154-138 Lusitanian War.
153-151 Second Celtiberian War.
151 Carthage declares war on Masinissa.
150 Return of Achaean exiles to Greece.
c. 150 Lex Aelia Fufia. Lex Aebutia, establishing a formulary system of legal procedure.
149-146 Third Punic War.
149 Permanent court de repetundis (Lex Calpurnia).
Publication of Cato’s Origines.
Siege of Carthage begun. Rising of Andriscus in Macedon.
148 Via Postumia.
147 Viriathus successful.
Macedonia becomes a province.
146 Destruction of Carthage. Africa becomes a province. War between
Rome and Achaeans. Sack of Corinth.
143-133 Third Celtiberian, or Numantine War.
139 Death of Viriathus.
133 Fall of Numantia.
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
A full bibliography of earlier works will be found in The Cambridge Ancient History, vols iv (1926), vii (1928), viii (1930), and more detailed works are cited in the following notes.
A. GENERAL HISTORIES
J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock and M. P. Charlesworth, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. iv, chs 12 and 13; vol. vii, chs 10–18, 20, 21, 24–6; vol. viii, chs 1–15; vol. ix, chs 10, 20, 21 (Cambridge, 1926–32).
M. Cary and H. H. Scullard, A History of Rome, edn 3 (London, 1975).
G. De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, 4 vols (Turin, 1907 – 64).
T. Frank, A History of Rome (New York, 1923).
T. Frank, Roman Imperialism (New York, 1914).
L. Homo, Primitive Italy (London, 1927).
Th. Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, edn 12 (Berlin, 1920); Eng. trans., W. P. Dickson (London, 1901).
C. Nicolet, Rome et la conquête du monde mediterranéan 264—27 avant J.-C. (Paris, 1977).
E. Pais, Storia di Roma dalle origini all’inizio delle guerre puniche, 5 vols (Rome, 1926 – 8).
E. Pais and J. Bayet, Histoire romaine, vol. i (in Glotz, Histoire générale, edn 2 Paris, 1940).
L. Pareti, Storia di Roma, i–iii (Turin, 1951 – 3).
A. Piganiol, Histoire de Rome, edn 4 (Paris, 1962).
A. Piganiol, La conquête romaine, edn 5 (Paris, 1967).
M. Rostovtzeff, Rome (A History of the Ancient World, vol ii) (Oxford, 1927 and 1960).
B. CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL
F. E. Adcock, Roman Political Ideas and Practice (Michigan, 1959).
E. Badian, Foreign Clientelae (264–70 B.C.) (Oxford, 1958).
J. Bleicken, Das Volkstribunat (Munich, 1955).
G. W. Botsford, The Roman Assemblies (New York, 1909).
T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, 2 vols and Supplement (New York, 1951 – 60).
F. Cassola, I gruppi politici romani nel iii sec.a.C. (Trieste, 1962).
J. Crook, Law and Life of Rome (London, 1967).
F. de Martino, Storia della costituzione romana, vols i–ii, edn 2 (Naples, 1972).
D. Earl, The Moral and Political Tradition of Rome (London, 1967).
K. Von Fritz, The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity (Columbia, 1954).
J. Hellegouach, Le Vocabulaire latin des relations et des partis sous la république (Paris, 1963).
M. Gelzer, The Roman Nobility, Eng. trans. (Oxford, 1969).
A. H. J. Greenidge, Roman Public Life (London, 1901).
L. Homo, Roman Political Institutions (London, 1929).
E. Meyer, Römischer Staat und Staatsgedanke, edn 2 (Zürich, 1961).
Th. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, 3 vols (Leipzig, 1887 – 8); French trans., Le Droit publique romaine, 7 vols (Paris, 1887 – 91).
F. Münzer, Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien (Stuttgart, 1920).
J.-C. Richard, Les Origines de la plèbe romaine (Paris, 1978).
H. H. Scullard, Roman Politics, 220–150 B.C., edn 2 (Oxford, 1973).
A. N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship, edn 2 (Oxford, 1973).
E. S. Staveley, Greek and Roman Voting and Elections (London, 1972).
L. R. Taylor, Roman Voting Assemblies (Michigan, 1966).
L. R. Taylor, The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic (Rome, 1960).
P. Willems, Le Senat de la république romaine, 3 vols (Paris, 1878).
C. MILITARY AND NAVAL
F. E. Adcock, The Roman Art of War (Harvard, 1940).
P. Connelly, Hannibal and the Enemies of Rome (London, 1978).
P. Couissin, Les Armes romaines (Paris, 1926).
J. Kromayer and G. Veith, Antike Schlachtfelder, vols, ii–iv (Berlin, 1903 – 31).
J. Kromayer and G. Veith, Heerwesen und Kriegführung der Griechen und Römer (Munich, 1928).
J. Kromayer and G. Veith, Schlachten-Atlas zur antiken Kriegsgeschichte, Römische Abteilung, i – ii (Leipzig, 1922).
J. H. Thiel, A History of Roman Sea-Power before the Second Punic War (Amsterdam, 1954).
J. H. Thiel, Studies of the History of Roman Sea-Power in Republican Times (Amsterdam, 1946).
D. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
E. Badian, Publicans and Sinners (Otago, 1972).
J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome (London, 1969).
