“Much will depend on a prudent.” Franklin to Lafayette, Mar. 22, 1779, Idzerda, vol. 2, 243.
“I shall expect you to point out.” Jones to Lafayette, May 1, 1779, ibid., 264.
“You shall not require.” Chaumont to Jones, June 1779, Gallo, 74.
“The British courage failed.” Jones to Franklin, July 1, 1779, ibid., 73.
“A question of a guerre de campagne.” French planning document, Feb. 1779, Patterson, Other Armada, 48.
“Talked only of feats of arms.” Lauzun, ibid., 152.
“Twenty million to support the paper.” Lafayette to Vergennes, June 1, 1779, Idzerda, vol. 2, 270.
“Blackness overwhelms me.” Vergennes to Montmorin, Patterson, 165.
“The disunion of the two parties.” Gérard to Vergennes, July 9, 1779, Meng, 762.
“That the king is actually the only.” Vergennes, Sept. 25, 1779, ibid., 79.
“The combined [fleet] is at present anchored.” D’Orvilliers to Sartine, Aug. 16, 1779. Manceron, Wind, 179.
“Whatever is prudent.” Lafayette to Franklin, Aug. 19, 1779, Idzerda, vol. 2, 303.
“He means to take as small a share.” Count Rumford, Patterson, 174.
“It had exhausted England.” Lafayette to Congress, Oct. 7, 1779, Idzerda, vol. 2, 321.
“Not a day passed but we are receiving.” London Evening Post, Sept. 20, 1779, Gallo, 82.
“I have not yet begun to fight.” Jones, ibid., 90.
“I don’t know what can be done.” Vergennes to Lafayette, Sept. 16, 1779, Idzerda, vol. 2, 311–312.
“America is in a state of crisis.” Fleury, Nov.16, 1779, Stevens, no. 1616.
“Raise three thousand able bodied negroes.” Massey, Laurens, 132.
“Foundation for the Abolition.” Ibid., 133.
“I learn your black Air Castle.” H. to J. Laurens, Sept. 27, 1779, Massey, 143.
“I know I have been disobedient.” D’Estaing to Maurepas, Blancpain, 99.
“The damage done to my ships.” D’Estaing to Sartine, Perkins, 275.
“Had nothing to fear from the rear.” The Siege of Savannah in 1779; as described in two contemporaneous journals of French officers in the fleet of Count d’Estaing (Albany, GA: Joel Munsell, 1874), 19.
“So thoroughly cleared the way.” Douglas B. Shores, Kazmierz Pułaski: General of Two Nations (San Diego: CreateSpace, 2015), 215.
“Always knows how to make jokes.” Wilson, Southern Strategy, 134.
“If I had not attacked Savannah.” D’Estaing, “Journal of the Siege of Savannah,” Doniol, vol. 4, 263.
“Carried away by his courage.” Siege of Savannah, 21–22.
“Our imprudence in leaving our trench.” Ibid., 22.
“With more vivacity than precision.” Ibid., 25.
“We begin to lose confidence.” Ibid., 25–26.
“Be treated at all times like whites.” D’Estaing, ibid., 65.
“Great God! It would have been.” De Grasse, Lewis, 80–81.
“700 mulâtres et 200 hommes levés.” D’Estaing to Gérard, Doniol, vol. 4, 269.
14. “The country that will hazard the most will get the advantage in this war.”
“The miscarriage of our great preparations.” Lafayette to Maurepas, Jan. 25, 1780, Idzerda, vol. 2, 345–346.
“The sentiments of the people.” Bingham to Jay, July 1, 1780, Alberts, 85.
“It is sorrowful for me to think.” Laumoy to Lincoln, Mar. 4, 1780, Borick, 42.
“The impracticability of defending.” Washington to Laurens, Apr. 26, 1780.
“In a desperate State.” Duportail to Washington, May 17, 1780.
“I attached myself wherever.” L’Enfant, Berg, 47.
“Attended with many difficulties.” De Kalb to Washington, Zucker, 199.
“A state of inactivity,” Laurens to Washington, May 25, 1780.
“Hard captivity.” L’Enfant, Berg, 47.
“How many people have reproaches.” Duportail to Marbois, July 7, 1780, Kite, 176–177.
“Signal misfortune.” Bingham to Jay, July 1, 1780, Alberts, 85.
“Unheard-of barbarity.” Chávez, 180.
“Not to lose sight of the principle.” Reported in La Luzerne to Vergennes, June 11, 1780, O’Donnell, 101.
“The medall voted for me by congress.” Fleury to Franklin, Mar. 1780.
“Pride, hauteur, and almost of severity.” Kennett, 12.
