14.New York City directories (at NYPL and on microfilm at LOC) list the couple as follows: 1887 A. C. Smart home, W 82nd Street; 1889, A. C. Smart home, 185 W 82nd Street; 1890, A. C. Smart “clerk,” at 185 W 82nd Street; 1891, A. C. Smart home, 185 W 82nd Street; 1892 A. C. Smart home, 185 W 82nd Street; 1893–1894, Alice C. Smart, 165 W 82nd Street. C. S. Smart business (“ins.”) listed at 120 Broadway in the 1887, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893–1894 directories. According to maps and images, 185 and 165 W 82nd Street refer to the same building. Later HHG addresses in NYC are taken from the addresses she wrote on her correspondence.
15.She describes one such stroll, HHG, “Men, Women, and Books,” The Truth Seeker, January 15, 1887, 36.
16.Description of HHG’s life in NYC in T. H. MacQueary to Rena B. Smith, November 16, 1926, reprinted in Rena B. Smith unpublished biography, Edna Stantial Collection, SLRI.
17.HHG described her Japanese servants and her disdain for American Christian missionary culture several times, including in her 1886 lecture “Pulpit, Pew, and Cradle,” reprinted as a pamphlet (New York: Truth Seeker Publishing Company, 1892), 15–16. Microfilm copy available at Harvard University Libraries.
18.Letter, HHG, The Truth Seeker, August 13, 1887, 515.
19.Robert A. M. Stern, Thomas Mellins, and David Fishman, New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age (New York: The Monacelli Press, 1999), 745, 739.
20.HHG, “The Cultured Poor,” Free Thought, May 1892, 271–276.
21.HHG, “The Boler House Mystery,” first published in The Truth Seeker Almanac 1890, reprinted in A Thoughtless Yes (New York: R. F. Fenno, 1890), 127.
22.HHG, “The Lady of the Club,” A Thoughtless Yes, 34.
23.HHG, “The Lady of the Club,” 35–37.
24.HHG, “The Lady of the Club,” 56.
25.“Miss Gardener in the Field,” The Truth Seeker, July 10, 1886, 436.
26.Stern, 395.
27.Internal memo to Hyde, October 2, 1883, Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States records (ELAS), carton 12, Baker Library, Harvard Business School (HBS).
28.Internal memo to Hyde, May 31, 1883, ELAS Collection, carton 12, Baker Library, HBS.
29.HHG, “Lawsuit or Legacy,” Popular Science Monthly 31, July 1887, 339–345.
30.Dan Bouk, How Our Days Become Numbered: Risk and the Rise of the Statistical Individual (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015).
31.HHG, “Woman as an Annex,” Facts and Fictions of Life, 145–147.
32.HHG to Mary Phillips, August 11, 1901, Adelaide Johnson Collection, LOC.
33.HHG, Men, Women, and Gods and Other Lectures (New York: Truth Seeker, 1885), 24, 12.
34.HHG, “Pulpit, Pew, and Cradle,” 19.
7. Sex in Brain
1.Author email correspondence with Jocelyn Wilk, Columbia University Associate Archivist; Rosalind Rosenberg, Changing the Subject: How the Women of Columbia Shaped the Way We Think about Sex and Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004). Barnard College opened in 1889 and offered women the standard curriculum, not a special feminized version.
2.Kimberly A. Hamlin, From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women’s Rights in Gilded Age America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014).
3.Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Woman and the Church,” Lucifer the Light-Bearer, July 17, 1891.
4.Carla Bittel, Mary Putnam Jacobi and the Politics of Medicine in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
5.Bonnie Ellen Blustein, Preserve Your Love for Science: Life of William Hammond, American Neurologist (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
6.William A. Hammond, “Brain-Forcing in Childhood,” Popular Science Monthly 30 (April 1887): 731.
7.Hammond, “Brain-Forcing,” 731.
8.Hammond, “Men’s and Women’s Brains,” Popular Science Monthly 31 (August 1887): 554.
9.For secondary sources on nineteenth-century brain size controversies, see Hamlin, From Eve to Evolution; Anne Fausto-Sterling, “A Question of Genius: Are Men Really Smarter Than Women?” in Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men (New York: Basic Books, 1985): 13–60; and Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
10.HHG, “Sex in Brain,” Facts and Fictions of Life, 104; Duane E. Haines, “Edward Charles Spitzka,” American National Biography Online, 2000.
11.HHG, “Sex and Brain Weight,” Popular Science Monthly 31 (June 1887): 266.
12.Hammond, “Men’s and Women’s Brains,” Popular Science Monthly 31 (August 1887): 554–558.
