Mallory, J. P. 1998. A European perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia. In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia, ed. Victor H. Mair, vol. 1, pp. 175–201. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
————. 1992. Migration and language change. Peregrinatio Gothica III, Universitetets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter Ny Rekke (Oslo) 14:145–153.
————. 1990. Social structure in the Pontic-Caspian Eneolithic: A preliminary review. Journal of Indo-European Studies 18 (1–2): 15–57.
————. 1989. In Search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames and Hudson.
————. 1977. The chronology of the early Kurgan tradition. Journal of Indo-European Studies 5:339–368.
Mallory, J. P., and Douglas Q Adams. 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
Mallory, J. P., and Victor H. Mair. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson.
Malov, N. M. 2002. Spears: Signs of archaic leaders of the Pokrovsk archaeological cultures. In Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC, vols. 1 and 2, ed. Karlene Jones-Bley and D. G. Zdanovich, pp. 314–336. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 45. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
Mamonov, A. E. 1995. Elshanskii kompleks stoianki Chekalino IV. In Drevnie kul’tury lesostepnogo povolzh’ya, pp. 3–25. Samara: Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta.
Mamontov, V. I. 1974. Pozdneneoliticheskaya stoianka Orlovka. Sovietskaya arkheologiya (4): 254–258.
Manfredi, J., Hilary M. Clayton, and D. Rosenstein. 2005. Radiographic study of bit position within the horse’s oral cavity. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 2 (3): 195–201.
Manhart, H. 1998. Die vorgeschichtliche Tierwelt von Koprivec und Durankulak und anderen prähistorischen Fundplätzen in Bulgarien aufgrund von Knochenfunden aus archäologischen Ausgrabungen. Documenta Naturae (München) 116:1–353.
Manzura, I. 1999. The Cernavoda I culture. In The Balkans in Later Prehistory, ed. Lolita Nikolova, pp. 95–174. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 791. Oxford: Archaeopress. Manzura, I., E. Savva, and L. Bogotaya. 1995. East-west interactions in the Eneolithic and Bronze Age cultures of the north-west Pontic region. Journal of Indo-European Studies 23 (1–2): 1–51.
Maran, Joseph. 2001. Zur Westausbreitung von Boleráz-Elementen in Mitteleuropa. In Cernavoda III-Boleráz, Ein vorgeschichtliches Phänomen zwischen dem Oberrhein und der unteren Donau, ed. P. Roman, and S. Diamandi, pp. 733–752. Bucharest: Studia Danubiana.
————. 1998. Kulturwandel auf dem Griechischen Festland und den Kykladen im späten 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Bonn: Habelt.
Marcsik, Antonia. 1971. Data of the Copper Age anthropological find of Bárdos-Farmstead at Csongrád-Kettoshalom. A Mora Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve (2): 19–27.
Marinescu-Bîlcu, S. 1981. Tirpejti: From prehistory to history in Eastern Romania. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 107. Oxford: Archeopress.
Marinescu-Bîlcu, S., Alexandra Bolomey, Marin Cârciumâru, and Adrian Muraru. 1984. Ecological, economic and behavioral aspects of the Cucuteni A4 community at Dragujeni. Dacia 28 (1–2): 41–46.
Marinesu-Bîlcu, Silvia, M. Cârciumaru, and A. Muraru. 1981. Contributions to the ecology of pre- and proto-historic habitations at Tîrpeşti. Dacia 25:7–31. Marinova, Elena. 2003. The new pollen core Lake Durankulak-3: The vegetation history and human impact in Northeastern Bulgaria. In Aspects of Palynology and Paleontology, ed. S. Tonkov, pp. 279–288. Sofia: Pensoft.
Markevich, V. I. 1974. Bugo-Dneststrovskaya kul’tura na territorii Moldavii. Kishinev: Shtintsa.
————. 1965. Issledovaniia Neolita na srednem Dnestre. Kratkie soobshcheniya institut arkheologii 105:85–90.
