, Holzminden tunnel escape
border run, 227, 242, 246–47
breakout, 217–19, 222
recapture, 246–47, 268
Moysey, Frank “Mossy”
Crefeld escape attempt, 68
Gütersloh escape attempt, 58–59
Holzminden prison camp, 119, 153–54, 163, 166
Holzminden tunnel escape, 137–39, 151, 286–87 nn137–138
release from prison, 259–60
Schwarmstedt escape attempt, 77, 87–88
Müller (German officer), 38
N
Napoleonic Age, 46
Neuenhaus, Germany, 66
Neunkirchen prison camp, 146, 169, 173
Newton, Lord, 147–49, 171, 256, 261
New York Times, 257
Nicholas II, Czar (Russia), 22, 72
Nicholson, Sir William, 8
Niemeyer, Heinrich “Windy Dick”
background, 82, 90
as Clausthal commandant, 109, 120–21, 125, 146
under Hänisch, 91
postwar fate, 265
Niemeyer, Karl “Milwaukee Bill”
appearance, 90
background, 90–91
Holzminden prison camp
abuse of prisoners, 100, 118, 127–32, 142, 152, 163, 171, 186, 192, 231, 260–61
abuse of staff, 178
address to newcomers, 125–26
Armistice, 262
British efforts to remove, 171, 261
as camp officer, 98–99, 109
escape attempts, retaliation for, 153
escape prevention efforts, 131–32, 163, 172, 187, 191–92
escapes and attempts, 112–13, 165
guard stations, increase in, 155
Hänisch’s visit, 116–18
inspections, 143–44, 159–60
Operation Michael, 170, 171
prison conditions, 100
prisoner recreation, 129, 161–62, 181, 182
profiteering, 130
spies for, 182
war crimes trial, fear of, 261–62
Holzminden tunnel escape
aftermath, 225, 230–32, 239–41, 260–61
discovery of, 224–25
recapture of prisoners, 239–40
roll call before, 201–2, 207
suspicions about, 182–83
Iron Cross, 91
postwar fate, 265
as Ströhen commandant, 90–95
“1914” (Brooke), 23
Nomad, HMS, 167
Northolt aerodrome, near London, 10–11, 276 n11
“The Old, Bold Mate” (song), 260
O
On the Law of War and Peace (Grotius), 45
Operation Michael, 169–71
Osnabrück prison camp
arrival of prisoners, 40–41, 44, 50
canteen, 51, 53, 55
conditions, 50
daily life, 50–51, 53
escapes and attempts, 50–55, 59–60
mail service, 51, 52–53
retaliation for Zeppelin downing, 41, 50, 278 n41
Otago Daily Times, 287 n137
Oxford Castle, escape from, xxiii
P
Paddison, Robert, 167–68, 200, 268
Paris, France
Franco-Prussian War, xxiii
German advance, 23
Parker, John, 120–23, 125
A Parting Word (German pamphlet), 262–63
Phillimore, Godfrey, 101–2, 282 n77, 283 n94
Pink Toes (escape band)
Crefeld prison camp, 65, 68
Gütersloh prison camp, 59
Holzminden prison camp, 119, 151, 167
Holzminden tunnel escape, 137, 150–51, 157, 186, 286 n137
interned in Holland, 199
release from prison, 259–60
Schwarmstedt prison camp, 77, 87, 213
Plug Street. See Boulogne, France
Polle, Germany, 220
Predannack Airfield, xxii, xxiii
Prisoner of War Department (British), 147–49
“Prisoners” (Harvey), 89
prisoners of war. See also Hague Conventions
historical, xxiii, 44–47
World War I, xi, 47–49, 266 (See also specific camps)
World War II, 266–67
Purves, Stanley, 179, 200, 242, 256, 264–65, 268
Puttenson, Commandant, 282 n78
R
RAF. See Royal Air Force
Rathborne, Charles
ambition, 97–98
appearance, 97
background, 97
capture, 97
Holzminden prison camp
escape plans, 99
Gaskell’s escape, assistance in, 112
journey to, 96–97, 98
prison conditions, complaints about, 100
as senior British officer, 191, 198, 203
transfer from, 143
transfer to, 172
Holzminden tunnel escape
arrival in Holland, 241, 268
border run, 221, 232–34, 237–39
border-run plans, 190
breakout, 216–17
escape order, 200
map of escape route, xvii
tunnel team, 179
twentieth anniversary, 264–65
zero hour, 208–9
Karlsruhe prison camp, 98
Schweidnitz prison camp, 171–72
Ravenshaw, Hurdis, 82
Razey, G. E., 139–40
Red Baron. See Richthofen, Baron Manfred von
Red Cross, 46, 51
Redlands, England, 20, 22, 260
Revolutionary War (U.S.), 46
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 10
RFC. See Royal Flying Corps
Richthofen, Baron Manfred von, 31, 37, 38, 106
Riviera, HMS, 72–73
Robertson, Clifford, 167–68, 200, 268
Robinson, William Leefe, 41, 192, 260, 265
Röder (German officer), 14
Rogers, Joseph
background, 59
Gütersloh escape attempt, 58–59, 137
Holzminden prison camp, 137–39, 151, 166, 286–87 nn137–138
interned in Holland, 199
release from prison, 259–60
Römer, Rudolf, 88, 143–44, 147–48
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 46
