Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan

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Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan Page 92

by Herbert P. Bix


  Thought, 201

  State Restoration Society (Kokuikai), 253

  Stimson, Henry L., 134, 242, 601

  nonrecognition principle of, 249–50, 256, 428

  stock market crash of 1929, 219

  Sud Shinji, 432

  Suetsugu Nobumasa, 101, 151, 208, 209

  Suez Canal, 107, 110

  suffrage issue, 41, 94, 184, 206

  Sugiura Shigetake, 62–70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 85, 91

  background of, 62–63

  ethics lessons taught by, 63–64, 66–67, 69–70

  imperial engagement controversy and, 96–97, 98, 99

  lectures of, 64–67

  race theory of, 68–69

  Sugiyama Gen, 319, 320, 321, 325, 336, 362, 388, 399, 402, 413, 414, 417, 421, 423–24, 426, 433, 447, 449, 454–56, 459, 461, 464, 466–67, 468, 469, 475, 476, 588, 675

  Hirohito’s scolding of, 411–12

  prisoners of war and, 448

  resignation of, 473

  Sumatra, 467

  Sumitomo Company, 174, 175

  Sumitomo Kichizaemon, 174

  Summer Flowers (Natsu no hana) (Hara), 637

  Sung, T. V., 372

  Sung Mei-ling, 372

  supreme command, right of (tsuiken no dokuritsu), 154–55

  Supreme Court, U.S., 582, 609

  Supreme Military Council, 299

  Supreme War Leadership Council, 387, 480, 490, 493, 494, 509, 511–12, 514, 516, 521–22

  Suzuki Kantar, 24, 172, 209, 217, 225, 231, 232, 243, 246, 253, 261, 270, 297, 299, 465, 493, 494, 499, 500–501, 503, 506, 509, 512, 514, 516, 522, 525–26, 528, 551, 583, 588

  Suzuki Kisabur, 254

  Suzuki Kyuman, 542

  Suzuki Sroku, 229

  Suzuki Tadakatsu, 584

  Suzuki Teiichi, 422, 602

  Suzuki Zenk, 680–81

  Sweden, 515

  Switzerland, 515

  “symbol monarchy,” 571, 579, 627

  Tachi Sakutar, 130, 133–34, 222, 223, 360

  Tada Hayao, 354

  Tainichi shinbun, 138

  Taish democracy movement, 40, 41, 53, 94, 100, 112, 118, 164, 177, 227, 280, 562

  Hirohito as champion of, 146

  Hirohito’s domestic tours and, 135–39

  Hirohito’s enthronement and demise of, 198, 203

  Inoue incident and, 167

  Kat cabinet and, 158

  kokutai debate and, 161–62, 165

  Taish emperor, see Yoshihito, emperor of Japan

  Taiwan, 8, 74, 308, 457, 474, 476, 479, 488, 595, 627, 636

  Hirohito’s 1923 visit to, 136, 137–39

  see also China, Nationalist

  Taiwan Garrison Force, 325

  Taiwan jipp, 138–39

  Takagi Skichi, 369, 405–7, 411, 501, 509–10, 514, 583

  Takahashi Korekiyo, 123, 128, 147, 155, 157, 246, 255, 297

  Takahito, see Mikasa, Prince

  Takaishi Shingor, 232

  Takamatsu, Prince (Nobuhito), 145, 156, 285, 513, 572, 613, 657

  Takamatsu, Prince (Nobuhito)

  Asahi’s interview of, 564

  birth of, 21, 23–24

  on fascist mood of army, 272–73

  Hirohito criticized by, 382, 477, 605, 677–79

  Hirohito’s talks with, 322, 407, 430–31

  on Tj’s appointment, 419

  war reminiscences of, 677–78

  Takao, 272

  Takayanagi Kenz, 601

  Takeshita Noboru, 685

  Tamaki Akira, 685

  Tamon Jir, 258

  Tanabe Hajime, 605

  Tanaka Chigaku, 101, 163, 168, 169

  Tanaka Giichi, 42, 46, 153, 161, 183, 184, 187, 198, 201, 206, 209, 221, 222, 590