Markey, T. L. 1990. Gift, payment, and reward revisited. In When Worlds Collide: The Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europeans, ed. T. L. Markey and John Grippin, pp. 345–362. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Karoma.
Markovin, V. I. 1980. O nekotorykh voprosakh interpretatsii dol’mennykh i drugikh arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov Kavkaza. Kratkie soobshchenniya institut arkheologii 161:36–45.
Mashkour, Marjan. 2003. Equids in the northern part of the Iranian central plateau from the Neolithic to the Iron Age: New zoogeographic evidence. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, ed. Marsha Levine, Colin Renfrew, and Katie Boyle, pp. 129–138. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Masson, V. M. 1988. Altyn-Depe. Translated by Henry N. Michael. University Museum Monograph 55. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
————. 1979. Dinamika razvitiya Tripol’skogo obshchestva v svete paleo-demograficheskikh otsenok. In PervobytnayaArkheologiya, Poiski iNakhodki, ed. N. N. Bondar and D. Y. Telegin, pp. 204–212. Kiev: Naukovo Dumka.
Matiushchenko, V. I., and G. V. Sinitsyna. 1988. Mogil’nik u d. Rostovka Vblizi Omska. Tomsk: Tomskogo universiteta.
Matiushin, G. N. 1986. The Mesolithic and Neolithic in the southern Urals and Central Asia. In Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and Their Transition to Farming, ed. M. Zvelebil, pp. 133–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Matthews, Roger, and Hassan Fazeli. 2004. Copper and complexity: Iran and Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC. Iran 42:61–75.
McMahon, April, and Robert McMahon. 2003. Finding families: Quantitative methods in language classification. Transactions of the Philological Society 10:7–55.
Meadow, Richard H.,and Ajita Patel. 1997. A comment on “Horse Remains from Surkotada” by Sándor Bökönyi. South Asian Studies 13:308–315.
Mei, Jianjun. 2003a. Cultural interaction between China and Central Asia during the Bronze Age. Proceedings of the British Academy 121:1–39.
————. 2003b. Qijia and Seima-Turbino: The question of early contacts between northwest China and the Eurasian steppe. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 75: 31–54.
Meid, Wolfgang. 1994. Die Terminologie von Pferd und Wagen im Indogermanischen. In Die Indogermanen und das Pferd, ed. B. Hänsel and S. Zimmer, pp. 53–65. Budapest: Archaeolingua.
————. 1975. Probleme der räumlichen und zeitlichen Gliederung des Indogermanischen. In Flexion und Wortbildung, ed. Helmut Rix, pp. 204–219. Weisbaden: Reichert.
Melchert, Craig. 2001. Critical responses. In Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family, ed. Robert Drews, pp. 229–235. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph 38. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
————. 1994. Anatolian Historical Phonology. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Melent’ev, A. N. 1975. Pamyatniki seroglazivskoi kul’tury (neolit Severnogo Prikaspiya). Kratkie soobshcheniya institut arkheologii (Moscow) 141:112–118.
Mel’nik, A. A., and I. L. Serdiukova. 1988. Rekonstruktsiya pogrebal’noi povozki Yamnoi kul’tury. In Novye pamyatniki yamnoi kul’tury stepnoi zony Ukrainy, ed. N. N. Bondar and D. Y. Telegin, pp. 118–124. Kiev: Dumka.
Merpert, N. Y. 1995. Bulgaro-Russian archaeological investigations in the Balkans. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2 (3): 364–383.
————. 1980. Rannie skotovody vostochnoi Evropy i sudby drevneishikh tsivilizatsii. Studia Praehistorica 3:65–90.
————. 1974. Drevneishie Skotovody Volzhsko-Uralskogo Mezhdurechya. Moscow: Nauka.
Mezhlumian, S. K. 1990. Domestic horse in Armenia. Paper delivered at the International Conference on Archaeozoology, Washington, D.C.
