CHAPTER 16: AGAINST QUEEN AND COMMONWEALTH
1. Record of a conversation, 12 November 1980, Prime Minister’s Papers, Visit by the South African Foreign Minister Mr Pik Botha (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 2. Wyatt, unpublished diaries, 23 June 1986 (kindly made available to the author by Diana Rawstron on behalf of the estate of the late Lord Wyatt of Weeford). 3. Guise to Thatcher, 22 April 1988, CAC: THCR 1/10/119. 4. Interview with F. W. de Klerk. 5. Speaking note on South Africa, undated, October 1985, CAC: THCR 5/1/5/352. 6. The Times, 5 July 1990. 7. Interview with Sir Denis Thatcher. 8. Interview with Sir Sonny Ramphal. 9. See Anthony Sampson, Black and Gold: Tycoons, Revolutionaries and Apartheid, Coronet, 1987, p. 59. 10. Tutu to Thatcher, 25 May 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1392. 11. Interview with Sir Malcolm Rifkind. 12. Record of a Conversation, 2 June 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1392. 13. Theresa Papenfus, Pik Botha and his Times, Litera, Kindle edn (translated by Sandra Mills), 2010. 14. ‘Mr Botha speaking notes’, 2 June 1984, CAC: THCR 1/10/154. 15. Coles to Bone, 2 June 1984, TNA: PREM 19/1392. 16. Correspondence with Sir John Coles. 17. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 515. 18. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 19. Ibid. 20. Thatcher to Kaunda, 18 April 1985, CAC: THCR 3/1/46. 21. Interview with Lord Renwick of Clifton. 22. Thatcher to Botha, 4 July 1985, CAC: THCR 3/1/48. 23. Thatcher telegram to Botha, 11 July 1985. Ibid. 24. Financial Times, 17 August 1985. 25. Interview with Sir Malcolm Rifkind. 26. Powell to Appleyard, 12 July 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, PM’s Tours Abroad, CHOGM 1985, The Bahamas, Part 1 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 27. Ryder to Thatcher, 26 September 1985. Ibid. 28. Powell to Allan (Department of Transport), 6 June 1985. Ibid. 29. Powell to Thatcher, 11 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, PM’s Tours Abroad, CHOGM 1985, The Bahamas, Part 2 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 30. Powell to Thatcher, 12 October 1985. Ibid. 31. Powell to Thatcher, 10 October 1985, THCR 5/1/5/352. 32. Powell to Ricketts, 16 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 33. Brian Mulroney, Memoirs: 1939–1993, McClelland & Stewart, 2007, p. 402. 34. Ibid. 35. Powell to Ricketts, 17 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 36. Ibid. 37. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 38. Powell to Ricketts, 18 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 39. BBC Newsnight, 18 October 1985 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105921). (Christopher Collins, ed., Complete Public Statements of Margaret Thatcher 1945–90 on CD-ROM, Oxford University Press, 1998/2000.) 40. Powell to Acland, 21 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 41. Ibid. 42. Handwritten note to Thatcher from Mulroney, undated. Ibid. 43. Powell to Acland, 21 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 44. Ibid. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 518. 48. Powell to Acland, 21 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 49. Ibid. 50. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 518. 51. Powell to Acland, 21 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 52. Powell to Thatcher, 22 October 1985. Ibid. 53. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 54. Ingham to Thatcher, 20 October 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM, The Bahamas, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 55. Press Conference at Nassau Commonwealth Summit, 20 October 1985 (http://margaretthatcher.org/document/106151). 56. Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, Macmillan, 1994, p. 483. 57. Ibid. 58. Appleyard to Powell, 7 November 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 8 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 59. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 60. Ibid. 61. Van der Post to Alexander, 27 October 1980, Prime Minister’s Papers, Prime Minister’s Meetings with Laurens van der Post (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 62. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 63. Interviews with Lord Powell of Bayswater and Sir Claude Hankes. 64. Powell to Budd, 6 February 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 8 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 65. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 66. Botha to Thatcher, 12 November 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 8 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 67. Thatcher to Botha, 17 November 1985. Ibid. 68. See, for example, Guardian, 23 March 2000. 69. Report, 3 December 1985. Ibid.; Report, 4 December 1985. Ibid. 70. Botha to Thatcher, 14 December 1985. Ibid. 71. Howe to Thatcher, 20 December 1985. Ibid. 72. Powell to Appleyard, 20 December 1985, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 8 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 73. Powell to Thatcher, 6 January 1986. Ibid. 74. Cradock to Powell, 7 February 1986. Ibid. 75. Powell to Thatcher, 30 January 1986. Ibid. 76. Powell to Budd, 3 February 1986. Ibid. 77. Solesby telegram 009, Pretoria, 24 February 1986. Ibid. 78. Malcolm Fraser and Margaret Simons, Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs, Miegunyah Press, 2010, p. 650. 79. Powell to Budd, 17 March 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 9 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 80. Thatcher to Botha, 20 March 1986. Ibid. 81. Botha to Thatcher, 10 April 1986. Ibid. 82. Thatcher to Botha, 18 April 1986. Ibid. 83. Moberly, Cape Town, telegram 252, 6 May 1986. Ibid. 84. Moberly, Cape Town, telegram 267, 16 May 1986. Ibid. 85. MISC 118 report, 2 May 1986. Ibid. 86. Thatcher to Botha, 21 May 1986. Ibid. 87. Botha to Thatcher, 26 May 1986. Ibid. 88. Ibid. 89. Howe to Thatcher, 28 May 1986. Ibid. 90. Powell to Thatcher, 11 June 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 91. Powell to Budd, 12 June 1986. Ibid. 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid. 94. Powell to Thatcher, 13 June 1986. Ibid. 95. Powell to Galsworthy, 3 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 11 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 96. Interview with Sir Sonny Ramphal. 97. Ryder to Powell, 1 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 11 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 98. Botha to Thatcher, 1 July 1986. Ibid. 99. Cradock to Powell, 3 July 1986. Ibid. 100. Thatcher to Botha, 4 July 1986. Ibid. 101. Waite to Heseltine (William), 23 June 1986. Ibid. 102. Powell to Thatcher, 8 July 1986. Ibid. 103. Ibid. 104. W. Heseltine to Galsworthy, 15 July 1986. Ibid. 105. Ibid. 106. Guardian, 9 July 1986. 107. Ibid. 108. Sir Peter Marshall, unpublished diaries, 9 July 1986 (kindly made available to the author by Sir Peter Marshall). 109. Ibid. 110. Ibid., 20 June 1986. 111. Bullard, Bonn, telegram 624, 18 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 11 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 112. Ibid. 113. Wright, Washington, telegram 1902, date illegible, but from context 18 July 1986. Ibid. 114. Reagan, Remarks to Members of the World Affairs Council and the Foreign Policy Association, 22 July 1986, American Presidency Project (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=37643). 115. Interview with Brian Mulroney. 116. Powell to Budd, 14 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 11 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 117. Interview with Brian Mulroney. 118. Tambo to Howe, 22 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 11 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 119. Interview with Sir Percy Cradock. 120. Interview with Sir Colin Budd. 121. Marshall, unpublished diaries, 24 June 1986. 122. Powell to Budd, 23 June 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 10 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 123. Walker to Thatcher, 24 June 1986. Ibid. 124. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 486. 125. Sunday Telegraph, 6 July 1986. 126. Marshall, unpublished diaries, 13 July 1986. 127. Howe to Thatcher, 15 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 11 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 128. Ryder to Thatcher, 16 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 12 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 129