  cabinet formed by, 184–86

  Chang assassination and, 215–16

  court group and, 212–14

  Hirohito’s reprimand and firing of, 208, 211, 217–19

  Kawai on, 212–13

  Tsinan affair and, 215

  Tanaka Hiromi, 85

  Tanaka Kakuei, 672–73

  Tanaka Mitsuaki, 271

  Tanaka Nobumasa, 509

  Tanaka Rykichi, 250, 366, 628

  Tanemura Sataka, 423

  Tangku Truce Agreement, 272–73

  Tani Hisao, 614

  Tani Masayuki, 261

  tanka poems, 193, 414

  Tarawa, 470, 472

  Tatekawa Yoshitsugu, 231, 232, 394

  Teijin Rayon Company, 256

  Teimei Kg (Sadako), Dowager Empress, 21, 22, 96–99, 102, 104, 114, 123, 130, 296, 494

  Tenriky, 187

  Terasaki Hidenari, 589, 590, 591, 613, 627, 679

  Terauchi Juichi, 423

  Terauchi Masatake, 93, 267

  terrorism, 252, 273, 667

  Teru no miya, Princess, 145, 270–71, 537

  Thailand, 422, 434, 446

  Third Fleet, Japanese, 311

  Times (London), 111

  Timor, 446

  Timperley, Harold J., 337

  Tg Heihachir, 43–45, 47–48, 77, 90, 101, 208–10, 225

  Tg Shigenori, 351, 420–21, 425, 428–29, 431–32, 434, 435, 436, 457, 474, 503–4, 505, 611, 628

  Sat’s exchanges with, 507–8

  surrender debate and, 511, 513, 515–17

  tried as war criminal, 599, 601–3, 610, 611

  Tj Hideki, 1, 244, 277–78, 356, 367, 370, 374, 376, 417, 422, 425, 430, 431, 432–33, 435, 460, 462, 467, 469, 474, 475, 476, 487, 519, 549, 581, 589, 593, 676

  appointed army minister, 373

  cabinet of, 420

  command shakeup and, 472–73

  death of, 610

  “dictatorship” of, 457

  in Hirohito’s “Monologue,” 590–91

  “Hull note” and, 428

  Konoe replaced by, 418–19

  named prime minister, 418–20

  ouster of, 477–79

  Pearl Harbor responsibility issue and 546–47

  prisoner-of-war issue and, 448

  suicide attempt of, 585

  tried as war criminal, 584–86, 601–5, 609, 628

  Tokoro Isao, 73

  Tokugawa Ieyasu, 566

  Tokugawa Mitsukuni, 65

  Tokutomi Soh, 434

  Tokyo, Japan:

  Imperial Palace in, 26–27, 85, 493

  Kanto earthquake and, 140

  1936 army mutiny in, 297–300

  Tokyo Artillery Arsenal strikes, 52

  Tokyo Imperial University, 57, 59, 77, 133, 605

  Tokyo Nichi Nichi shinbun, 135, 297, 336

  Tokyo war crimes trial, 14, 15, 17, 334, 581–618, 624, 627, 645, 684

  abdication issue in, 605–7, 618, 634

  chemical warfare issue in, 616–17

  China’s delegation to, 594–95

  defense in, 600–602

  depositions in, 596–97

  disputed authority of, 609

  dissenting opinions in, 610–12

  executions in, 609–10, 634

  Hirohito as behind the scenes during, 613–14

  Hirohito’s immunity questioned in, 610, 612

  Hirohito’s “Monologues” and, 589–92

  “Hull note” and, 601–2, 611

  impact on Japanese people, 612–15

  India’s delegation to, 595–96

  indictments in, 593

  MacArthur’s role in, 609–10

  media and, 589, 603, 615

  military’s deceit exposed by, 614

  offenses charged in, 607–8

  political attitudes affected by, 614–15

  prosecution in, 598–99

  as show trial, 598

  Soviet delegation to, 593

  trying Hirohito as issue in, 583–85, 587–89

  U.S. Supreme Court ruling on, 582, 609

  verdicts and sentences in, 609–10, 634

  war responsibility issue in, 584–86, 588–89, 599–600, 602, 603–4, 607, 612, 617�
��18, 627–28, 634, 651–52