Milisauskas, Sarunas. 2002. European Prehistory: A Survey. New York: Kluwer.
Militarev, Alexander. 2002. The prehistory of a dispersal: The Proto-Afrasian (Afroasiatic) farming lexicon. In Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis, ed. Peter Bellwood and Colin Renfrew, pp. 135–150. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Milroy, James. 1992. Linguistic Variation and Change. O
xford: Blackwell.
Molleson, Theya, and Joel Blondiaux. 1994. Riders’ bones from Kish, Iraq. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4 (2): 312–316.
Molodin, V. I. 1997. Nekotoriye itogi arkheologicheskikh isseldovanii na Iuge Gornogo Altaya. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (1): 37–49.
Moore, John. 2001. Ethnogenetic patterns in Native North America. In Archaeology, Language, and History, ed. John E. Terrell, pp. 31–56. Westport, Conn.: Bergin and Garvey.
Moorey, P. R. S. 1986. The emergence of the light, horse-drawn chariot in the Near East, c. 2000–1500 BC. Woorld Archaeology 18 (2): 196–215.
Morgunova, N. L. 1995. Elitnye kurgany eopkhi rannei I srednei bronzy v stepnom Orenburzh’e. In Rossiya i Vostok: Problemy Vzaimodeistviya, pt. 5, bk. 1, Kul’tury Eneolita-Bronzy Stepnoi Evrazii, pp. 120–123. Chelyabinsk: 3-ya Mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya.
————. 1988. Ivanovskaya stoianka v Orenburgskoi oblasti. In Arkheologocheskie kul’tury severnogo prikaspiya, ed. R. S. Bagautdinov, pp. 106–122. Kuibyshev: Samarskii gosudarstvennyi pedagogicheskii universitet.
Morgunova, N. L., and M. A. Turetskii. 2003. Yamnye pamyatniki u s. Shumaevo: novye dannye o kolesnom transporte u naseleniya zapadnogo Orenburzh’ya v epokha rannego metalla. In Voprosy arkheologii povozh’ya, vol. 3, pp. 144–159. Samara: Samarskii nauchnyi tsentr RAN.
Morintz, Sebastian, and Petre Roman. 1968. Aspekte des Ausgangs des Äneolithikums und der Übergangsstufe zur Bronzezeit im Raum der Niederdonau. Dacia 12:45–128.
Movsha, T. G. 1985. Bzaemovidnosini Tripillya-Kukuteni z sinkhronimi kul’turami Tsentral’noi Evropi. Arkheologiia (Kiev) 51:22–31.
Mufwene, Salikoko. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muhly, J. D. 1995. Mining and Metalwork in Ancient Western Asia. In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. Jack M. Sasson, John Baines, Gary Beckman, and Karen R. Rubinson, vol. 3, pp. 1501–1519. New York: Scribner’s. Munchaev, R. M. 1994. Maikopskaya kul’tura. In Epokha Bronzy Kavkaza i Srednei Azii: Rannyaya i Srednyaya Bronza Kavkaza, ed. K. X. Kushnareva and V. I. Markovin, pp. 158–225. Moscow: Nauka.
————. 1982. Voprosy khozyaistva i obshchestvennogo stroya Eneoliticheskikh plemen Kavkaza. In Eneolit SSSR, ed. V. M. Masson and N. Y. Merpert, pp. 132–137. Moscow: Akademiya nauk.
Murphy, Eileen. 2003. Iron Age Archaeology and Trauma from Aymyrlyg, South Siberia. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1152. Oxford: Archeopress.
Murphy, Eileen, and Aleksandr Kokhlov. 2004. Osteological and paleopathological analysis of Volga populations from the Eneolithic to the Srubnaya periods. Samara Valley Project Interim Reports, private manuscript.
Muscarella, Oscar W. 2003. The chronology and culture of Se Girdan: Phase III. Ancient Civilizations 9 (1–2): 117–131.