13.HHG, “Sex and Brain Weight,” 266–268; Hammond, “Men’s and Women’s Brains,” 554–558; HHG, “More about Men’s and Women’s Brains,” Popular Science Monthly 31 (September 1887): 698–700; Hammond, “An Explanation,” Popular Science Monthly 31 (October 1887): 846.
14.“Sex in Brain,” The Physicians’ and Surgeons’ Investigator, June 15, 1888, 6.
15.“Books and Periodicals,” The Truth Seeker, December 24, 1887, 821.
16.Moncure Conway, “The International Council of Women,” Open Court, May 3, 1888, 930–931; HHG described herself as “too ill to write” in a February 17 letter published in The Truth Seeker, March 3, 1888, 137.
17.HHG, “Mother Superior,” poem written in honor of Stanton’s eightieth birthday, October 5, 1895, The Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, ed. Patricia Holland and Ann D. Gordon (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1991), reel 34.
18.Lori D. Ginzberg, Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009); Ellen Carol DuBois and Richard Cándida Smith, eds., Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Feminist as Thinker, A Reader in Documents and Essays (New York: New York University Press, 2007); Kathi Kern, Mrs. Stanton’s Bible (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
19.“The Birth of the ICW,” 1957, ICW papers, box 1, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA; quoted in Leila Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 15, note 11.
20.Lisa Tetrault, The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1848–1898 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 148–149.
21.Tetrault, Myth of Seneca Falls, 144.
22.Kern, Mrs. Stanton’s Bible, 103–106.
23.Stanton, Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences 1815–1897 (New York: T. Fisher Unwin, 1898), 467, 391.
24.HHG letter as quoted in Stanton, Eighty Years and More, 392.
25.HHG, The Truth Seeker, October 26, 1886. Stanton to Sara Underwood, April 13, 1887, reprinted in Ann D. Gordon, The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Their Place Inside the Body-Politic, 1887 to 1895, vol. 5 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 22–23.
26.“Among the Heretics,” The Truth Seeker, August 27, 1887.
27.Kern, Mrs. Stanton’s Bible, 106.
28.Stanton to Anthony, March 10, 1887, Selected Papers, vol. 5, 9–13; Stanton to Rachel G. Foster, January 12, 1888, Selected Papers, vol. 5, 77.
29.Stanton introduction reprinted in the Woman’s Tribune, April 3, 1887, 4.
30.Tetrault, Myth of Seneca Falls, 148–149.
31.Stanton, Eighty Years and More, 412–413.
32.“The Women in Politics,” Chicago Tribune, April 1, 1888, 13.
33.HHG, “Sex in Brain,” Facts and Fictions of Life, 99.
34.HHG, “Sex in Brain,” 123.
35.HHG, “More about Men’s and Women’s Brains,” 699.
36.HHG, “Sex in Brain,” 124.
37.Elizabeth Cady Stanton, remarks, Report of The International Council of Women (Boston: Rufus Darby Printers, 1888), 431.
38.Stanton, Eighty Years and More, 413.
39.Stanton’s brain bequest form, Burt Green Wilder Collection, box 2, folder 4, Cornell University Archives. HHG to ECS, July 25, 188
7, The Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, ed. Patricia Holland and Ann D. Gordon (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1991), reel 25.
40.HHG to Spitzka, January 29, 1909, Helen H. Gardener Papers, 1902–1909. A/G218b, SLRI.
41.HHG, “Brains at Cornell,” Free Thought, February 1900, 94–95.
42.HHG, “As a Man Thinketh So Is He,” The Truth Seeker, November 18, 1893, 726–727. Reprint of her speech delivered at the Science Sermons Society on November 5, 1893.
43.HHG to Miss E. L. Waldo, October 23, 1913, National Woman’s Party papers, microfilm, reel 5; Donald L. Haggerty, National Woman’s Party Papers: The Suffrage Years, 1913–1920 (Sanford, NC.: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1981).
8. The Fictions of Fiction
1.In the Adelaide Johnson Sitting Notes, the preface to Is This Your Son, My Lord, and the essay “The Fictions of Fiction,” HHG described her fiction as “true” and/or as autobiographical, sometimes even explaining who was who.
2.Adelaide Johnson Sitting Notes, thirteenth sitting, Tuesday, August 26, 1902, LOC; Donn Piatt, “A Roman Catholic’s View,” The Arena, January 1891, 244.
3.HHG, Preface to the Second Edition, Is This Your Son, My Lord? (New York: R. F. Fenno, 1890), 1.
4.HHG, “The Immoral Influence of Women in Literature,” The Arena, February 1890, 323.