  witnesses called in, 598

  Tomita Kenji, 419

  Tong’a ilbo (Oriental daily), 191

  Tranomon incident, 140–42, 158

  Tyama Mitsuru, 62, 98, 104, 167

  Toyoda Soemu, 500, 512, 514–15

  Toyoda Teijir, 400, 408, 429

  Ty jih (Oriental review), 70

  Toyoshita Narahiko, 639, 640

  Trautmann, Oscar, 343–45

  Treasury Department, U.S., 401

  Treat, John W., 666

  Treaty Concerning the Laws and Regulations of Belligerency, 360

  Tripartite Alliance, 375, 380–84, 402, 425, 437, 590, 602

  signing of, 380, 383

  Tripartite Intervention of 1895, 256

  Truk Island, 453, 467, 472

  Truman, Harry S., 498, 499–500, 520, 543–44, 609, 615, 617, 618, 635, 636

  atomic bomb decision of, 524–25

  Hirohito’s letter to, 624

  MacArthur dismissed by, 643–44

  unconditional surrender policy and, 508–9

  on using atomic bomb, 502

  Truman administration, 364, 523, 542, 543, 616, 636, 639, 640, 643

  Truman Doctrine, 607, 624

  Tsinan Incident, 214–15

  Tsuchiya Mitsukane, 141

  Tsuda Skichi, 564–65

  Tsuiho kenp seigi (Additional commentaries on the constitution) (Minobe), 287–88

  Tsuji Masanobu, 351

  Tungchow massacre, 322

  Turkey, 608

  Uchida Ksai, 221, 242

  Uchida Ryhei, 98, 104, 255

  Uchiyama Gud, 32–33

  Ueda Kenkichi, 277, 351

  Uesugi Kenshin, 65

  Uesugi Shinkichi, 77, 78–79, 291–92, 294, 295

  Ugaki Kazushige, 45–46, 77, 90, 152, 153, 154, 155–56, 157, 158, 225, 241, 248

  Ugaki Matome, 458–59

  Umezu Yoshijir, 354, 481–82, 484, 485, 511, 514–15, 519, 521, 593

  unconditional surrender policy, 496–98, 500

  United Nations, 625

  United Press, 546

  United States:

  in destroyers-for-bases deal, 381

  economic sanctions against Japan by, 395–96, 400–401, 403, 405, 425

  Hirohito as perceived by, 341–42

  Hirohito’s European tour and, 106

  Hirohito’s 1975

  visit to, 674, 676

  isolationism in, 343

  Japanese codes broken by, 428

  Japan’s relations with, 246, 249–50, 255–56, 265, 388, 395–403, 405, 427

  London Naval Treaty and, 210

  McCarthyism in, 656

  Manchurian Incident and Japan’s relations with, 249–50, 255–56

  named as main enemy of Japan, 151

  Nanking atrocities and, 340–41

  Neutrality Acts of, 326

  oil embargo against Japan by, 399, 401, 403–7, 408, 439

  and onset of World War II, 355

  Panay incident and, 340–42

  and prelude to World War II, 395–403, 405–17, 424–25, 427–28

  secret Hirohito records of, 6

  stock market crash of 1929 in, 219

  Versailles Treaty rejected by, 134

  war mood in, 408

  Washington treaties signed by, 147–48, 176–77, 226

  at Yalta conference, 490

  United States-Japan Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 353

  Unit 731, Japanese, 364, 617

  Usami Okiie, 293

  Ushijima Mitsuru, 484–85

  U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan, 544

  U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), 583–84

  Vasilievsky, A. M., 524

  Vatican, 106, 109, 421

  Versailles Peace Treaty, 263, 264, 269, 361

  see also Paris Peace Conference Vichy France, 379, 400

  Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy, 109, 465

  Viet Minh, 616

  Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North Vietnam), 671

  Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam), 651

  Vietnam War, 671

  “Views on National Policy Centering on China” (Oikawa), 311–12

  Vining, Elizabeth, 650

  Wada Shinken, 527–28

  waka poetry, 6, 42, 75, 442, 632

  Wakatsuki Reijir, 159–61, 171, 198, 228, 230, 236–37, 244, 245, 373, 430, 487, 488, 599

