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Notes and References
NOTE
The full bibliographical details, when not cited here, are to be found in the Bibliography.
1 Village of Mystery
1 Gerard de Sède, L’Or de Rennes. Robert Charroux, Trésors du Monde (Paris, 1962), p. 247ff.
2 Annuaire Ecclesiastique, p. 282.
3 De Sède, L’Or de Rennes, p. 28. The painting was supposedly of "Saint Antoine l’Hermite." De Sède himself said in conversation that the painting was the "Temptation of Saint Anthony," but no one knew which one. Later our researches indicated that it was in fact "Saint Anthony and Saint Jerome in the Desert."
4 Fédié, Le Comté de Razès, p. 3ff. The figure of 30,000 inhabitants is given by de Sède in L’Or de Rennes, p. 17. He gives no source.
5 Procopius, History of the Wars, Book V, xii.
6 We have twice had the relevant archives in the Vatican checked and on both occasions our researchers reported that no reference to Saunière could be found. There is not even any record of his existence, a curious lacuna in the normally detailed Vatican records. It suggests that all information regarding this priest has been extracted deliberately.
7 Lépinois, "Lettres de Louis Fouquet," p. 269ff. The letter was kept in the archives of the Cossé-Brissac family, who have been prominent in Freemasonry since the eighteenth century.
8 Delaude, Cercle d’Ulysse, p. 3. The author says that the tomb is cited in a mémoire by the Abbé Delmas dating from the seventeenth century. This work is undoubtedly the mémoire of Delmas dated 1709. This manuscript was originally deposited with the Académie celtique, then vanished for some time. Earlier this century it reappeared and part was published in Courrent, Notice historique, pp. 9-17. However, this extract does not mention the tomb. It can only be supposed that the missing pieces contain the information, but the Delmas manuscript is now in private possession in Limoux and has not been made available to us for reference.
2 The Cathars and the Great Heresy
1 In 1888, while working at the municipal library of Orléans, Doinel found a manuscript dating from 1022, written by a Gnostic who was later the same year burned at the stake. Reading this manuscript converted Doinel into an avid Gnostic. See Lauth, "Tableau de l’au delà," p. 212ff.
2 Manichaeans had long been involved in the use of various forms of birth control and were also accused of justifying abortion. These practices were almost certainly part of the later Cathar teaching. Noonan makes the point that the Church’s condemnation of contraception had been reaffirmed during its condemnation of the Cathars. See Noonan, Contraception, p. 281; Chadwick, Priscillian, p. 37.
3 De Rougement, Love in the Western World, p. 78.
4 In A.D. 800 Manichaeans were still being condemned in the West. In 991 Gerbert d’Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II, expressed Manichaean beliefs. See Runciman, The Medieval Manichee, p. 117; Niel, Les Cathars de Montségur, p. 26ff.
5 Jean de Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, p. 174.
6 Niel, Les Cathars de Montségur, p. 291ff.
7 The Manichaeans had a sacred festival called the Bema, which was celebrated during March. Niel suggests that this was the festival held at Montségur on March 14, adding that in 1244 the spring equinox fell on this date: Niel, Les Cathars de Montségur, p. 276ff. The Manichaeans apparently used a special book of drawings that expressed Mani’s teachings, perhaps symbolically. It contained pictures showing the dualism between the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness. This book was used during the Bema festival. Perhaps a similar book of symbols constituted part of the Cathar treasure. See Ort, Mani, pp. 168ff., 180, and 253ff.
8 A su
rvey of this type of speculation is to be found in Waite, Holy Grail, p. 524ff.
9 Nelli, Dictionnaire des hérésies, p. 216ff. The writer most involved with this type of connection was Otto Rahn, author of Croisade contre le Graal and La Cour de Lucifer. Otto Rahn claimed that the Grail castle in Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Munsalvaesche is Montségur. Rahn’s books were first published in German in the 1930s. Rahn himself joined the S.S., rising to the rank of colonel. His researches into the Cathars and the Grail had the support of Alfred Rosenberg, major racial philosopher, spokesman for the Nazi party, and friend of Hitler. Rahn disappeared in 1939, allegedly committing suicide on the peak of Mount Kufstein. However, a French researcher has turned up several documents relating to Rahn, the latest dated 1945. See Bernadac, Le Mystère Otto Rahn. If these documents indeed refer to the author Otto Rahn, it is interesting to speculate whether he was behind the mysterious German excavations carried out at Montségur and other Cathar sites during the Second World War.
3 The Warrior-Monks
1 Runciman, History of the Crusades, Vol. 2, p. 477.
2 Esquieu, "Les Templiers de Cahors," p. 147, n. 1, explains that Hugues de Payen was not born in Champagne but in the château of Mahun, near Annonay in the lower Rhone Valley (Ardèche). His birth records have been found and the date of birth given is February 9, 1070. Presumably he later moved to Champagne.