. Woodrow Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. i, Macmillan, 1998, 17 July 1986, p. 167. 130. Interview with Sir Sonny Ramphal 131. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 132. Marshall, unpublished diaries, 24 June 1986. 133. Powell to Thatcher, 10 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM on South Africa in London (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 134. Ibid. 135. Interview with Sir Sonny Ramphal. 136. Sunday Times, 20 July 1986. 137. Interview with Sir Sonny Ramphal. 138. For a full account of this incident, see Andrew Neil, Full Disclosure, Macmillan, 1996, pp. 195ff. 139. Interview with Sir William Heseltine. 140. Ibid. 141. Ibid. 142. Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. i, 21 July 1986, p. 174. 143. Wyatt, unpublished diaries, 21 July 1986. 144. Wyatt, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. i, 21 July 1986, p. 174 145. Interview with Sir William Heseltine. 146. Ibid. 147. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 148. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 149. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 150. Marshall, unpublished diaries, 26 July 1986. 151. Ibid. 152. Interview for Sunday Telegraph, 19 July 1986 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106269). 153. Ibid. 154. Powell to Thatcher, 24 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 12 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 155. Ibid. 156. Powell to Thatcher, 25 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM on South Africa in London (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 157. Powell to Howe private office, 25 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 12 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 158. FCO telegram 161, Sunday Telegraph article, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM on South Africa in London (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 159. Powell telegram 183 to Howe private office, 28 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Relations with South Africa, Part 12 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 160. Powell to Galsworthy, 30 July 1986. Ibid. 161. Powell to Thatcher, 30 July 1986. Ibid. 162. Ingham to Thatcher, 29 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM on South Africa in London (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 163. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 492–3. 164. Interview with Lord Ryder of Wensum. 165. Interview with Lord Howe of Aberavon. 166. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, pp. 493–6. 167. Ibid., p. 496. 168. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 521. 169. Interview with Sir Sonny Ramphal. 170. Ibid. 171. Marshall, unpublished diaries, 3 August 1986. 172. Powell to Thatcher, 30 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Commonwealth, CHOGM on South Africa in London (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 173. Powell to Galsworthy, 1 August 1986. Ibid. 174. Interview with Lord Ryder of Wensum. 175. Interview with Sir William Heseltine. 176. ‘Summary of President’s Meeting with Prime Minister Thatcher’, 15 November 1986, State Department Archives, released under FOIA Case #200802013. 177. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 178. Interview with Lord Ryder of Wensum. 179. Private information. 180. Howe, Conflict of Loyalty, p. 498. 181. Marshall, unpublished diaries, 4 August 1986.
CHAPTER 17: SAVE THE BOMB
1. Max Kampelman in New York Times, 24 April 2006. 2. George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993, p. 607. 3. ‘Nitze/Perle meeting with Prime Minister Thatcher on SDI and ABM Treaty’, 26 February 1987, State Department Archives, Released under FOIA Case #200801161. 4. Thatcher to Reagan, 11 February 1986, CAC: THCR 3/1/52. 5. ‘RSVP: Nitze Meeting with PM Thatcher’, 23 April 1986, State Department Archives, released under FOIA Case #200801161. 6. Reagan to Thatcher, 23 May 1986, Exec Sec, NSC: Head of State, UK: PM Thatcher (8690401–8690687), Box 37, Reagan Library. 7. The Times, 28 May 1986. 8. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, p. 700. 9. New York Times, 16 January 1986. 10. Interview with Richard Perle. 11. Geoffrey Smith, The Times, 28 March 1986. 12. As she told Geoffrey Smith in a private interview in January 1990. See Geoffrey Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, Bodley Head, 1990, p. 58. 13. Thatcher to Reagan, 11 February 1986, Exec Sec, NSC: Head of State, UK: PM Thatcher (8591145–8690149), Box 37, Reagan Library. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Interview with John Poindexter. 17. Interview with Ken Adelman. 