  fall of, 183–84

  Wake, U.S.S., 436

  Wake Island, 9, 436, 445, 453

  Wales, Prince of (later Duke of Windsor), 108, 112

  Wang Ching-wei, 347–48, 350, 404, 429, 473–74

  war crimes and atrocities, 524, 528, 559

  in anti-militarism campaign, 555–56

  biological weapons, 351, 362–64, 367

  chemical weapons, 349, 361–62, 367, 594, 616–17

  Hirohito’s knowledge of, 336–38, 339

  in media, 335–36, 337

  in Nanking, 333–36, 340–41, 594, 608

  and prisoners of war, 332–34

  in Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45, 332–36, 340–41, 359–61, 616–17

  see also Tokyo war crimes trial

  War Memorial Day, 668

  War of Greater East Asia (Dai T’A sens), see World War II, Asia-Pacific Theater of

  War Termination Liaison Committee, 541–42, 584

  Wartime Emergency Measures Law, 495

  Washington Conference (1921–22), 133, 149, 221, 226, 255, 263, 269

  Japanese defense plan after, 150–51

  Konoe’s opposition to, 176–77

  treaties arising from, 128, 147

  Washington Naval Arms Reduction Treaty, 151, 205, 226

  Watanabe Ikujir, 165

  Watanabe Jtar, 297

  Watanabe Osamu, 574

  way of the warrior (bushid), 34, 36, 43, 51–52, 59, 185

  Webb, William, 596, 600, 604, 607, 609, 610–12

  Whitney, Courtney, 568, 647

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 66–67, 83

  Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 109

  Wiswell, Ella, 281–83

  Women of Suye Mura, The (Smith and Wiswell), 282

  World War I, 108, 118, 224, 226, 496, 512, 608

  Asian Monroeism in, 267

  emperor’s role in, 129, 345

  Germany and, 349, 496, 512, 534

  Japan’s idealized traditions in, 51–52, 277

  Japan’s military criticized in, 52–53, 277

  Japan’s social and political tensions in, 93, 128

  seeds of World War II in, 267, 278

  World War II, 4, 116, 342, 493, 688

  cost of, in lives, 4

  German invasion of Soviet Union in, 394–95

  German successes in, 355–57, 367–68, 369, 453–54

  Germany-first strategy in, 385

  Germany’s defeat in, 487, 490, 521

  Hirohito’s role in, 2–5

  Italy’s surrender in, 465

  and Japanese expansion of war in China, 379–80

  Japan’s declaration of war against U.S. in, 436–37

  Japan’s total war economy in, 314–15

  Normandy landings in, 476

  North Africa campaign in, 453–54, 565

  onset of, 350, 355

  World War II, Asia-Pacific theater of:

  atomic bomb in, see atomic bomb balloon bomb weapon program in, 477

  Byrnes note and, 504, 518–19, 526, 541

  decisive battle doctrine in, 466, 472, 481

  Doolittle raid in, 448

  early Japanese victories in, 444–47

  fall of Tj cabinet in, 477–79

  and fear of communism, 488–90

  German-Soviet war and, 398, 402–3

  Germany-first policy and, 401

  go-north, go-south debate in, 394–96, 397, 399–400, 402, 414

  Hirohito and decision for war in, 408–14, 416–17, 421–25, 430–33, 434,
439

  Hirohito and Guadalcanal campaign in, 456–62

  Hirohito and New Guinea campaign in, 459–60

  Hirohito and war plans for, 422–25

  Hirohito on causes of Japan’s defeat in, 533–34

  Hirohito’s command and leadership role in, 439–42, 444, 446–48, 470–71, 473, 476–77, 483–84, 519–20

  Hirohito’s criticism of navy in, 463–65

  Hirohito’s imperial conference speech justifying surrender in, 514–16

  and Hirohito’s resolve to fight on, 480–81, 484, 486, 489–90, 501

  Hirohito’s responsibility for atrocities in, 360–61

 

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