22. NUPM 1:438.
23. O. S. Fowler, Fowler on Matrimony: or, the Principles of Phrenology and Physiology Applied to the Selection of Suitable Companions for Life (Philadelphia: n. p, 1841), p. 5.
24. NUPM 2:888–90.
25. NUPM 1:886–87.
26. WCP 210. The first quotation in the next paragraph is on pp. 1002–3.
27. PW 2:365.
28. WWC 2:149.
29. Whitman in His Own Time, ed. J. Myerson, p. 30.
30. WWC 4:239.
31. Lavater, in Frederic H. Hedge, Prose Writers of Germany (Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1847), p. 191.
32. WCP 237. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 1143.
33. NUPM 6:2043.
34. WWC 1:138.
35. WCP 245.
36. WWC 2:457.
37. WCP 233–34. The next quotations in this paragraph are on pp. 9 and 11, respectively.
38. NUPM 1:353.
39. LGC 20.
40. Henry David Thoreau, Correspondence, eds. Walter Harding and Carl Bode (New York: New York University Press, 1958), p. 445.
41. New York Sunday Times, August 14, 1842.
42. Dods, The Philosophy of Electrical Psychology (New York: Fowlers & Wells, 1850), p. 61.
43. WCP 215. The next quotation is on p. 250.
44. Brooklyn Daily Times, June 26, 1857.
45. WCP 15.
46. LGC 48.
47. InRe 19.
48. LGC 481.
49. WCP 590.
50. LGC 602 and WCP 263.
51. WCP 595.
52. UPP 2:16. The first quotation in the next paragraph is in 2:18.
53. LGC 23.
54. WCP 313. The two quotations in the next paragraph are on pp. 301 and 302.
55. WCP 301. The following quotation in this paragraph is on p. 302.
56. WWC 5:376.
57. WCP 192. The next quotation in this paragraph is also on p. 192.
58. NUPM 1:194.
59. Walt Whitman’s Workshop: A Collection of Unpublished Prose Manucsripts, ed. Clifton Joseph Furness (New York: Russell & Russell, 1964), p. 191.
60. WCP 219. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 223. The quotations in the following three paragraphs are on pp. 208, 213, and 247, successively.
61. Saturday Press, June 30, 1860.
62. London Critic, 15 (April 1, 1856):171.
63. H 84.
NOTES TO CHAPTER SIX
1. NUPM 4:1604.
2. WCP 975.
3. WWC 4:119. The next quotation in this paragraph in 4:388.
4. UPP 1:122.
5. Brooklyn Daily Times, August 17, 1857.
6. W. D. O’Connor, The Good Gray Poet (1866; reprint in Richard Maurice Bucke, Walt Whitman [New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1970]), p. 108.
7. J. Burroughs, Notes on Walt Whitman, as Poet and Person (1867; New York: Haskell House, 1971), 27.
8. NUPM 1:413.
9. PW 2:767.
10. WCP 19. The quoted poem in the next paragraph is on pp. 346–47.
11. Orson S. Fowler and Lorenzo N. Fowler, Marriage: Its History and Ceremonies (New York: Fowlers & Wells, 1847), p. 229.
12. O. S. Fowler, Sexual Science; Including Manhood, Womanhood, and Their Mutual Interrelations (Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1870), p. 638.
13. WCP 259.
14. WWC 3:452.
15. O. S. Fowler, Sexual Science, p. 712.
16. WWC 2:148.
17. UPP 1:191.
18. WCP 19. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 19.
19. NUPM 1:304.
20. ISit 113.
21. WCP 19. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 190.
22. LGC 432.
23. WWC 4:386.
24. LGC 1.
25. NF 33.
26. Quoted in D. S. Reynolds, Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography, (New York: Knopf, 1995), p. 215.
27. LGC 97.
28. WCP 515–16. The quotation in the paragraph after the next is on p. 259.
29. WWC 2:331.
30. WCP 336.
31. Florence Bernstein Freedman, William Douglas O’Connor: Walt Whitman’s Chosen Knight (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985), p. 169.
32. ISit 113–14.
33. WCP 312. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 330. The quotation in the next paragraph is on p. 265.
34. NYD 217. The quotations in the next paragraph are on pp. 119–20.
35. O. S. Fowler, Love and Parentage: Applied to the Improvement of Offspring (New York: Fowler & Wells, 1844), p. 98.
36. WCP 411. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 202. The quoted poem in the next paragraph is on p. 512.