5.HHG, “Fictions of Fiction,” 20.
6.HHG, “Fictions of Fiction,” 27, 22–23, 33.
7.HHG, “The Immoral Influence of Women in Literature,” 322.
8.HHG, “Time-Lock of Our Ancestors,” Belford’s Monthly Magazine, October 1888, 646–649.
9.HHG, “Time-Lock,” 655.
10.HHG, “Fictions of Fiction,” 29.
11.“A Thoughtless Yes,” The Truth Seeker, July 19, 1890, 457.
12.HHG to Moncure Conway, December 9, 1890, Helen Hamilton Gardener Papers, SLRI.
13.“Well Known in Journalism,” obituary of Ernest Bernard Chenoweth, Boston Globe, May 23, 1897, 2.
14.HHG, “Sex Maniacs,” part 1, Woman’s Tribune, April 9, 1892.
15.HHG, Preface to Second Edition, Is This Your Son, My Lord?, iv–v.
16.Adelaide Johnson Sitting notes, twenty-first sitting, Wednesday, September 10, 1902, box 71, Adelaide Johnson Collection, LOC.
17.Sales figures confirmed in Roger E. Stoddard, “Vanity and Reform: B. O. Flower’s Arena Publishing Company, Boston 1890–1896, With a Bibliographical List of Arena Imprints,” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, vol. 76, 1982.
18.Emily S. Bouton, Profile of HHG, Toledo Blade, widely reprinted, including in The Truth Seeker, May 23, 1891, 323.
19.Carrie Chapman Catt eulogy, Gardener funeral booklet, 21–22, Gardener Papers, SLRI.
20.First ad for Is This Your Son, in The Truth Seeker, November 15, 1890, 736.
21.Ad for Is This Your Son, in the Arizona Republic (Phoenix), December 17, 1890, 4.
22.Stanton, “A Representative Thinker among Women,” The Arena, January 1891, 240.
23.Piatt, “A Roman Catholic’s View,” The Arena, January 1891, 244.
24.The Woman’s Tribune, for example, described the plot as a “sad story of human experience duplicated daily in large cities and aped in the smaller.” Reprinted in “New Publications,” The Truth Seeker, December 13, 1890, 791.
25.HHG, Preface to Second Edition, Is This Your Son, My Lord?, xii.
26.“Boston Letter,” The Critic, March 28, 1891.
27.Trip described in HHG, “As a Man Thinketh So Is He,” The Truth Seeker, November 18, 1893, 726–727.
28.The Truth Seeker, June 27, 1891, 409.
29.Smart to Henry Hyde, October 29, 1891, ELAS collection, carton 12, Baker Library, HBS. Smart paraphrases Hyde’s initial letter, but it is not in the archive.
30.“Memo to Mr. Hyde,” November 2, 1891, ELAS Collection, carton 5, Baker Library, HBS.
31.“A Meatless Feast,” New York Times, March 16, 1892, 2.
32.Adelaide Johnson Sitting Notes, tenth sitting, August 18, 1902, Adelaide Johnson Collection, LOC.
33.Stoddard, “Vanity and Reform.”
34.Ages cited by HHG numerous times, supported by Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 13–15.
35.Stanton, preface, Pray You Sir, Whose Daughter? (Boston: Arena Publishing Company, 1892), vi–vii.
36.HHG, Pray You Sir, Whose Daughter?, 138.
37.B. O. Flower review, The Arena, June 1892, xxxiii–xxxv.
38.Review, Lucifer the Light-Bearer, August 12, 1892, 1.
39.Atchison Daily Globe, April 10, 1893, 4.
40.T. H. MacQueary describes his memories of them as a married couple in New York in the 1890s in a letter to Rena B. Smith, reprinted in Rena B. Smith unpublished biography, Edna Stantial Collection, SLRI.
41.“Helen Hamilton Gardener Is Smart,” widely reprinted, for example, in Oshkosh Northwestern, April 21, 1894.
42.Reprinted in The Truth Seeker, December 31, 1892, 336–337.
43.“Helen Hamilton Gardener’s New Book,” The Truth Seeker, July 8, 1893, 430.
44.The Truth Seeker, December 24, 1892, 820.
45.HHG calling card, HHG Papers, SLRI.
46.HHG to Paul Kester, July 31, 1912, Kester Collection, NYPL.
47.HHG to May Wright Sewall, February 12, 1893, May Wright Sewall Papers, Indianapolis Special Collections Room, Indianapolis Public Library.
48.Society, March 8, 1893, Omaha Daily Bee, 4; Adelaide Johnson Sitting Notes, Tenth Sitting, Monday, August 18, 1902, Adelaide Johnson Collection, LOC.
