CHAPTER 11: POLL TAX
1. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 644. 2. Interview with Lord Turnbull. 3. Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 10 May 1983 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 4. Interview with Lord Sherbourne of Didsbury. 5. See Volume I, pp. 131–2. 6. Article on local government in Conservative Oxford, 31 October 1949 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/100843). 7. Jenkin to Thatcher, 13 September 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1080 (http://margaretthatcher.org/document/140755). 8. See Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 284. 9. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 10. Scholar to Ballard, 13 July 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1080. (http://margaretthatcher.org/document/140754). 11. Ingham to Jenkin, 16 December 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1303 (http://margaretthatcher.org/document/105968). 12. Interview with Lord Jenkin of Roding. 13. Turnbull, Note for the Record, 14 February 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1304 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141484). 14. Interview with Lord Sherbourne of Didsbury. 15. Interview with Sir Michael Scholar. 16. Ingham press digest, 27 March 1984, CAC: THCR 3/5/3. 17. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 18. ‘Press Digest’, Ingham to Thatcher, 30 March 1984, CAC: THCR 3/5/32. 19. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 20. Ibid. 21. Interview with David Norgrove. 22. Letwin to Barclay, 30 May 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1305 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141490). 23. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 24. ‘Press Digest’, Ingham to Thatcher, 16 May 1984, CAC: THCR 3/5/34. 25. Ingham to Lord President, 28 June 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1306 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141497). 26. Interview with Ken Livingstone. 27. Ingham to Lord President, 28 June 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1306 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141497). 28. Redwood to Thatcher, 29 August 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1307 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141493). 29. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 646. 30. Redwood to Thatcher, 25 September 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1307 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141492). 31. Turnbull to Ballard, 27 September 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1307 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141491). 32. Ibid. 33. Rees to Thatcher, 3 October 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1308 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141496). 34. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 35. Draft Thatcher Speech, 8 October 1984, CAC: THCR 5/1/4/82 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/136222). 36. Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Thatcher to Rothschild, 30 October 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1308 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141495). 40. Interview with Jill Rutter. 41. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 42. Ibid. 43. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 44. Ibid. 45. Letwin to Turnbull, 15 November 1984, CAC: THCR 2/6/3/131 Part 1 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/137675). 46. Letwin to Thatcher, 6 December 1984, CAC: THCR 2/6/3/131 Part 1 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/136334). 47. Letwin to Turnbull, 15 November 1984, CAC: THCR 2/6/3/131 Part 1 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/137675). 48. Gregson to Thatcher, 20 November 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1308 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141494). 49. Telegram 1596, Immediate Peking, 18 December 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1309 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141498). 50. Rothschild to Thatcher, 1 January 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 51. Ibid. 52. Interview with Lord Sherbourne of Didsbury. 53. Interview with Lord Baker of Dorking. 54. Baker to Joseph, 31 January 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 55. Ibid. 56. Alison, Note of a Meeting, 14 February 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 57. Ibid. 58. Younger to Thatcher, 27 February 1985, PREM 19/1559. 59. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 60. Monro to Thatcher, 18 April 1985, CAC: THCR 2/1/4/90. 61. Younger to Thatcher, 5 March 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 62. Butler to Thatcher, 15 March 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 63. Butler to Thatcher, 25 March 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 64. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 65. Ibid. 66. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 67. Ibid. 68. Interview with Lord Rees. 69. Rothschild to Butler, 27 March 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 70. Redwood and Letwin to Thatcher, 29 March 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1559. 71. Ibid. 72. Butler to Ballard, 2 April 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1560. 73. Interview with Lord Baker of Dorking. 