37. WCP 207. The quotation in the paragraph after the next is on p. 356.
38. NUPM 3:976.
39. WCP 259.
40. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures (New York: Library of America, 1983), p. 343.
41. LV 2:381.
42. WCP 279. The quotation in the next paragraph is also on p. 279.
43. DN 3: 740–41.
44. WCP 1335.
45. O. Fowler, Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Accompanied by a Chart (New York: Fowlers & Wells, 1842), p. 65. The next quotation in this paragraph is also on p. 65.
46. NUPM 1:412, 413.
47. WCP 610. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 274.
48. WWC 6: 342–43.
49. WCP 1011.
50. LV 2: 371–72.
51. WCP 272.
NOTES TO CHAPTER SEVEN
1. LGC 4.
2. PW 2:469.
3. WCP 994–96. The quotation in the next paragraph is on p. 418.
4. LGC 66.
5. LGC 281.
6. WCP 419.
7. WCP 778.
8. LGC 317–18.
9. WCP 444.
10. W. Whitman, The Correspondence. Vol. I: 1842–67, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller (New York: New York University Press, 1961), p. 69.
11. WWC 6:194–95.
12. PW 1:65.
13. WCP 438.
14. PW 1:312.
15. WCP 763. The first quotation in the next paragraph is on p. 732–33.
16. W. Whitman, The Correspondence. Vol. I:1842–67, p. 82.
17. PW 2:603–5.
18. PW 2:602–3.
19. PW 1:98.
20. PW 2:508.
21. WCP 459–60.
22. Memoranda During the War & Death of President Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962), p. 4.
23. WWC 6:147.
24. WCP 1050–51.
25. WCP 165. The quotation in the next paragraph is on p. 824.
26. PW 2:762.
27. WWC 2:283.
28. John S. Haller, Jr., Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes about Racial Inferiority, 1859–1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971) p. 324.
29. PW2: 369–70.
30. NUPM 6:2011.
31. PW 2:410. The first quotation in the next paragraph is in 2:397–98.
32. WCP 534, 539. The next quotation in this paragraph is on p. 414.
33. LGC 544.
NOTES ON FURTHER READING
The definitive edition of Whitman’s writings is The Collected Writings of Walt Whitman, published by the New York University Press. This wonderful multivolume edition contains all of Whitman’s poetry and much of his prose.
Selections of Whitman’s journalism can be found in The Journalism: 1834–1846. Vol. I, edited by Herbert Bergman, Douglas A. Noverr, and Edward J. Recchia (New York: Peter Lang, 1998); The Gathering of the Forces, edited by Cleveland Rodgers and John Black (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1920); and I Sit and Look Out: Editorials from the Brooklyn Daily Times, edited by Emory Holloway and Vernolian Schwartz (New York: AMS, 1966). The lively conversations the poet had late in life with his young follower Horace Traubel are recorded in the seven-volume With Walt Whitman in Camden.
For a broad range of Whitman’s writings and selected commentary by leading critics, see the Second Edition of the Norton Critical Edition of Whitman, edited by Michael Moon, Sculley Bradley, and Harold Blodgett (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002). Also extremely useful is the Complete Poetry and Collected Prose, edited by Justin Kaplan (New York: Library of America, 1982), which contains both the 1855 and 1892 editions of Leaves of Grass, along with a rich sampling of the prose writings.
Some fifteen biographies of Whitman have appeared. Gay Wilson Allen’s The Solitary Singer, first published in 1955 and revised in 1985 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) is a judicious overview of the poet’s life. Paul Zweig’s Walt Whitman: The Making of the Poet (New York: Basic, 1984) is a sensitive treatment of the acme of Whitman’s career, in the 1840s and 1850s. A thorough recent biography is Jerome Loving’s Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). David S. Reynolds’s Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography (New York: Knopf, 1986) recounts the poet’s life in the context of the cultural, political, and social forces that shaped him.