3 William of Tyre, History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, Vol. I, p. 525ff.
4 Addison, History of the Knights Templars, p. 19. For a copy of the original rule see Curzon, La Règle du Temple.
5 Addison, History of the Knights Templars, p. 19.
6 This date has been challenged; it has been argued that it must date from no earlier than 1152.
7 King Richard I was a close friend of the order and he lived with them during his stay in Acre. When he left the Holy Land in 1192 he left disguised as a Templar setting sail in a Templar ship accompanied by four members of the order. See Addison, History of the Knights Templars, p. 148.
8 Daraul, History of Secret Societies, p. 46ff. Daraul neglects to supply a source.
9 See Piquet, Des Banquiers au moyen age. The initial function was to facilitate the pilgrimage to the Holy Land. See also Melville, Vie des Templiers, p. 87ff. The first loan was recorded in 1135. Seward, The Monks of War, p. 213, says, "The Poor Knights’ most lasting achievement, their contribution toward the overthrow of the Church’s attitude to usury, was economic. No medieval institution did more for the rise of capitalism."
Usury was prohibited, so the interest on loans was calculated beforehand and included in the total amount borrowed. If land was used as collateral, the Templars received all the income from this land until the full loan was repaid.
10 Melville, Vie des Templiers, p. 220.
11 See Mazières, La Venue et le séjour des Templiers, p. 235.
12 Blanchefort was destroyed during the Albigensian Crusade, falling some time before 1215, at which date its lands were given by Simon de Montfort to Pierre de Voisins. The lord of Blanchefort had fought at the side of Raymond-Rogert Trencavel, the Cathar leader. See Fédié, Le Comté de Razès, p. 151.
Bertrand de Blanchefort himself, often in conjunction with the earlier Trencavel, was involved in donations of money and property to the Templars. These transactions are recorded before he joined the Order, while he was still married to his wife Fabrissa. See Albon, Cartulaire général, p. 41 (Charter LVI, 1133-4), and so on. Mention of Bertrand’s wife and his two brothers, Arnaud and Raymond, can be found in the same work (Charter CLX, 1138, p. 112).
13 Mazières, La Venue et le séjour des Templiers, p. 243ff. See also Mazières, "Recherches historiques," p. 276. A document found in the archives of the Bruyères and Mauléon family records how the Templars of Champagne and Albedune (Le Bézu) established a house of refuge for Cathar "bonhommes." This document and others disappeared during the Second World War, sometime in November 1942.
14 See, for example, Leonard, Introduction au cartulaire, p. 76. The preceptor of the Temple at Toulouse at the beginning of the Albigensian Crusade was of the Cathar Trencavel family.
15 One way that the order could well have received advance warning of the catastrophe was via Jean de Joinville. He was seneschal of Champagne and so would have received Philippe le Bel’s secret orders to carry out the arrests. He was known to be sympathetic to the Templars, and his uncle André had been a member of the order and preceptor of Payen in the 1260s (Leonard, Introduction au cartulaire, p. 145). Jean wrote of a mysterious oath mentioning spitting on the cross at the time that the Templars were being accused of it. Furthermore, he hinted very strongly that Saint Louis knew of this fifty years before and refused to condemn it. (See Jean de Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, p. 254.) Jean organized a league of nobles to oppose the excesses of the French king against the Temple. The league was rendered superfluous by the king’s death.
16 When the arresting officers, accompanied by the king himself, took the Paris Temple in 1307, they found neither the money of the order nor the documents. The treasurer of the order was Hugues de Peraud, and under him served Gérard de Villers, the preceptor of France.
In 1308 seventy-two Templars were taken to Poitiers to give evidence before the Pope himself (the number of Templars is given in the papal bull, Faciens misericordam). Not all the depositions taken at the time have survived. It is quite possible that many vanished when all the Vatican secret archives, including all documents relating to the Templars, were taken to Paris by order of Napoleon. Such was the chaos that shopkeepers were found wrapping their goods in the precious documents.
Thirty-three depositions from Poitiers were published by the German historian Conrad Schottmüller in 1887, and a further seven by Heinrich Finke in 1907. In this last group there is a curious statement by a Jean de Chalons. He claimed that Gérard de Villers had foreknowledge of the arrests, had fled the Temple accompanied by fifty knights and gone to sea in eighteen galleys of the order. He adds that Hugues de Chalons had left with all the treasure of Hugues de Peraud—"cum toto thesauro fratris Hugonis de Peraudo." This, he said when questioned, had remained secret because those Templars who knew of it feared they would be killed if they spoke. See Finke, Papsttum und Untergang des Tempel-Ordens, Vol. II, p. 339.
