by Xenophon
Ammon, 222
Amphiaraus, 129, 130, 213
Amyclae, 55, 196, 197
Anaphlystus, 179
animals, 20, 56, 78, 111, 125–7, 161 antelope, 126
bear, 156
boar, 96, 126–7, 152–6
deer, 125, 149–52, 217
dogs, 36, 56, 78
donkey, 103
fox, 125, 133, 137, 140, 142
goat, 157
hare, 126–7, 133–41, 219
behaviour of, 136–9, 140
physiology of, 139–41
leopard, 156
lion, 156
lynx, 156
mule, 103
panther, 156
rabbit, 125
rat, 210
sheep, 179, 180
stag, 126
wolf, 36, 78 see also horses and hounds
Antilochus, 129, 130–31, 214
Aphrodite, 206, 220
Apollo, 129, 143, 193, 195, 196, 203, 212, 216, 229
Arcadia, Arcadians, 45, 172, 204
Archestratus, 185
Archidamus, 33
archon, 188, 207
Argives, Amphilochian, 44, 196
Argos, Argives (Peloponnese), 41, 42, 43–4, 45, 206
Ariobarzanes, 46, 197
Aristodemus, 55, 200
Aristogeiton, see Tyrannicides
Aristophanes, ix, xiv, 184, 208
Aristotle, 4, 65, 165, 166–7, 200, 201, 202, 203, 210, 214, 216, 221
arms and armour, 12, 13, 27, 37, 68, 70, 71, 111, 118–20, 157, 174 bow, 37, 203
club, 143, 144
dagger, 43
javelin, 37, 68, 70, 71, 73, 81, 111, 119, 149–50, 152, 153, 154, 202, 212
pike, 152, 154, 155
sabre, 119
shield, 43, 195
spear, 43, 73, 79, 107, 111, 119, 212, 218
army, 17, 34 – 47, 48, 49, 53, 81–2, 83, 87, 111, 171, 179, 203, 214, 222, 227; see also caution, military; cavalry; and deception, military
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), xviii, 127
Artaxerxes II, x, 195, 197
Artemis, 37, 125, 126, 129, 143, 213, 214, 216
Asclepius, 129, 207, 213, 214
Asia, 9, 34–40, 41 Asian Greeks, 34, 40, 193
Assus, 46
Astarte, 222
Atalanta, 129, 162, 213, 220
Athenaeus, xviii
Athens, Attica, Athenians, vii–xiii, xvi, 40, 41, 65, 67–89, 126, 165–83, 185–6, 186, 188, 196, 201–7, 212, 213, 214, 215, 220–29
Acropolis at, 229
Agora (city square) at, 73, 186, 202, 203–4, 210, 226
Assembly of, 228–9
as centre of world, 170
climate, 169
Council of, 68, 69, 74, 75, 176, 182, 202, 212
imperialism of, 193, 220, 228
Long Walls, 196
Panathenaic Games, 94, 219
productivity, 169–70
increasing revenue of, 169–83
Second Sea-League, 165, 220, 223, 228
Social War, 220, 226–7, 229
athletics and various sports, 12, 16, 25, 51, 84–5, 154, 199, 218; see also gymnasia
Autophradates, 46, 197
Babylonia, 217
Bacchylides, 4, 184
barbarians (non-Greeks), 35, 37, 171
Besa, 179
birds cock, 96
eagle, 139, 140
kite, 78
Black Sea, xi, 215
bodyguards, 13, 16, 25–6
Boeotia, Boeotians, xi, 40, 41, 45, 65, 82, 118, 205, 213; see also Thebes
Bucephalas, 209
Callias, 54
Calydon, 214
Cantharus, 222
Caria, 35, 38, 191, 197
Carthage, 132
Castor, 129, 130, 132, 198
Cataloguers (Athenian officials), 202
caution, military, 41– 2, 43, 45, 60, 75–7, 80, 81, 82–4, 85, 157
cavalry, ix, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 48, 65–89, 171, 179, 182, 192, 194, 207, 218, 222 as Athenian property-class, viii
on campaign, 75–7
displays, 71, 73–5
equipment, 60, 68, 70–71, 84, 118–20
formation, 71–2, 73–4, 75–6
with infantry, 80, 81–2, 86–7, 88, 205
and metics, 87, 171
mock battles, 74, 79, 111
and oligarchy, ix tactics, 75–87, 111
terrain and, 35, 78
training, 67–8, 69–71
Ceos, 3
Cephalus, 129
Cephisus, river, 42
Chaeroneia, battle of, 65
Chalcidice, 218, 221
Cheiron, 129–31, 159, 213
children, 15, 28, 36, 131, 158–9; see also pedagogy
choregus (impresario), see liturgies
choruses, choirs, 24, 25, 44, 71, 73, 188, 208
Cimon, xi
Cinadon, 199
Cissus, 156