74. Interview with Lord Jenkin of Roding. 75. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 76. Interview with Sir Terry Heiser. 77. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 78. Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill. 79. Butler to Ballard, 2 April 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1560. 80. Thatcher to Rothschild, 4 April 1985, CAC: THCR 3/2/163. 81. Interview with Lord Turnbull. 82. Interview with Ken Livingstone. 83. Livingstone public letter to Scargill, 24 January 1985, quoted in the Spectator, 16 March 1985. 84. Rothschild to Butler, 2 April 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1560. 85. Redwood and Letwin to Thatcher, 17 May 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1560. 86. Gregson to Thatcher, 17 May 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1560. 87. Memo by Chancellor of the Exchequer, 16 May 1985, TNA: CAB 134/4878. 88. Redwood and Letwin to Thatcher, 17 May 1985. Ibid. 89. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 90. Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill. 91. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 92. Ibid. 93. Interviews with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill and David Norgrove. 94. Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill. 95. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 96. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 97. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 98. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 99. Sherbourne to Thatcher, 30 April 1985, CAC: THCR 2/1/4/90. 100. See David Butler, Andrew Adonis and Tony Travers, Failure in British Government: The Politics of the Poll Tax, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 80. 101. The Times, 1 October 1985. 102. New York Times, 2 October 1985, Kinnock speech, 1 October 1985 (http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm?speech=191). 103. Redwood and Letwin to Thatcher, 20 September 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1562. 104. Interview with Jill Rutter. 105. Butler covering note to Rothschild letter to Thatcher, 3 July 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141599). 106. Unwin to Thatcher, 19 September 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1562. 107. Turnbull to Ballard, 8 July 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1561. 108. Letwin to Thatcher, 8 November 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141497). 109. Interview with David Norgrove. 110. Letwin to Thatcher, 8 November 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141497). 111. Ibid. 112. Letwin to Thatcher, 12 November 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141595). 113. Interview with David Norgrove. 114. Interview with Sir Brian Unwin. 115. Unwin to Thatcher, 8 November 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141596). 116. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 117. Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill. 118. Ibid. 119. Hurd to Baker, 30 September 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141598). 120. Interview with Lord Waldegrave of North Hill. 121. Ibid. 122. Interview with David Norgrove. 123. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 124. Letwin to Thatcher, 13 December 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141594). 125. Letwin to Thatcher, 30 December 1985. TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141593). 126. Ibid. 127. See Norgrove to Young, 31 December 1985, TNA: PREM 19/1565 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/141601). 128. Norgrove to Thatcher, 3 January 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Local Government: The Future of the Rating System, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 129. Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 9 January 1986 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 130. Ibid. 131. Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years: My Life in Politics, Faber & Faber, 1993, p. 126. 132. Wicks to Young, 4 March 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Local Government: The Future of the Rating System, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 133. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 649. 134. Ibid. 135. Ridley to Thatcher, 18 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Local Government: The Future of the Rating System, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 136. Ridley to Thatcher, 10 April 1987. Ibid. 137. Norgrove to Thatcher, 6 May 1987. Ibid. 138. Fowler to Thatcher, 7 May 1987. Ibid. 139. Interview with the Lord Lothian (Michael Ancram). 140. Interview with Lord Sherbourne of Didsbury. 141. Interview with Lord Lothian. 142. Cabinet minutes, 13 November 1986, TNA: CAB 128/83 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/136964). 143. Rifkind to Whitelaw, 6 February 1987, Prime Minister’s Papers, Local Government: The Future of the Rating System, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Offic
e). 144. Speech to Scottish Conservative Party Conference, 15 May 1987 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106814). 145. Interview with Sir Terry Heiser. 146. Interview with Lord Lothian. 147. Interview with Lord Sherbourne of Didsbury. 148. Ibid. 149. Interview with David Norgrove. 150. Interview with Sir Bernard Ingham.