18. Ibid. 19. NSDD #210, 4 February 1986, RAC Box 9, Exec Sec, NSC: NSDDs, Reagan Library. 20. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 21. Thatcher to Gorbachev, 27 February 1986, CAC: THCR 3/1/52. 22. Reagan to Thatcher, 22 February 1986. Ibid. 23. Thatcher to Reagan, 24 February 1986. Ibid. 24. Powell to Thatcher, 14 March 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Defence, Military Uses of Laser Technology in Space, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 25. Howe to Thatcher, 28 April 1986. Ibid. 26. Lawson to Thatcher, 2 May 1986. Ibid. 27. Ibid. 28. Reagan to Thatcher, 20 July 1986, CAC: THCR 3/1/56. 29. Reagan to Thatcher, 26 July 1986. Ibid. 30. Reagan to Thatcher, 14 March 1986, CAC: THCR 3/1/53. 31. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 32. Draft Record of Conversation, 4 May 1986, Exec Sec, NSC: System File, #8603794, Reagan Library. 33. Ibid. 34. Gorbachev to Thatcher, 10 July 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Soviet Union, UK/Soviet Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 35. Powell to Thatcher, 6 August 1986. Ibid. 36. Thatcher to Gorbachev, 20 August 1986. Ibid. 37. Interview with George Shultz. 38. Thatcher to Reagan, 6 October 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Foreign policy, East/West Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 39. Ibid. 40. Thatcher to Gorbachev, 3 October 1986, CAC: THCR 3/1/58. 41. Draft reply to Reagan, 3 October 1986. Ibid. 42. Reagan to Thatcher, 8 October 1986, CAC: THCR 3/1/58. 43. Ibid. 44. Ibid. 45. Interview with Roz Ridgway. 46. Chernyaev’s notes of 4 October 1986, ‘The Reykjavik File’, National Security Archive. Cited in Ken Adelman, Reagan at Reykjavik: Forty-Eight Hours that Ended the Cold War, HarperCollins, 2014, p. 75. 47. Chernyaev’s notes of 4 October 1986, The Reykjavik File, National Security Archive. Cited in Steven Hayward, The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–89, Crown Forum, 2009, p. 493. 48. Anatoly Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, p. 81. 49. See Paul Lettow, Ronald Reagan and his Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Random House, 2005, p. 219. 50. Reykjavik Summit First Session, Reagan/Gorbachev Memcon, 11 October 1986, Box 92140, Jack Matlock Files, Reagan Library. (See also: http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/109177.) 51. Interview with Roz Ridgway. 52. See Jack Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended, Random House, 2004, pp. 228–9. 53. Adelman, Reagan at Reykjavik, p. 141. 54. Interview with Charles Price. 55. Interview with Roz Ridgway. 56. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 57. Interview with John Poindexter. 58. Lettow, Ronald Reagan and his Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, p. 225. 59. Interview with Jack Matlock. 60. Interview with Roz Ridgway. 61. Lettow, Ronald Reagan and his Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, p. 225. 62. Interview with Sir Nigel Wicks. 63. Ibid. 64. Interview with Jacques Attali. 65. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, 1993, pp. 471–2. 66. Telephone conversation, Reagan/Thatcher 10/13/1986, Thatcher visit – 11/15/1986–11/16/1986, Box 92116, Robert Linhard Files, Reagan Library. 67. Powell to Budd, 13 October 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, Foreign Policy, East/West Relations, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 68. Powell to Budd, 14 October 1986. Ibid. 69. Poindexter to President, ‘Why We Can’t Commit To Eliminating All Nuclear Weapons Within 10 Years’, 16 October 1986, Reykjavik Briefing: Memo re Eliminating Nuclear, Box 91636, Alton Keel Files, Reagan Library. 70. Poindexter to President, Meeting with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, 15 November 1986, CO 167 (440030), WHORM File, Reagan Library. 71. Speech to Conservative Party Conference, Bournemouth, 10 October 1986 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106498). 72. Telephone conversation, Reagan/Thatcher 10 October 1986, Thatcher visit – 11/15/1986–11/16/1986, Box 92116, Robert Linhard Files, Reagan Library. 73. Interview with Charles Clarke. 74. Interview with Richard Perle. 75. Telephone conversation Reagan/Thatcher, 10 October 1986, Thatcher visit – 11/15/1986–11/16/1986, Box 92116, Robert Linhard Files, Reagan Library. 76. Lady Thatcher, Interview for The Downing Street Years (BBC1), 1993. 77. Interview with John Poindexter. 78. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 79. Interview with Colin Powell. 80. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 81. Powell to G