climate, weather, 56, 136–7, 142, 146, 148, 155, 169
Cnidus, 210
Corcyra (Corfu), xvi
Core, 204
Corinth, Corinthians, xii, 43–4, 53, 184, 185, 192 Isthmian Games, 184
Corinthian Gulf, 195
Corinthian War, 194, 195
Coroneia, battle of, xi, 42–3
Cos, 210
Cotys, ruler of Odrysians, 46, 197
Cotys, ruler of Paphlagonians, 48, 197
courage, 17, 24, 42, 43, 51, 60, 61, 72, 77, 82, 87, 88, 106, 130, 149, 156, 157, 206
Crannon, 40
Cratippus, 193
Creusis, 44
crime, criminals, 16, 17, 24, 25–6, 36, 159, 186
Croesus, 4
Cunaxa, battle of, 10
currency, see gold, money and silver
Cynisca, 56
Cynoscephalae, 45
Cyreians, x–xi, 42, 195
Cyrus II, 5, 165
Cyrus the Younger, x, 195
Daïlochus, 11
Dascylium, 192
decadarch (section leader), 71, 76
Deceleia, 177, 224, 226
deception, military, 34–6, 38, 44, 52, 76–7, 78–80, 86–7
Delos, 216
Delphi, 39, 181, 182, 184, 193 207, 212, 221, 228, 229 Delphic oracle, x
Pythian Games, 184, 189
Demeter, 204
Demosthenes, 226
dialogue, 3–4
Dicaearchus, 200
Diodorus, 193
Diomedes, 129, 130, 214
Dionysius I, 4–5, 184, 185, 224
Dioscuri, 198, 214; see also Castor and Polydeuces
discipline, law, order, xvii, 5, 12, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 49–51, 53, 55, 60, 70, 71, 72, 93, 106, 147, 153, 158, 162, 188, 217, 227; see also obedience
divination, 89, 207; see also Delphic oracle and sacrifice
divine, the, see gods
Dodona, 182, 207, 229
Dorians, 196
drama (tragedy, choral competitions, etc.), 8, 24, 25, 71, 73, 180, 185, 188, 203
eating, 9 – 10, 12, 20, 49, 56
education, see pedagogy
Egypt, Egyptians, 46–7, 197, 214, 222, 223
Eleusinian Mysteries, 215
Eleusinium, 73, 95, 204
Elis, Eleans, xi, 45, 213
empire, imperialism, see Athens, imperialism of
endurance, 49–50, 57, 129, 130, 157, 160, 161; see also courage and discipline
envy, 19, 28, 33, 126, 131, 158, 161
Epameinondas, xii, 66
Ephesus, 35, 37, 191, 192
Ephors, 40, 190, 193, 194
Epidaurus, 207, 213
espionage, 76, 77
Euagoras, 31, 224
Euboea, 41, 45, 194
Euphron, 187
Eupolia, 200
Euripides, 94, 125, 214
Eurypon, 190
Eurysthenes, 190
Euthydemus, xv
fear, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18–19, 21, 25, 26, 27,
46, 47, 48, 52, 58, 68, 82, 87, 99, 106, 139, 140, 217
festivals, religious, 8, 17, 71, 73, 182, 196, 200, 216; see also drama
fitness, physical, 37, 68, 71, 82, 98, 131, 157, 161, 218–19; see also endurance
flattery, 9, 20–21, 184, 193
flax, 132, 152, 215
food and drink, see eating
foreigners, see barbarians and metics
friends, friendship, xvi, 12, 14–15, 18, 19, 28, 36, 39, 40, 43, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54–5, 57, 58–9, 60, 67, 98, 161, 185, 191–2; see also guest-friendship and enemies, 12, 14, 15, 18–19, 35, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 55, 58, 59, 161
Gerousia 190, 198, 201
Gibbon, Edward, xviii
gods, xiv, 15, 16, 20, 22, 32, 35, 37, 39, 43, 56, 58, 60, 67, 73, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, 103, 111–12, 117, 119, 130, 131, 162, 169, 182–3, 186, 193, 205, 212, 216, 227–8, 229; see also piety, religion and individual gods by name
gold, 174, 225
Golding, William, 125
Gorgias, 214
groom, 79, 99, 102–6, 204
Gryllus, 66
guest-friendship, 45, 46, 54–5
Gylis, 43
gymnasia, 37, 180
Hades, 3
happiness, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 21, 28, 56, 60
Harmodius, see Tyrannicides
Hegesileos, 172, 223
Helen, 198
Helicon, mountain, 42
Hellespont, 40