CHAPTER 12: A SINGLE EUROPEAN
1. ‘EU budget 2014–2020’, House of Commons Library Briefing Paper, 22 May 2015, No. 06455. 2. Interview with Pierre Morel. 3. Helmut Kohl, Erinnerungen 1982–1990, Droemer Knaur, 2005, p. 283. 4. Interview with Pierre Morel. 5. Coles to Appleyard, Record of conversation between Thatcher and Kohl, 2 May 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, Germany, Chancellor Kohl’s visit to UK, April 1983, and subsequent UK Visits, Part 8 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 6. Interviews with Lord Hannay of Chiswick and Lord Renwick of Clifton. 7. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 8. Interview with Lord Williamson of Horton. 9. Preface by Christopher Collins, 27 May 2015 (http:/www.margaretthatcher.org/document/139100). 10. ‘Fontainebleau’, Thatcher Memorandum, undated, CAC: THCR 1/20/4 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/139100). 11. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. This account also draws on his published account: Robin Renwick, A Journey with Margaret Thatcher, Biteback, 2013. 12. ‘Fontainebleau’, undated. 13. Ibid. 14. Kohl, Erinnerungen, p. 283. 15. Interview with Sir Michael Butler. 16. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 544. 17. ‘Fontainebleau’, undated. 18. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 19. Interview with Hubert Védrine. 20. Interview with Jacques Attali. 21. David Hannay, Britain’s Quest for a Role: A Diplomatic Memoir from Europe to the UN, I. B. Tauris, 2013, p. 106. 22. Hansard, HC Deb 27 June 1984, 62/1008 (http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1984/jun/27/european-council-fontainebleau). 23. Spectator, 29 June 1984. 24. Ingham to Thatcher, ‘Your press conference’, undated, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Paris, Part 18 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 25. ‘Fontainebleau’, undated. 26. Study groups had looked into the matter in 1963, 1965, 1973 and 1975. For a full account, see Terry Gourvish, The Official History of Britain and the Channel Tunnel, Routledge, 2006. 27. Brief for Thatcher’s Meeting with MacGregor, 10 November 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 28. Ibid. 29. Scholar to Mayer (Department of Transport), 17 November 1981. Ibid. 30. MacGregor to Edwards, 31 March 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 31. Scholar note on Howell to Thatcher, 19 January 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 32. Biffen to Howell, 8 February 1982. Ibid. 33. Pym to Thatcher, 12 May 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 34. Coles to Mayer, 18 May 1982. Ibid. 35. Turnbull to Nichols, 14 March 1984. Ibid. 36. Young to Thatcher, 11 May 1984. Ibid. 37. See Gourvish, The Official History of Britain and the Channel Tunnel, pp. 250–51. 38. Flesher to Thatcher, 31 October 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 39. Quoted in Gourvish, The Official History of Britain and the Channel Tunnel, p. 252. 40. Ibid. 41. Interview with Sir Bernard Ingham. 42. Quoted in Gourvish, The Official History of Britain and the Channel Tunnel, p. 254. 43. Ibid. 44. Wybrew to Thatcher, 22 February 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 45. Henderson to Thatcher, 10 April 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 3 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 46. Ingham to Thatcher, 15 July 1985. Ibid. 47. Powell to Thatcher, 10 December 1985. Ibid. 48. Armstrong to Thatcher, 15 January 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Transport, The Channel Tunnel, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 49. Wybrew to Thatcher, 20 December 1985. Ibid. 50. Powell to C. R. (possibly Caroline Ryder), 20 January 1986. Ibid. 51. Interview with Barry Strevens. 52. Interview with Sir Michael Butler. 53. Interview with Sir Bernard Ingham. 54. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 55. Ricketts to Coles, 24 February 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, Germany, Chancellor Kohl’s visit to the UK, Part 8 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 56. Interview with Lord Egremont. 57. Carrington to Thatcher, 13 November 1981, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, Political Cooperation as discussed at meeting of Foreign Ministers at Venlo in May 1981 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 58. Ibid. 59. Coles to Thatcher, 16 February 1983. Ibid. 60. Coles to Thatcher, 21 February 1983. Ibid. 61. Pym to Thatcher, 28 February 1983. Ibid. 62. Ibid. 63. Interview with Sir Stephen Wall. 64. Interview with Die Welt, 31 October 1984 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105580). 65. Interview with Lady Thatcher. 66. Powell note to Thatcher, undated, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council meeting in Brussels, 29–30 March 1985, Part 20 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 67. Howe to Thatcher, 14 March 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, Appointment of the President of the European Commission, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 68. Howe to Thatcher, 10 July 1984. Ibid. 69. Record of meeting between Thatcher and Dumas, 17 July 1984. Ibid. 70. Interview with Jacques Delors. 71. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 72. Powell to Thatcher, 29 August 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1220. 73. Powell to Budd, 15 October 1984. Ibid. 74. Powell to Budd, 1 May 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, Appointment of the President of the European Commission, Part 3 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 75. Ibid. 76. Interview with Jacques Delors. 77. Powell to Budd, 16 October 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Milan, Part 21 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 78. Budd to Powell, 1 February 1985, European Policy, Appointment of the President of the European Commission, Part 3 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 79. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 80. Quoted in Stephen Wall, A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 41–2. 81. Interview with Sir Malcolm Rifkind. 82. Bullard to Powell, 25 September 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, Germany, Anglo-German Relations, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 83. Ibid. 84. Powell to Thatcher, 27 September 1984. Ibid. 85. Thatcher to Kohl, 28 September 1984. Ibid. 86. See Powell to Thatcher, 11 October 1984, Prime Minister’s Papers, Germany, Anglo-German Relations, Part 3 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 87. Ibid. 88. Powell to Thatcher, 7 February 1985. Ibid. 89. Powell to Thatcher, 24 January 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Germany, Chancellor Kohl’s Visit to the UK, Part 9 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 90. Bullard telegram 466, 8 May 1985. Ibid. 91. Powell to Thatcher, 3 May 1985. Ibid. 92. Ibid. 93. Powell to Thatcher, 15 May 1985. Ibid. 94. Powell to Appleyard, 19 May 1985. Ibid. 95. Bullard telegram 508, 19 May 1985. Ibid. 96. Kohl to Thatcher, 19 June 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Milan, 28–29 June 1985, Part 21 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 97. Howe to Thatcher, 25 June 1985. Ibid. 98. Powell to Budd, 27 June 1985. Ibid. 99. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 100. Notes manuscrites, 28 May 1985, Conseil Européen de Milan, 28 and 29 juin 1985, Archives Nationales de France, 5 AG4/EG41, Dossier 1. 101. Jean Vidal note of meeting, 6 June 1985. Ibid. 102. Ibid. 103. Howe to Thatcher, 1 July 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Milan, 28–29 June 1985, Part 22 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 104. Interview with Sir Stephen Wall. 105. Interview with Lord Howe of Aberavon. 106. Interview with Horst Teltschik. 107. Cabinet minutes, 4 July 1985, TNA: CAB 128/81 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/136791). 108. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 109. Ingham to Douglas-Home, 1 July 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Milan, 28–29 June 1985, Part 22 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 110. Bullard telegram 687, 4 July 1985. Ibid. 111. Interview with Lord Williamson of Horton. 112. Powell to Thatcher, 22 November 1985, Prime
Minister’s Papers, Germany, Chancellor Kohl’s Visit to the UK, Part 9 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 113. Hannay telegram 4128, 27 November 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Luxembourg, 2–3 December 1985, Part 24 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 114. Lawson to Thatcher, 28 November 1985. Ibid. 115. Hannay, Britain’s Quest for a Role, p. 131. 116. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 555. 117. Interview with Lord Williamson of Horton. 118. Wall, A Stranger in Europe, p. 69. 119. Quoted in Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot: Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair, Papermac, 1999, p. 332. 120. Hannay telegram 4235, 4 December 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, European Policy, European Council Meeting in Luxembourg, 2–3 December 1985, Part 24 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 121. Thatcher, Opening Intervention, undated. Ibid. 122. Lawson to Thatcher, 28 November 1985. Ibid. 123. Ingham to Thatcher, 3 December 1985. Ibid. 124. Ibid. 125. Press conference after Luxembourg Summit, 4 December 1985 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106187). 126. Ibid. 127. Interview with Lord Williamson of Horton. 128. Interview with Sir Stephen Wall. 129. Hansard, HC Deb 5 December 1985, 88/433 (http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1985/dec/05/european-council-luxembourg). 130. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 131. Interview with Lord Young of Graffham. 132. Ibid. 133. Interview with Lord Williamson of Horton. 134. Ibid. 135. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 136. Ibid. 137. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, pp. 556–7. 138. Ibid. 139. Interview with Lord Williamson of Horton.
Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume 2 Page 98
