Stepping Stones
sterling exchange rate
Stevas, Norman St John
Stoppard, Miriam
Stowe, Kenneth
Strachey, John
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
Strauss, Norman
strikes
Suharto, General
Sun
Sunday Express
Sunday Mirror
Sunday Telegraph
Sunday Times
Sutch, ‘Lord’ David
T
Tambo, Oliver
taxation
Tebbit, Margaret
Tebbit, Norman; as Employment Secretary; as Conservative party chairman
Thatcher, Carol (MT’s daughter)
Thatcher, Denis (MT’s husband)… ; influence on MT; death
Thatcher, Diane (daughter-in-law)
Thatcher, Margaret (née Roberts): Early life: parents and childhood; influence of father; schools; chemistry; influence of WWII; at Oxford; Methodism; early political allegiance; intellectual formation; research chemist; candidate in Dartford; meets Denis Thatcher; wedding; early married life; motherhood; legal career; adopted for Finchley; elected to Parliament Early career (1964 – 75): backbench MP; introduces Public Bodies Bill; supports EEC entry; Pensions minister; retains Finchley; opposition spokesman; relations with Heath; Shadow Cabinet; CPC lecture; and the ‘permissive society’; and education; Education Secretary; ‘Milk Snatcher’; and comprehensive schools; role in Heath government; Shadow Environment Secretary; influence of Keith Joseph; in February 1974 election; challenges Heath; wins Tory leadership Leader of the Opposition (1975 – 79): Leader of the Opposition; and the Tory party; supported by Whitelaw; and EEC referendum; attacks Soviet Union; visits USA; and Ronald Reagan; economic policies; and unemployment; and trade union reform; and immigration; ‘housewife economics’; image; 1979 election campaign; elected Prime Minister Prime Minister (1979 – 1990): takes office; appoints Cabinet; and the Tory ‘wets’; style of government; importance of Whitelaw; relationship with Geoffrey Howe; and the civil service; private office; influence of Denis; sale of council houses; and trade union reform; economic policy; and NHS; and monetarism; and foreign policy; and the Cold War; and the EEC budget; and Zimbabwe; and Northern Ireland; unpopularity; and unemployment; and nationalised industries; privatisation; and the miners; and 1981 riots; Cabinet reshuffles; and the Falkland islands; and the Falklands war; housing; education; nuclear weapons; and CND; wins 1983 election; relationship with Nigel Lawson; opposes ERM; and popular capitalism; and poverty; and wealth creation; relationship with Reagan; and US invasion of Grenada; and bombing of Libya; relationship with Mikhail Gorbachev; and ‘Star Wars’; and the European Community; and the European Single Market; and Jacques Delors; and the Channel Tunnel; and Hong Kong; and South Africa; and the Middle East; and the arms trade; and GCHQ; and the miners’ strike; abolition of the GLC; attack on local government; and MI5; and the Church of England; and the universities; denied Oxford degree; and the BBC; and the press; arts policy; and IRA hunger strikes; and the Anglo – Irish Agreement; escapes Brighton bomb; in the House of Commons; use of honours; and the Queen; image; health; lack of friends; and the Westland crisis; and ‘Social Thatcherism’; and the poll tax; wins 1987 election; ‘no such thing as society’; Bruges speech; and the fall of Communism; opposes German reunification; and global warming; and the Gulf War; reluctance to retire; and Lawson’s resignation; agrees to join ERM; fall from power; and Heseltine’s challenge; consults Cabinet; resigns; backs Major; leaves office In retirement (1990 – ): writes memoirs; and Yugoslavia; opposes Maastricht treaty; in 1992 election; criticizes Major; takes peerage; and Tony Blair; dementia; pays Mark’s debts; Statecraft; legacy
Thatcher, Mark (MT’s son); business activities
Thatcher Foundation
Thomas, George
Thomas, Harvey
Thorneycroft, Peter
Tickell, Sir Crispin
Times,The
Timmins, Nicholas
Tito, Marshal
trade unions
Trades Union Congress (TUC)
Trefgarne, Lord
Trudeau, Pierre
Truman, Harry S.
Turnbull, Andrew
U
Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR)
Ulster Unionists
unemployment
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
United Nations (UN).
United States of America (USA)
universities
V
Value Added Tax (VAT)
Vance, Cyrus
van der Post, Laurens
Vaughan, Janet
Victoria, Queen
W
Waddington, David
Wakeham, John
Waldegrave, William
Walden, Brian
Walden, George
Walker, Martin
Walker, Peter; as Energy Secretary
Walters, Alan
Walters, Barbara
Walters, Gen.Vernon
War Crimes Bill
Washington Post
Wass, Sir Douglas
water privatisation
Watkins, Alan
Weatherill, Bernard
Week, The
Weinberger, Caspar
Wellington, Duke of
West, Harry
Westland crisis
Whitelaw, William ; as deputy Prime Minister; as Home Secretary.
Whitmore, Clive
Whittingdale, John
Williams, Shirley
Williamson, David
Wilson, Harold
Wolfson, David
Woman’s Own
Wood, David
Wood, Richard
Woodward, Admiral ‘Sandy’
World in Action
Worth, Squadron-Leader
Wright, Sir Oliver
Wright, Peter
Wyatt Woodrow
Y
Yeltsin, Boris
Young, David
Young, Sir George
Young, Hugo
Young, Janet
Young, Jimmy
Young & Rubicam
Younger, George
Yugoslavia
‘yuppies’
Z
Zhao Ziyang
Zimbabwe
About the Authors
John Campbell is one of the country’s leading political biographers. His books include Lloyd George: The Goat in the Wilderness, Edward Heath (for which he was awarded the NCR Award) and If Love Were All… The Story of Frances Stevenson and David Lloyd George. His latest book is Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown. He lives in England.