alsworthy, 3 December 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, Henry Kissinger’s Visits to the UK (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 82. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 472. 83. Untitled, undated handwritten note by President Reagan, CO 167 (440030), WHORM File, Reagan Library. 84. Lavin and Sommer to Poindexter, 10 November 1986, Thatcher Visit November 15 1986 (4), Exec Sec, NSC: European and Soviet Affairs Directorate, Box 90902, Reagan Library. 85. Powell to Thatcher, 21 October 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, PM’s Bilaterals with the Foreign Secretary (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 86. Powell to Thatcher, 23 October 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 87. Ibid. 88. Powell to Thatcher, 30 October 1986. Ibid. 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. Budd to Powell, undated. Ibid. 92. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 93. Powell to Thatcher, 11 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 94. Richard Reeves, President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination, Simon & Schuster, 2006, p. 264. 95. For the first public account of this knowledge, see Geoffrey Smith’s book, Reagan and Thatcher, pp. 204–7. 96. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 97. Ibid. 98. Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, p. 211. 99. William Crowe, The Line of Fire: From Washington to the Gulf, the Politics and Battles of the New Military, Simon & Schuster, 1993, p. 267. 100. Ibid., p. 268. 101. See NSDD #250, 3 November 1986, RAC Box 10, Exec Sec, NSC: NSDDs, Reagan Library. 102. Shultz to President, ‘Visit of UK Prime Minister Thatcher November 15 1986’, 12 November 1986, CO167 43000–44099, WHORM File, Reagan Library. 103. Ibid. 104. ‘Thatcher Memo’, Note from Tyrus Cobb, 12 November 1986, November 86 – Breakfast Meeting with UK Prime Minister Thatcher, Meetings with Foreigners, Donald Gregg Files, Bush Library. 105. 052220z Nov 86, ‘Mrs Thatcher’s visit to Washington’, 5 November 1986, Archives of the State Department, released under FOIA Case #200601516. 106. Ingham to Thatcher, 15 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 107. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘Meeting with Secretary Weinberger’, 16 November 1986. Ibid. 108. Interview with George Shultz. 109. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘Meeting with Secretary Shultz’, 14 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 110. Evening Reading Item, ‘My meeting with Prime Minister Thatcher’, 14 November 1986, State Department Archives, released under FOIA Case #F–200601579. 111. Smith, Reagan and Thatcher, p. 222. 112. Interview with John Poindexter. 113. Correspondence with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 114. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 115. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘Meeting with President Reagan’, 16 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 116. Ibid. 117. Jim Kuhn, Ronald Reagan in Private: A Memoir of my Years in the White House, Sentinel, 2004, p. 142. 118. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘Meeting with President Reagan’, 16 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 119. Powell to Galsworthy, 16 November 1986, Meeting with Vice-President Bush, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 120. Powell to Galsworthy, ‘Meeting with President Reagan’, 16 November 1986, Prime Minister’s Papers, PM’s Visit to Washington (Camp David), 14–15 November 1986, Part 6 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 121. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 473. 122. Press Conference, British Embassy Rotunda, Washington, DC, 15 November 1986 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106514). 123. ‘Press Digest’, Ingham to Thatcher, 17 November 1986, CAC: THCR 3/5/62. 124. The Times, 17 November 1986. 125. Interview with Frank Carlucci. 126. Ibid. 127. Interview with Colin Powell. 128. Interview with George Shultz. 129. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 471. 130. Interview with Lord Powell of Bayswater. 131. Interview with Sir Bernard Ingham.
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