Rochambeau’s 6,000 were just four divisions. Claude D. Sturgill, “Money for the Bourbon Army in the Eighteenth Century: The State within the State,” War and Society 4, no. 2 (Sept. 1986): 17–30.
“The more I reflect on the fleet.” George III to Sandwich, Mar. 6, 1780, Kennett, 15.
“The General to whom His Majesty entrusts.” Montbarrey to Rochambeau, Mar. 1, 1780, Keim, Rochambeau, 296–297.
“Produced at first the most profound.” Cardinal de la Rochefoucauld and other quotes regarding the quinquennial, Kite, Duportail, 187.
“Always occupied with his main task.” Rochambeau, Mémoires, vol. 1, 242.
15. “My command of the F–Tps at R Is-d stands upon a very limited state.”
“I am the only person.” Adams to Vergennes, Feb. 12, 1780.
“While I admit, Sir.” Vergennes to Adams, June 21, 1780, Giunta, Emerging, 77.
It concerned the future sovereignty. Jean Bauer, “With Friends Like These: John Adams and the Comte de Vergennes on Franco-American Relations,” Diplomatic History 37, no. 4 (2013): 664–692.
“Whether something might not be done.” Adams, in Franklin to Huntington, Aug. 9, 1780.
“Sentiments therein express’d.” Franklin to Vergennes, Aug. 3, 1780, Giunta, Emerging, 95.
“This Court is to be treated.” Franklin to Congress, Aug. 9, 1780, ibid., 199.
“The manner, the forms.” Floridablanca to Jay, Feb. 28, 1780, ibid., 39.
“Since His Majesty’s armed forces.” Miralles to Don José de Gálvez, Mar. 12, 1780, ibid., 43.
“The intolerable heat.” De Kalb to wife, June 21, 1780, Zucker, 203.
“I meet with no support.” De Kalb to Dr. Phile, ibid., 200.
“Take care lest your northern.” C. Lee to Gates, ibid., 206.
“Plenty will soon succeed.” Gates, ibid., 210.
“The general’s astonishment.” Otho Williams, John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas (New York: Wiley, 1997), 162.
“Threw down their loaded arms.” Williams, ibid., 166 (italics in original).
“Gave us three days.” Rawdon, Zucker, 217.
Cooper, who had recycled his sermons. Moots, “Samuel Cooper’s Old Sermons,” 398–401.
France had been paying 30 percent. See Dull, French Navy, and Stockley, Birth of America, 89.
Great Britain’s debt service. Patrick K. O’Brien, “The Political Economy of British Taxation, 1660–1815,” Economic History Review, 2nd series, 41, no. 1 (1988): 1–32; see also P. Mathias and P. K. O’Brien, “Taxation in England and France 1715–1810,” Journal of European Economic History 5 (1976), 601–650.
Producing 85 million livres but promising 105. Hardman, 60.
The loans made to America. Robert D. Harris, “French Finances and the American War, 1777–1783,” Journal of Modern History 48, no. 2 (1976): 233–258. Harris puts the total of loans to America at 12 million livres, the “extraordinary” (overbudget) French military outlay for the war at 125 million livres, and the total outlay at 1 billion livres, half of prior estimates.
“Shall we dismiss Necker.” Louis XVI to Maurepas, Hardman, 63.
Overrule precedent to accelerate. Étienne Taillemite, “Les Officiers Généraux de la Guerre d’indépendance,” Chaline, Les Marines, 384.
“Distributed in the military.” Marquis de Ségur, Blaufarb, 35.
“Have no secrets.” Rochambeau to Washington, July 12, 1780.
“As a Genl Officer I have the greatest.” Washington to Rocha
mbeau, July 16, 1780.
“Permit me, my dear marquis.” Rochambeau to Lafayette, Decré, 94.
“There can be no decisive.” Washington Answers to Queries by the Comte de Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay, Sep. 22, 1780, translated by Hamilton from Lafayette’s contemporaneous notes.
“My command of the F-T-ps.” Washington to Lafayette, Dec. 14, 1780.
“I will cooperate when.” Arnold to André, May 23, 1779, Commager, 748.
“I have accepted the command.” Arnold to André, July 12,1780, ibid.
“An object of the utmost importance.” Clinton to Lord Germain, Oct. 11, 1780, ibid., 750.
16. “Siberia alone can furnish any idea of Lebanon, Connecticut.”
Based on a draft of a treaty seized. “Plan of a Treaty,” Stevens, no. 936.
“Inexperience in affairs.” Washington to J. Laurens, Jan. 15, 1781.
“I suspect the French Ministry.” Hamilton to Laurens, Feb. 4, 1781, Massey, 176.
“Cast your gaze upon the capital.” Raynal, 1781 ed., Manceron, Wind, 362–363.