David Freeman is Lecturer in History at California State University, Fullerton. He earned his Ph.D. in modern British history and serves on the staff of Finest Hour, the journal of the Churchill Centre to which he has contributed articles about ‘Churchill and the Invention of Iraq’, ‘Churchill and the Anglo-Irish Treaty’ and ‘Churchill & De Valera’. He is working on a book about Leo Amery and Imperial Preference.
Copyright
PENGUIN BOOKS
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First published in Great Britain by Vintage,
a division of Random House Group Ltd. (UK) 2009
Published in Penguin Books (USA) 2011
Revised edition copyright © John Campbell, 2009
Abridgement copyright © David Freeman, 2009
All rights reserved
ISBN : 978-1-101-55866-9
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Footnotes
1
a The Thatchers had moved from Farnborough to Lamberhurst, near Tunbridge Wells, in 1965.
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2
b Mrs Thatcher herself frequently cooked late-night meals too, often insisting on running up a quick supper (lasagne or chicken Kiev from the freezer) for aides or MPs helping with a speech. ‘Don’t stop her cooking,’ Denis would tell them. ‘It’s her form of therapy.’40
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3
c It could work the other way, however. Ronnie Millar recalls one time when she dragged Denis away from a party, telling him, ‘If you want me to poach your egg, come now.’48 Right to the end, she made a point of getting back to Downing Street if she possibly could to cook his breakfast in the morning – even though she herself had only an apple and a vitamin pill.
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4
d The line derived from the title of Christopher Fry’s 1948 verse play, The Lady’s Not for Burning, which Mrs Thatcher may well have seen during her courtship with Denis.
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5
e In fact, Foot was not a pacifist at all. As an ardent young journalist he had been one of the authors of Guilty Men, the famous indictment of the Chamberlain Government’s unreadiness for war in 1939.
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6
f On 30 April 1980 six armed terrorists demanding autonomy for southern Iran seized the Iranian Embassy in Kensington, taking twenty hostages, including a police officer and two BBC journalists.Willie Whitelaw, as Home Secretary, was in charge of the six-day police operation to end the siege. But Mrs Thatcher took a close interest, making it clear that there should be no substantial negotiations and that the terrorists should not be allowed to get away with it. As soon as they started shooting hostages she approved Whitelaw’s decision to send in the SAS to storm the building – live on television, at teatime on Bank Holiday Monday – killing five of the terrorists and capturing the sixth. Afterwards she and Denis went in person to congratulate the assault team at their HQ in Regent’s Park.6
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7
g In fact it was much higher. It was revealed in 2002 that more Falklands veterans have taken their own lives since the end of the war than were killed during it.
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8
h Raymond Seitz, American Ambassador in London in the mid-1980s, accompanied numerous Senators and Congressmen to see her. ‘The visitor would start the conversation with something such as “Thank you for seeing me, Madam Prime Minister”… to which Mrs Thatcher would respond for about thirty minutes without drawing breath.’ She would finish with ‘one or two courtesy points about Ronnie’ before the visitor emerged dazed into Downing Street repeating, ‘What a woman! What a woman!’5
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9
i This was the first time anyone in Britain had seen a teleprompter – Reagan’s ‘sincerity machine’ – which enabled him to speak with unnatural fluency without looking down at his notes. Mrs Thatcher quickly adopted it for her own major speeches.
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10
j In Statecraft (2002) she did assert that Libya was ‘clearly behind’ the Lockerbie bombing.70
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11
k The censored words are presumably something like ‘to meet Mrs Thatcher’s view’. But then why censor them? One can only guess that they are less complimentary than that – something like ‘Mrs Thatcher’s obsession’.
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12
l ‘Fleet Street’, of course, ceased to be located in Fleet Street during the 1980s, largely as a result of Rupert Murdoch’s removal of News International to Wapping in 1985, which was followed by practically all the rest of the national press. But the name is still useful, and it was still correct at the start of the decade.
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13
m Colette Bowe is the one leading participant in the Westland drama who has not yet published her account of these events; but she has placed it in a bank for ultimate disclosure.
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14
n Mrs Thatcher’s personal result in Finchley was very little changed from 1983:
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15
o Much of the material relating to Bush’s dealings with Chancellor Kohl has been declassified, however, confirming the accuracy of what appears in A World Transformed. Only a few disparaging remarks by Kohl about Mrs Thatcher are omitted.
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16
p The Americans were not even worried about helping Saddam acquire a nuclear capacity. In April 1989 Iraqi scientists attended an advanced thermonuclear seminar in Portland, Oregon.48
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17
q If her definition of ‘not letting Britain down’ was backing America in every eventuality, Blair did her proud in 2003 by aligning Britain unswervingly behind George W. Bush’s invasion of Iraq, in defiance of most of his party, public opinion and the United Nations. She herself at the height of her relationship with Ronald Reagan was never obedient to American leadership.
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18
r On the specific question of Iraq she wrote, ‘There will be no peace and security in the region until Saddam is toppled.’ She was hesitant about attacking him unless he could be shown to have been involved in the atrocities of 11 September. ‘But if he was, he must be made to pay the price.’62
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