49.Ad for An Unofficial Patriot, Boston Home Journal, reprinted in The Arena, November 1894, 12.
50.B. O. Flower, “Unofficial Patriot,” The Arena, June 1894, i–v; review, Los Angeles Herald, June 10, 1894.
51.Pittsburg Press, July 15, 1894, 6.
52.Chicago Times and Boston Home Journal reviews, reprinted in ad for An Unofficial Patriot in The Arena, November 1894, 12.
53.Josephine K. Henry, Profile of HHG, Courier-Journal (Louisville), June 17, 1894, 10.
54.For example, Pittsburg Press, July 15, 1894, 6.; “Helen Hamilton Gardener,” Blue Grass Blade, 1894.
55.Josephine K. Henry, Courier-Journal (Louisville), June 17, 1894, 10.
9. The Harriet Beecher Stowe of Fallen Women
1.Eric Larson, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America (New York: Vintage, 2003), 4–5.
2.“Women in Convocation,” New York Sun, May 28, 1893, 2. May Wright Sewall, ed., The World’s Congress of Representative Women, vol. 1 (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1894). Contains the entire week’s schedule and many excerpts from speeches.
3.Emily Ketcham, “Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association,” Washington, DC, 1894, ed. Harriet Taylor Upton, 138.
4.Jennie June, New Cycle column, reprinted in ad for Facts and Fictions, in Lucifer the Light-Bearer, February 23, 1894.
5.“Fair Sex,” Star Tribune (Minneapolis), May 28, 1893, 15.
6.HHG, “Eighty Years or More,” Free Thought, March 1900, 172–174.
7.Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Rereading Sex: Battles over Sexual Knowledge and Suppression in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 359.
8.HHG to Dr. E. F. Strickland, February 6, 1894, Strickland Autograph Collection, SLRI.
9.HHG, “The Danger of an Irresponsible Educated Class in a Republic,” The Arena, August 1892, 311; HHG, “Liberalism: A Symposium,” Truth Seeker Annual (New York: Truth Seeker, 1889), 33–36.
10.Stanton, Eighty Years and More, 417–418.
11.ECS to Matilda Joslyn Gage, October 19, 1889; Ann D. Gordon, ed., The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: Their Place Inside the Body-Politic, 1887 to 1895, vol. 5 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009), 214–
215.
12.HHG, “Divorce and the Proposed National Law,” The Arena, March 1890, 413–417.
13.Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper, HOWS, vol. 4 (NAWSA, 1902), 165.
14.HHG, “Woman as an Annex,” Facts and Fictions, 129.
15.HHG, “Heredity: Is Acquired Character or Condition Transmittable?,” Facts and Fictions, 147, 150, 154.
16.HHG, “Moral Responsibility of Woman in Heredity,” Facts and Fictions, 154.
17.“Helen Hamilton Gardener’s New Book,” The Truth Seeker, July 8, 1893, 430.
18.“Their Enthusiasm Growing,” New York Times, April 19, 1894; HHG at Woman’s Press Club, The Truth Seeker, March 31, 1894, 200; “Society,” Atlanta Constitution, May 6, 1894, 6.
19.“Little One” [HHG] to “Little Phil” [Mary A. Phillips], August 11, 1901, Adelaide Johnson Collection, box 66, LOC.
20.“Little One” to “Little Phil,” August 11, 1901.
21.Frederick J. Jones vs. Arena Publishing Company, Supreme Judicial Court for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, April 16, 1898, 4. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Archives, Boston.
22.“Little One” to “Little Phil,” August 11, 1901.
23.Boston city directories, 1895–1897, LOC.
24.HOWS, vol. 4, 714; The Truth Seeker, January 26, 1895, 56.
25.B. O. Flower, Reminisces, 1914, quoted in Roger E. Stoddard, “Vanity and Reform: B. O. Flower’s Arena Publishing Company, Boston 1890–1896, With a Bibliographical List of Arena Imprints,” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, vol. 76, 1982, 274.
26.Frances Willard, “Arousing the Public Conscience,” Shame of America Roundtable, The Arena, January 1895, 199.
27.HHG, “What Shall the Age of Consent Be,” The Shame of America Roundtable, The Arena, January 1895, 196.
28.HHG, “A Battle for Sound Morality: Final Paper,” The Arena, November 1895, 402.
29.Quoted in HHG, “Have Children a Right to Legal Protection,” pamphlet (Boston: Arena Publishing, 1896), iv.
30.Estelle B. Freedman, Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 135, 142; see also Hannah Rosen, Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
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