There have been a number of fine studies of Whitman and individual historical or cultural phenomena. Some highlights: Betsy Erkkila’s Whitman: The Political Poet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Shelley Fisher Fishkin’s From Fact to Fiction: Journalism and Imaginative Writing in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); David Kuebrich’s Minor Prophecy: Walt Whitman’s New American Religion (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989); George Hutchinson’s The Ecstatic Whitman (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1985); Robert Leigh Davis’s Whitman and the Romance of Medicine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); C. Caroll Hollis’s Language and Style in “Leaves of Grass” (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983); Ezra Greenspan’s Walt Whitman and the American Reader (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); James Perrin Warren’s Walt Whitman’s Language Experiment (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1987); Martin Klammer’s Whitman, Slavery, and the Emergence of “Leaves of Grass” (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995); Luke Mancuso’s The Strange Sad War Revolving: Walt Whitman, Reconstruction, and the Emergence of Black Citizenship, 1865–1876 (Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1997). Ed Folsom’s Walt Whitman’s Native Representations (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994) considers the poet in relation to photography, baseball, and American Indian culture.
Explorations of gender issues, eroticism, and homosexuality in Whitman include Michael Moon’s Disseminating Whitman: Revision and Corporeality in “Leaves of Grass” (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); Byrne R. S. Fone’s Masculine Landscapes: Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Text (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992); Robert K. Martin’s The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979); Gary Schmidgall’s Walt Whitman: A Gay Life (New York: Dutton, 1997); M. Jimmie Killings worth’s Whitman’s Poetry of the Body (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989); and Calamus Lovers: Walt Whitman’s Working-Class Camerados, edited by Charley Shiveley (San Francisco: Gay Sunshine, 1987).
A comprehensive compendium of analyses of many aspects of the poet’s life and work is The Walt Whitman Encyclopedia, edited by J. R. Lemaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland, 1998).
Studies of Whitman’s influence include Robert K. Martin’s The Continuing Presence of Walt Whitman (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992) and Walt Whitman: The Measure of His Song, edited by Jim Perlman, Ed Folsom, and Dan Campion (Duluth: Holy Cow! Press, 1998).
INDEX
Abolitionism, 34, 35–6, 40, 129
acting styles, 41–3
African Americans, 21, 40, 66–7
Agassiz, Louis, 79
Ainsworth, William Harrison, 102
Alboni, Marietta, 53, 54–5
Alcott, Amos Bronson, 7, 13
Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 111
Asian religions, 90–1
Badiali, Cesare, 53
Beecher, Henry Ward, 45–6, 88–9
Bettini, Allesandro, 53
b’hoy culture, 29–30
Bignole, Pasquale, 53
Bingham, George Caleb, 63, 68–9
Booth, John Wilkes, 130
Booth, Junius Brutus, 42, 44, 54
Brady, Mathew B., 59
Brenton, James J., 8
Brown, Henry Kirke, 71
Buchanan, James, 33
Burroughs, John, 68, 103
Calhoun, John C., 60
Catlin, George, 65
Chambers, Robert, 79
Chapman, Frederick A., 71
Child, Lydia Maria, 83
Church, Frederic Edwin, 63, 69–70
Clare, Ada, 15
Clarke, Edward, 6
Clarke, James B., 6
Clay, Cassius M., 45
Clay, Henry, 60, 129
Clements, Samuel E., 6
Cole, Thomas, 63, 69
Crystal Palace, 73–4