“Restored to the tyrant.” Laurens to S. Huntington, Mar. 23, 1781, Massey, 179.
“Mr. Lawrens is worrying the Minister.” Franklin to Jay, Apr.12, 1781.
“The homage of the most ardent gratitude.” Laurens to Louis XVI, Apr. 18, 1781, Giunta, Emerging, 165.
“Not … suited to the nature.” Vergennes to Lafayette, Apr. 19, 1781, Massey, 182.
“Could not put their affairs in better hands.” Franklin to Laurens, May 17, 1781. Franklin had earlier said much the same to John Jay, letter of Apr. 12, 1781.
“I know John is so full of love.” H. Laurens, n.d., 1781, Massey, 187.
“Des princes souverains.” Lewis, 95.
“Long and troublesome campaign.” Instruction to de Grasse, Amiral Rémi Monaque, “La Bataille de la Chesapeake ou Le Triomphe de la Concorde,” Chaline, La France, 182.
“Siberia alone can furnish.” Lauzun, Mémoires du Duc de Lauzun (Paris: Olivier Orban, 1986), 237.
“Vegetate … in the most sinister.” Axel von Fersen, Lettres d’Axel Fersen à son père, pendant la guerre d’indepéndance d’Amérique (Paris: Firmin-Didiot, 1929).
“Ignorant superstitious.” Royal Gazette, Oct. 28, 1780, Kennett, 84.
“The enemmy Have Been so Kind.” Lafayette to Washington, June 28, 1781.
“I saw with grief.” De Grasse to de Castries, Lewis, 110.
King’s brothers were laughing at Louis XVI. Decré, 116.
“Never aspired to such an important function.” Rochambeau, Keim, 378.
“However desirable such an event.” Rochambeau summary, Wethersfield meeting, June 23, 1781, http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=FOEA-print-01-01-02-5842.
“All the ungraciousness.” Chastellux, Chernow, Washington, 402.
“May be considered a transgression.” Chastellux to Washington, May 12, 1781.
“What are the operations.” Rochambeau summary, Wethersfield meeting. http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=FOEA-print-01-01-02-5842
“Should the West India fleet arrive.” Ibid.
“Extend our views to the Southward.” Washington, May 21, 1781, diary entry.
“Fixed with Count Rochambeau.” Ibid.
“Make the estimates.” Washington to Duportail, May 28, 1781.
“Grand quantity of blood.” Du Bouchet.
17. “Could not waste the most decisive opportunity of the whole war.”
“A gentleman of the first abilities.” Whittemore, 170.
“You are to accede to no treaty.” Instructions to the American Peace Commissioners from Congress, June 15, 1781, Giunta, Emerging, 199.
“As an American I [feel].” Jay to President of Congress, Sept. 20, 1781, Stinchcombe, 176.
“No province in which the English.” Vergennes to La Luzerne, Oct. 7, 1781, Giunta, Emerging, 251–253.
“As there is upon Earth.” Adams to Vergennes, July 13, 1781, ibid., 208–215.
“Gate of Death.” Adams to Abigail Adams, Oct. 9, 1781.
“Could not waste the most decisive.” Saavedra, Chávez, 201.
“Without the money the Conde de Grasse.” Ibid., 202.
“The spot which seems to be indicated.” De Grasse to Rochambeau and Barras, July 28, 1781, Lewis, 139.
“The boy cannot escape me.” Cornwallis, Ketchum, Yorktown, 184.
“You will immediately take such.” Washington to Lafayette, Aug. 15, 1781.
“Taking Whatever is in the Rivers.” Lafayette to Washington, Aug. 21, 1781.
“I have named no halting day.” Washington to Rochambeau, Aug. 17, 1781.
“The seizure of some bread.” Closen, Revolutionary Journal, 95.
“You can be sure.” Ibid., 97.
“Is it not advantageous.” Duportail to Washington, Aug.15, 1781, Kite, 202.
“A land of milk and honey.” Ibid., 111.
“Establishing a boulangerie.” Rochambeau, “Relation,” 1.
“To make Clinton believe.” Closen, 109.
“By these maneuvres.” Diary of Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., in fn., Washington Diary entry, Aug. 19, 1781, Founders Archive.
“This maneuver prevented General Clinton.” Rochambeau, “Relation,” 2.
18. “The measures which we are now pursuing are big with great events.”
“Made the land a little to the southward.” Hood, Lewis, De Grasse, 152.
“This was the first.” Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, 222–223.
“Distressed beyond expression.” Washington to Lafayette, Sept. 2 1781.
“I have not hesitated to open my heart.” De Grasse to Washington, Sept. 2, 1781.
“Come with the greatest expedition.” Duportail to Washington, Sept. 2, 1781, Kite, 207.