Hellespontine Greeks, 35, 42
Helots, 34, 186, 190–91, 196, 197, 199, 201, 226; see also slaves
Heracles, 33, 55, 130, 190, 200 Pillars of, 215, 221
Herippidas, 42, 195
Herms, 73, 203
Herodotus, vii, 4, 185, 190, 191, 198, 200, 202, 217
Hesiod, 225
Hesione, 130, 213
Hiero, 3–28, 195
Hipparch (cavalry commander), 65–89, 93, 117, 120, 208
Hippocrates, 217
Hippodameia, 213
Hippodamus, 222
Hippodrome, 73, 74–5, 203
Hippolytus, 129, 130, 214
Hipponicus, 175, 225–6
Homer, 214
honesty, 24, 48–9, 55, 59–60, 158
hoplites (heavy-armed infantry), 38, 65, 81–2, 170, 191, 192, 194, 195, 204, 207, 212, 218, 219, 221–2
horses, 12, 19–20, 25, 27, 37, 56–7, 65–89, 93–121, 174, 188 ailments of, 101–2
ancient compared to modern, 93
appearance of, 113–18
breaking, 98–9, 209
cleaning, 103–5
cost, 25, 37, 56–7, 68–9, 94, 98, 188, 189, 202, 208, 209
feeding, 67, 81, 84, 101
exercising and training, 81, 84, 100, 108–13
leading, 105
mounting, 67, 69, 81, 105, 106, 107, 210
and obedience, 67, 69, 100–101
points of, 95–8, 116
purchase of, 99, 110, 112
sitting on, 107–8
spurring, 110, 113
stable, construction of, 101–2
striking, 110, 113–14, 116
tack, 84, 105, 113, 114–15
taking the bit, 99–100, 105–6, 112
temperament of, 67, 69, 99–101
toughening feet of, 67, 69, 84, 102, 202
urging forward, 108
hounds, 56, 78, 127, 132–56 behaviour when hunting, 133–4, 135, 144–5, 150, 153–4
breeding, 142, 146
defects of, 133–4
equipment, 142
naming, 147
physiology of, 134–6
species, 132–3, 136, 149, 152
temperament of, 136, 147
training, 136, 142, 147–8
houses, 16, 51, 55, 95, 98, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 201, 208, 222 royal, 190
hunting, 94, 111, 129–62 benefits of (private), 129–31, 157–60
benefits of (public), 126, 157–60, 161–2
boar, 127, 152–6
and climatic conditions, 136–7, 144, 148
deer, 149–52
equipment, 143
etiquette, 141
hares, 126, 132–41
nets, 132, 142–3, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152–5
at night, 158
traps, 150–52, 156–7, 217
Hydaspes, river, 209
Hymettus, mountain, 221
Icarus, 206
intelligence, 12–13, 17, 41–2, 51–2, 55, 60, 75–8, 81, 82, 86, 130, 159, 160–61, 204–5; see also deception, military
Ionia, Ionians, 35, 42, 191
Iphicrates, 192
Ischomachus, 3, 66, 225
Isocrates, 31, 127, 204, 214, 221, 224, 229
kairos (right time, opportunity), 23, 46, 52, 57, 68, 72, 76, 82, 112, 150, 154, 193
kingship, 26–7, 33–61 passim, 195
King’s Peace (Peace of Antalcidas), 54, 194, 197, 199
Laconia, see Sparta
Larissa, 40
Laureium, 221, 224, 226
Lechaeum, 44, 192, 195–6
Leocoreum, 204
Leontini, 214
Leotychidas, 33, 190
Leuctra, battle of, xii, xiii, 45, 196–7, 228
liturgies, 188, 223; see also choregus and tax
Locrians, 41, 45, 194
loyalty, 44, 51–2, 72, 81
Lyceum, 73–4, 203
Lycurgus, 199, 200
Lydia, 4, 171, 191
Lyncestis, 218
Lysander, 190, 193
Lysistratus, 172, 223
Macedonia, 40, 65, 156, 218, 229
Machaon, 129, 130
Manea, Norman, 5–6
Mantinea battle of (418BC), 203
battle of (362BC), 66
Mantineans, 45
marble, 169
Mausolus, 46, 197
Maximus of Tyre, 198
Meander, river, 35, 38
Megabates, 50
Megara, 179, 206, 213
Meilanion, 129, 220
Meleager, 129, 130, 214
Menestheus, 129, 130
mercenaries, ix, x, 19, 23, 25 – 6, 42, 88, 188–9, 192, 218, 222; see also Cyreians and Xenophon, as mercenary
Messene, Messenia, 46, 191, 197, 215
metics (Athenian resident aliens), 88–9, 170–71, 178, 221–2, 225; see also tax
Miletus, 185, 191, 222