Mytum, Harold. 1994. Language as symbol in churchyard monuments: the use of Welsh in nineteenth and twentieth-century Pembrokeshire. World Archaeology 26 (2): 252–267.
Napol’skikh, V. V. 1997. Vvedenie v Istoricheskuiu Uralistiku. Izhevsk: Udmurtskii institut istorii, yazika i literatury.
Nash, Gary. 1984. Social development. In Colonial British America, ed. Jack P. Green and J. R. Pole, pp. 233–261. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nechitailo, A. P. 1996. Evropeiskaya stepnaya obshchnost’ v epokhu Eneolita. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (4): 18–30.
—————. 1991. Svyazi naseleniya stepnoi Ukrainy i severnogo Kavkaza v epokhy Bronzy. Kiev: Nauknovo Dumka.
Necrasov, Olga. 1985. Doneés anthropologiques concernant la population du complexe culturel Cucuteni-Ariujd-Tripolié: Phases Cucuteni et Ariuşd. Annuaire Roumain D’Anthropologie (Bucarest) 22:17–23.
Necrasov, Olga, and M. Cristescu. 1973. Structure anthropologique des tribus Neo–Eneo-lithiques et de l’age du Bronze de la Roumanie. In Die Anfänge des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa VIIIa, Fundamenta, vol. 3, pp. 137–152. Cologne: Institut für Ur-und Früge-schichte der Universität zu Köln.
Nefedkin, A. K. and E. D. Frolov. 2001. Boevye kolesnitsy i kolesnichie drevnikh Grekov (XVI–I vv. do n.e.). St. Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie.
Nekhaev, A. A. 1992. Domakiopskaya kul’tura severnogo Kavkaza. Arkheologicheskie vesti 1:76–96.
—————. 1986. Pogrebenie Maikopskoi kul’tury iz kurgana u s. Krasnogvardeiskoe. Sovietskaya arkheologiya (1): 244–248.
Neprina, V. I. 1970. Neolitichne poselenniya v Girli r. Gnilop’yati. Arkheologiya (Kiev) 24:100–111.
Nettles, Daniel. 1996. Language diversity in West Africa: An ecological approach. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15:403–438.
Neustupny, E. 1991. Community areas of prehistoric farmers in Bohemia. Antiquity 65:326–331.
Nica, Marin. 1977. Cîrcea, cea mai veche aşezare neolită de la sud de carpaţi. Studii si Cercetări de Istore Veche şi Arheologie 27 (4): 4, 435–463.
Nichols, Johanna. 1997a. The epicentre of the Indo-European linguistic spread. In Archaeology and Language, I vol. 1, Theoretical and Methodological Orientations, ed. Roger Blench, and Matthew Spriggs, pp. 122–148. London: Routledge.
————. 1997b. Modeling ancient population structures and movement in linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:359–384.
—————. 1994. The spread of languages around the Pacific rim. Evolutionary Anthropology 3:206–215.
————. 1992. Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nikolova, A. V., and Y. Y. Rassamakin. 1985. O pozdneeneoliticheskie pamyatnikakh pravoberezh’ya Dnepra. Sovietskaya arkheologiya (3):37–56.
Nikolova, Lolita. 2005. Social changes and cultural interactions in later Balkan prehistory (later fifth and fourth millennia calBC). Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects 6–7:87–96. Salt Lake City, Utah: International Institute of Anthropology.
—————. 2002. Diversity of prehistoric burial customs. In Material Evidence and Cultural Pattern in Prehistory, ed. L. Nikolova, pp. 53–87. Salt Lake City: International Institute of Anthropology.
—————. 2000. Social transformations and evolution in the Balkans in the fourth and third millennia BC. In Analyzing the Bronze Age, ed. L. Nikolova, pp. 1–8. Sofia: Prehistory Foundation.