Darwin, Charles, 79
Davis, Andrew Jackson, 89, 97
Davis, Paulina Wright, 116
de Kock, Charles Paul, 102
De La Grange, Anna, 53
Dods, John Bovee, 92
Doughty, Thomas, 63, 69
Douglass, Frederick, 135
Doyle, Peter, 19, 85–6
Durand, Asher B., 63, 69
Eakins, Thomas, 22
Eldridge, Charles, 16
electricity, 92–3
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 15, 75, 77, 94, 112, 127
Everett, Edward, 45
Ferrero, Colonel Edwin, 124
Fillmore, Millard, 33
Foster, Stephen, 52
Fourier, Charles, 112
Fowler, Lorenzo, 82–3
Fowler, Orson S., 82, 109, 114, 120–21
Fowlers and Wells, 104–5
free love, 34, 111–13
Frémont, John, 61
Fuller, Margaret, 83
Garrison, William Lloyd, 35
Gere, Thomas A., 43
Gifford, Sanford, 63
Gilchrist, Anne, 22
Gosse, Edmund, 22
Grant, Ulysses S., 133
Greeley, Horace, 60
Greenough, Horatio, 106
Grisi, Julia, 53
Hale, John P., 35
Hallock, B. B., 5
Hamm, Charles, 52
Harlan, James, 112, 134
harmonialism, 97–9
Harris, Thomas Lake, 98
Harrison, Gabriel, 59, 61–2
Hartshorne, William, 6
Hatch, Cora, 93
Hedge, Frederick Henry, 87
Hegel, Friedrich, 137
Henderson, Anna, 93
Heyde, Charles, 17
Heyde, Hannah Whitman, 17
Hicks, Elias, 5
homosexuality, 118–22
Howells, William Dean, 15
Hughes, Langston, 40
Humboldt, Alexander von, 79, 81–2
Hutchinsons, the, 50–1
Ingraham, Joseph Holt, 26
James, Henry, Sr., 94
Jefferson, Thomas, 6, 75
Johnson, Andrew, 134–5
Jordan, June, 40
Kensett, John E, 63
Lafayette, Marquis de, 5
Lane, Fitz-Hugh, 63
Lavater, Johann Casper, 88
Lazarus, Marx Edgeworth, 111
Libbey, Walter, 71–2
Liebig, Justus, 78–9
Lincoln, Abraham, 19, 36, 77, 122, 137
Lippard, George, 26, 32
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 14
Lowell, James Russell, 31
Ludlow, Fitz-Hugh, 15
Mann, Horace, 7
Marryatt, Frederick, 102
Marx, Karl, 32
Mazzini, Guiseppe, 72
McLure, James E., 9
mesmerism, 92–3
Miller, Alfred Jacob, 65
&nbs
p; Millet, Jean-Francois, 71
Mott, Lucretia, 110
Mount, William Sidney, 63, 66–7
Norton, Charles Eliot, 31
O’Connor, Nelly, 116
O’Connor, William Douglas, 103, 134
opera, 53–6
oratory, 45–9
Osceola (chief), 65
Owen, Robert Dale, 5
Paine, Thomas, 5
Paley, William, 80
Palmer, Phoebe, 89
Pfaff, Charles, 15
phrenology, 82–7
Pierce, Franklin, 33
Plumbe, John, Jr., 59
Poe, Edgar Allan, 83
Powers, Hiram, 63, 106–7
Price, Helen, 87
Roe, Charles A., 7
Rose, Ernestine, 110
Rossetti, William Michael, 48
Scott, Sir Walter, 6
slavery, 9, 39
Smith, William, 89
spiritualism, 93–4
Spooner, Alden, 6
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 116
Steffanone, Balbina, 53
Stone, Lucy, 117
Sue, Eugene, 102
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 94–7
Talbot, Jesse, 71
Talmage, T. De Witt, 88
Taylor, Edward Thompson, 88
temperance movement, 25
Thayer and Eldridge (publishers), 16
Thayer, William, 16
theater, 41–5
Thompson, George, 26, 102
Thoreau, Henry David, 13, 90–1
Traubel, Horace, 46, 48, 54, 62, 95, 96, 105, 106, 108, 127, 136
Trowbridge, John Townsend, 87
Truth, Sojourner, 40
Twain, Mark, 83
Van Velsor, Cornelius, 4
Van Velsor, Naomi (Amy), 4
Ward, John Quincy Adams, 71
Ward, Samuel Ringgwold, 135
Washington, George, 6
Webster, Daniel, 45, 60
Whitman, Andrew, 17
Whitman, Edward, 17
Whitman, George Washington, 3, 10, 17, 18, 46, 124
Whitman, Jesse, 17
Whitman, Joseph, 1
Whitman, Louisa Van Velsor, 3–4
Whitman, Mary, 17
Whitman, Nancy, 17
Whitman, Phoebe (Sarah), 1
Whitman, Thomas Jefferson, 17
Whitman, Walt, works of: “American Music, New and True!,” 51
An American Primer, 29
“The Artilleryman’s Vision,” 125–6
“As I Ebb’d with the Ocean of Life,” 18
“Beat! Beat! Drums!,” 125
“Behold This Swarthy Face,” 120
“Blood-Money,” 35
“By Blue Ontario’s Shore,” 14
“A Boston Ballad,” 35
Walt Whitman Page 14