mines, mining, 166, 170, 173– 80
money, 16–17, 19, 21, 23, 24–5, 26–7, 36, 46–7, 48–9, 52, 55, 59–60, 71, 84, 131, 161, 169–83, 197, 201, 202–3, 223–4, 226; see also horses, cost; mercenaries; and wealth
moon, 137
mora (regiment), 24, 188, 195
morale, confidence, 14, 37, 39, 42, 50, 52, 61, 74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 194; see also fear
Mysia, 156
Naïs, 129
Napoleon, 194
Narthacium, mountain, 41
Naucratis, xviii
navy, 34, 39, 46, 80, 82, 172, 179, 181, 203, 223
Nectanebis II, 197
Nemean Games, 184
Nemea River, battle of, 199
Neodamodeis, 190–91
Nestor, 129, 130, 214
net-keeper, 131, 142–3, 144, 145, 150
Niceratus, 175
Nicias, 175, 225
Nicocles, 31
Nysa, mountain, 156
obedience, 21, 28, 36, 37, 40, 51–2, 67, 68, 70, 80–81, 87, 100, 101, 105, 112, 115, 157, 159, 227
Odrysians, 110, 197
Odysseus, 129, 130, 205, 214
Oeneus, 214
Old Oligarch, viii, 19
oligarchy at Athens, ix–x, xiii – xiv
at Thebes, 196
Olympia, xi Olympic Games, xi–xii, 5, 94, 184, 194, 200, 206
Olympus, mountain, 156
Onesimus, 204
Orchomenus, Orchomenians, 41, 42, 194, 196
order, orderliness, see discipline
Orontes, 224
Oropus, 213
orphans, 88, 171, 207, 222
othismos, 195
Ovid, 126
‘Oxyrhynchus Historian’, 193, 205
Pactolus, river, 38
Palamedes, 129, 130
Pangaeum, mountain, 156, 218, 221
Parthenon, 94, 212
patriotism, 17, 34, 40, 46, 53 – 4, 57
Pausanias (the periegete), 200
peace, see war
pedagogy, xiv-xvii, 126, 129, 131, 159, 160–62, 199, 214, 219, 220
pederasty, see sex
Peiraeum, 44
Peiraeus, x, 173, 196, 203, 207, 221, 222, 223, 226 Emporium, 172
Peleus, 129, 130
Pelopidas, xii
Peloponnesian League, 195
Peloponnesian War, ix, 65, 192, 193, 206, 224, 227
Pelops, 213
peltasts (light infantry), 37, 38, 44, 48, 180, 192
Pentelicum, mountain, 221
Periander, 185
Periboea, 130, 213
Pericles, 5, 226
Perioeci, 196, 197
Persia, Persians, ix, 34–9, 40, 46, 47–8, 53–5, 56, 69, 106, 110, 165, 181, 185, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 217, 225, 227
Phalerum, 73, 203
Pharnabazus, 37, 47, 192
Pharsalus, 40
Phasis, 132, 215, 221
Pherae, 5
Philemonides, 175, 226
Philip of Macedon, 65, 221, 228
Philostratus, 198
Phleious, 32, 44, 194, 207
Phocis, Phocians, 41, 45, 181, 193, 196, 228
Phoenicia, Phoenicians, 47, 222; see also Carthage
Phrygia, 35, 37, 171, 192
Phthia, 41
phylarch (Athenian regimental commander), 68, 70–71, 74, 86, 93, 117, 202
piety, xvi–xvii, 37, 43, 47–8, 57, 58, 60, 81, 89, 159, 162, 201, 220, 229; see also gods
Pindar, 4, 184, 213
Pindus, mountain, 156
pirates, 85
Plato, vii, ix, xiii, xix, 4, 31, 93, 126, 127, 185, 187, 189, 203, 205, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221
pleasure, pleasures, 7–28, 49–51, 56, 58, 85, 158–9, 162
plethron, 42, 195
Plutarch, 184, 186, 190, 197, 198, 200, 209, 216, 225
Podaleirius, 129, 130
polemarch (Spartan military officer), 43, 195
Poletai (Athenian officials), 226
politics, vii–viii, ix–x, xi, xiii-xiv, 4–6, 19, 32, 33, 47, 68, 69, 73, 82, 88, 157–62, 165–83
Polybius, 192
Polycharmus, 41
Polycleitus, 208
Polydeuces, 129, 130, 198
Polyzalus, 189
Poseidon, 201 poverty, see wealth
power, 22–3, 28, 33, 34, 39, 43, 53, 54, 55, 58–9, 180, 193
praise, encomium, 3, 9, 20, 21, 22, 27, 31–2, 33, 41, 44, 51, 54, 59, 60, 187, 190, 191–2, 196, 201
Pras, 41
prestige (glory, status, honour, reputation), 20–21, 26–7, 33, 39, 54, 61, 67, 70, 85, 98, 131, 170, 172, 180, 182, 186, 187, 190, 223