There is some evidence to support such an assertion. When the Templars were arrested that dawn, certain had not been present and were captured a few days later. Among the small group caught later were Gérard de Villers and Hugues de Chalons. See Barber, M., Trial of the Templars, p. 46.
17 This story is reported by Waite, New Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry, Vol. 2, p. 223.
18 Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, p. 251.
19 Shah, The Sufis, p. 225. See also the introduction to Shah’s book by Robert Graves, who on p. xix explains the play on words linking "black" with "wise" in Arabic. Graves claims that the three black heads on the family shield of Hugues de Payen is such a device with a dual meaning.
20 Oursel, Les Procès des Templiers, p. 208.
21 Henri Lobineau, Dossiers secrets, planche no. 4, Ordre de Sion, gives a quote from p. 292 of the Livre des constitutions (of the Prieuré de Sion) where the head is called CAPUT LVIII —Head 58 Virgo.
22 This version is from Ward, Freemasonry and the Ancient Gods, p. 305.
23 Roger de Hoveden, Annals, Vol. II, p. 248ff. For a detailed discussion of the Yse stories see Barber, M., Trial of the Templars, p. 185ff. He does not consider that the story has any relevance to the history of the Templars, suggesting it was a fragment of common folklore used as a weapon against the order.
24 Barber, M., Trial of the Templars, p. 249. The list is abridged.
25 Michelet, Procès des Templiers, Vol. II, p. 384, deposition of Jean de Chaumes.
26 Schottmüller, Der Untergang des Templer-Ordens, Vol. III, p. 67, deposition of Deodatus Jefet.
27 Michelet, Procès des Templiers, p. 383ff, deposition of Fulk de Troyes.
28 Jean de Joinvil
le, Life of Saint Louis, p. 254. See also ch. 3, n. 15.
29 Albon, Cartulaire général, p. 2 (Charter III, 1125), mentions a Templar named Roberti—who could possibly have been the Robert who became grand master after the death of Hugues de Payen. On p. 3 (Charter IV, 1125), there is mention of Templars Henrico et Roberto. This, then, adds two names to Fulk d’Anjou and Hugues de Champagne, making at least four recruits.
30 Bouquet, Recueil des Historiens, Vol. 15 (Epistolae Ivonis Carnotensis Episcopi), p. 162, no. 245.
31 "The milice du Christ, the evangelical soldiery in this letter, is none other than the Order of the Temple. But in 1114 the Order of the Temple was not yet established ..." Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire ... de Champagne, Vol. II, pp. 113-14, n. I.
32 The school was founded by the famous medieval rabbi Rashi (1040-1105).
33 Allegro, Treasure of the Copper Scroll, p. 107ff.
34 Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire ... de Champagne, Vol. II, p. 87ff.
35 Ibid., p. 98ff., n. I.
36 Personal communication to Henry Lincoln by Abbé Mazières.
37 Arcons, Du Flux et reflux, p. 355ff. See also Catel, Mémoires ... du Languedoc, Book I, p. 51.
38 Mazières, La Venue et le séjour des Templiers, p. 234ff.
39 Personal communication to Henry Lincoln by Abbé Mazières.
4 Secret Documents
1 Descadeillas, Rennes et ses derniers seigneurs.
2 Descadeillas, Mythologie du trésor de Rennes.
3 Paoli, Les dessous, p. 86.
4 Le Monde (Feb. 21, 1967), p. 11. Le Monde (Feb. 22, 1967), p. 11. Paris-Jour (Feb. 21, 1967), no. 2315, p. 4.
5 Feugère, Saint-Maxent, and Koker, Le Serpent rouge, p. 4.
5 The Order Behind the Scenes
1 Grousset, Histoire des croisades, Vol. III, p. xiv.
2 Vogue, Les Églises, p. 326.
3 Vincent, Histoire de l’anciene image, p. 92ff.
4 Röhricht, Regesta, p. 19, no. 83.
5 Ibid., p. 25, no. 105.
6 Tillière, Histoire ... d’Orval, p. 3ff.
7 Jeantin, Les Chroniques, Vol. I, p. 398. In Hagenmeyer’s Le Vrai et le faux sur Pierre l’Hermite, it is claimed that before becoming a monk Peter was a minor noble, owning the fief of Archères near Amiens and was a vassal of Eustache de Boulogne, Godfroi’s father. See p. 58. Hagenmeyer, however, does not accept that Peter was the tutor of Godfroi. Peter obviously had considerable prestige, for after the taking of Jerusalem the crusading army embarked on another campaign, leaving Peter in charge of the city.
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