“I want to contribute everything.” De Grasse to Lafayette, Unger, 154.
“I never saw a man so thoroughly.” Lauzun, 246.
“Burning with the desire.” Closen, 123.
“The shadow of ships more than substance.” Miller, 487.
“Had finally sacrificed the parity.” Dull, French Navy, 237.
“In a position almost beyond.” William M. James, The British Navy in Adversity: A Study of the War of American Independence (New York: Longmans, 1926).
“Thunder, foam and fire.” Bougainville diary, Dunmore, 242.
Simon Pouzoulet. Catherine Papini, Journal Historique de Simon Pouzoulet (Castelnau de Guers 1759–1839) sur l’expédition aux Amériques avec l’Amiral comte de Grasse, 1781–1782 (Nîmes: Lacour/Rediva, 2000), 83–84.
“I hope you will keep Lord Cornwallis.” Washington to Lafayette, Sep. 10, 1781.
“La prudence et le sang-froid.” Monaque, 191.
“And the impracticability of giving any effectual.” Graves, Lewis, 169.
“Hugged [Washington] as close.” St.-George Tucker, in Chernow, Washington, 411.
“The season is approaching.” De Grasse to Washington, Sept. 16, 1781.
“The measures which we are now pursuing.” Washington to de Grasse, Sept. 19, 1781.
“In the dark night.” Karl Gustaf Tornquist, Lewis, 176.
“Alarmed and disquieted.” Closen, 133–134.
“Imprudent of me to take.” De Grasse to Washington, Sept. 23, 1781.
“I cannot conceal from Your Excellency.” Washington to de Grasse, Sept. 25, 1781.
“The most amiable admiral.” S. et d. Lecomte, Rochambeau (Paris: Editions Lavazuelle, 1976), 124.
“A great Mind knows how.” Washington to de Grasse, Sept. 27, 1781.
“If the enemy should be tempted.” Washington, General Orders, Sept. 27, 1781.
“They had encamped part.” Journal of Capitaine du Chesnoy, in Walker, 307.
“By this means we are in possession.” Washington to Thomas McKean, Oct. 1,1781.
“Tarleton saw me.” Lauzun, 250–251.
“We have been beating the bush.” Greene to Kn
ox, Sept. 29, 1781, Brooks, 157.
“The British were led to imagine.” Martin, 232.
“Before Morning the trenches.” Washington Diary, Oct. 6, 1781.
“Had we dared.” Martin, 231–232.
Pouzoulet … with the artillery. Pouzoulet, Papini, Journal, entry 76.
“One cannot sufficiently admire.” Chastellux, Travels, 71.
“Good effect as they compelled.” Washington Diary, Oct. 9, 1781.
“You’re taking my flour.” De Grasse to Rochambeau, Oct.13, 1781, Kennett,148.
“I am a Provençal and a sailor.”De Grasse to Washington, Oct. 1781, Lewis, 184–185.
“My children, I have need of you.” Rochambeau, Oct. 14, 1781, Keim, 458.
2,112 individuals. Warrington Dawson, Les 2112 français mort aux États-Unis en combatant pour l’indépendance américain (Paris: Au siège de la société des Americainistes, 1936).
“It seemed as if all that side.” Closen, 149.
“Little masterpiece of tactical cooperation.” Lengel, “Aspects Tactiques,” 178.
“The General reflects with … pleasure.” Washington, General Orders, Oct. 15, 1781.
“Not to make a breastwork.” Knox, Oct. 14, 1781, Ketchum, Yorktown, 237.
“Safety of the place is.” Cornwallis to Clinton, Oct. 15, 1781, Kennett, 149.
“Baroud d’honneur.” Ibid.
19. “The English are purchasing the peace rather than making it.”
“The same honors will be granted.” Washington to Cornwallis, Oct. 17, 1781.
“Barbarous treatment.” J. Laurens to H. Laurens, Dec. 15, 1777, Simms, 94.
Another song whose cadence was more amenable. Tuchman, First Salute, 288.
“Behaved like boys who had been.” New Jersey officer, Ketchum, Yorktown, 252.
“Nothing could exceed this Zeal.” Washington to McKean, Oct. 19, 1781, copy in AAE-C.P., É.-U., Supplement, Opérations Militaire, no, 258.
“The play is over.” Lafayette to Maurepas, Oct. 20, 1781, Unger, 159.
“Would annihilate the rank,” George III, Simms, Three Victories, 654–655.
“A melancholy disaster.” Lord North, Manceron, Gracious Pleasure, 205.
“Peace with America seems necessary.” North to George III, Jan. 21, 1782, Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 5, 337.
“The person after whom she was called.” Charles Thomas to Robert Morris, June 4, 1782, Patton, 214.
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