—————. 1996. Settlements and ceramics: The experience of Early Bronze Age in Bulgaria. In Early Bronze Age Settlement Patterns in the Balkans, pt. 2, ed. Lolita Nikolova, pp. 145–186. Sofia: Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects 1 (2–4).
————. 1994. On the Pit-Grave culture in northeastern Bulgaria. Helis (Sofia) 3:27–42.
Nobis, G. 1971. Vom Wildpferd zum Hauspferd. Fundamenta Reihe B, vol. 6. Cologne: Bohlau-Verlag.
Noble, Allen G. 1992. Migration to North America: Before, during, and after the nineteenth century. In To Build in a New Land: Ethnic Landscapes in North America, ed. Allen G. Noble, pp. 3–24. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Noelle, Christine. 1997. State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863). Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
Oates, Joan. 2003. A note on the early evidence for horse and the riding of equids in Western Asia. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, ed. Marsha Levine, Colin Renfrew, and Katie Boyle, pp. 115–125. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
————. 2001. Equid figurines and “chariot” models. In Excavations at Tell Brak, ed. David Oates, Joan Oates, and Helen McDonald, vol. 2, pp. 279–293. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
O’Brien, S. R., P. A. Mayewski, L. D. Meeker, D. A. Meese, M. S. Twickler, and S. I. Whitlow. 1995. Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science 270:1962–1964.
O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. 1981. The Rig Veda: An Anthology. London: Penguin.
Olsen, Sandra. 2003. The exploitation of horses at Botai, Kazakhstan. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, ed. Mar
sha Levine, Colin Renfrew, and Katie Boyle, pp. 83–104. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Okhrimenko, G. V., and D. Y. Telegin. 1982. Novi pam’yatki mezolitu ta neolitu Volini. Arkheologiya (Kiev) 39:64–77.
Ostroshchenko, V. V. 2003. The economic preculiarities of the Srubnaya cultural-historical entity. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse, ed. Marsha Levine, Colin Renfrew, and Katie Boyle, pp. 319–328. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Ostroverkhov, A. S. 1985. Steklyannye busy v pamyatnikakh pozdnego Tripolya. In Novye materialy po arkheologii severo-zapadnogo prichernomorya, ed. V. N. Stanko, pp. 174–180. Kiev: Naukovo Dumka.
Ottaway, Barbara S., ed. 1999. A Changing Place: The Galgenberg in Lower Bavaria from the Fifth to the First Millennium BC. British Archaeological Reports, n.s. 752. Oxford: Archeopress.
Owen, David I. 1991. The first equestrian: An UrIII glyptic scene. Acta Sumerologica 13:259–273.
Özbal, H., A. Adriaens, and B. Earl. 2000. Hacinebi metal production and exchange. Paleorient 25 (1): 57–65.
Panayotov, Ivan. 1989. Yamnata Kultuyra v B’lgarskite Zemi. Vol. 21. Sofia: Razkopki i Prouch-vaniya.
Parker, Bradley. 2006. Toward an understanding of borderland processes. American Antiquity 71 (1): 77–100.
Parpola, Asko. 2004–2005. The Nāsatyas, the chariot, and Proto-Aryan religion. Journal of Indological Studies 16, 17:1–63.
————. 2002. From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian. In Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples, ed. N. Sims-Williams, pp. 43–102. London: Oxford University Press.
————. 1988. The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dāsas. Studia Orientalia (Helsinki) 64:195–302.
Parzinger, H. 2002. Germanskii Arkheologogicheskii Institut: zadachi i perspektivy arkheo-logicheskogo izucheniya Evrazii. Rossiiskaya arkheologiya (3): 59–78.
—————. 1993. Studien zur Chronologie und Kulturgeschichte der Jungstein, Kupfer- und Frühbronzezeit Zwischen Karpaten und Mittelerem Taurus. Mainz am Rhein: Römish-GermanischeForschungen B 52.
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Page 62