S. F. Bonner, Education in Ancient Kome (London, 1977).
P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14 (Oxford, 1971).
A. Burford, Craftsmen in Greek and Roman Society (London, 1972).
T. Frank, An Economic History of Rome, ed 2 (Baltimore, 1927).
T. Frank, An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, vol. i, Rome and Italy of the Republic (Baltimore, 1933).
W. E. Heitland, Agricola (Cambridge, 1921).
H. Hill, The Roman Middle Class (Oxford, 1952).
P. Louis, Ancient Rome at Work (London, 1927).
C. Nicolet, L’Ordre équestre à l’époche républicaine, 2 vols (Paris, 1966 – 73).
I. Shatzman, Senatorial Wealth and Roman Politics (Brussels, 1975).
K. D. White, Roman Farming (London, 1970).
E. SPECIAL PERIODS
(i) Early Ethnology
L. Barfield, Northern Italy before the Romans (London, 1971).
L. B. Brea, Sicily before the Greeks (London, 1957).
F. Von Duhn, Italische Gräberkunde, 2 vols (Heidelberg, 1924 – 39).
A. Forni, ed., Civiltà del Eerro (Bologna, 1960).
P. G. Gierow, The Iron Age Culture of Latium, 2 vols (Lund, 1964 – 6).
T. E. Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily (Oxford, 1909).
S. Puglisi, La civiltà apenninica (Florence, 1959).
D. Randall-MacIver, The Iron Age in Italy (Oxford, 1927).
D. Randall-MacIver, Italy before the Romans (Oxford, 1928).
G. Säflund, Le Terremare (Lund, 1939).
D. H. Trump, Central and Southern Italy before Rome (London, 1966).
J. Whatmough, The Foundations of Roman Italy (London, 1937).
(ii) The Etruscans
L. Banti, The Etruscan Cities and their Culture (London, 1973).
R. Bloch, The Etruscans (London, 1958).
G. Dennis, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 2 vols, edn 3 (London, 1883).
P. Ducati, Le probleme étrusque (Paris, 1938).
R. A. L. Fell, Etruria and Rome (Cambridge, 1924).
W. V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria (Oxford, 1971).
H. Henken, Tarquinia and Etruscan Origins (London, 1968).
J. Heurgon, Daily Life of the Etruscans (London, 1964).
K. O. Müller and W. Deecke, Die Etrusker, 2 vols (1877).
M. Pallottino, The Etruscans (London, 1975).
D. Randall-MacIver, The Etruscans (Oxford, 1927).
D. Randall-MacIver, Villanovans and Early Etruscans (Oxford, 1924).
H. H. Scullard, The Etruscan Cities and Rome (London, 1967).
D. Strong, The Early Etruscans (London, 1969).
G. E. W. Wolstenholme, (ed.), Medical Biology and Etr
uscan Origins (Ciba FoundationSymposium, London, 1959).
(iii) Early History of Rome and Italy
A. Alföldi, Early Rome and the Latins (Michigan, 1964).
K. J. Beloch, Römische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der Punischen Kriege (Berlin, 1926).
R. Bloch, The Origins of Rome (London, 1960).
P. De Francisci, Primordia Civitatis (Rome, 1959).
E. Gjerstad, Early Rome, 6 vols (Lund, 1954 – 73).
W. V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria (Oxford, 1971).
J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome (London, 1973).
W. Hoffmann, Rom und die Griechische Welt im 4. ahrhundert (Leipzig, 1934).
P. Levêque, Pyrrhos (Paris, 1957).
R. M. Ogilvie, Early Rome and the Etruscans (London, 1976).
E. Pais, Ancient Legends of Roman History (London, 1906).
E. Pais, Storia di Roma dall’ età regia sino alle vittorie su Taranto e Pirro (Rome, 1934).
I. S. Ryberg, An Archaeological Record of Rome from the seventh to the second century B.C. (London, 1940).
E. T. Salmon, Roman Colonization (London, 1969).
E. T. Salmon, Samnium and the Samnites (Cambridge, 1967).
J. W. Spaeth, A Study of the Causes of Rome’s Wars from 343 to 265 B.C. (Princeton, 1926).
A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal’s Legacy, 2 vols (Oxford, 1965).
(iv) Rome and Carthage
K. Christ, (ed.), Hannibal (Darmstadt, 1974).
T. A. Dorey and D. R. Dudley, Rome against Carthage (London, 1971).
R. M. Errington, The Dawn of Empire: Rome’s Rise to World Power (London, 1972).
E. Groag, Hannibal als Politiker (Vienna, 1929).
S. Gsell, Histoire ancienne de l’ Afrique du Nord, vols i – iv (Paris, 1913 – 21).
U. Kahrstedt, Geschichte der Karthager von 218–146; vol iii, O. Meltzer, Geschichte der Karthager (Berlin, 1913).
R. P. Lapeyre and A. Pellegrin, Carthage punique (Paris, 1942).
J. F. Lazenby, Hannibal’s War (Warminster, 1978).
G. Ch. and C. Picard, Daily Life in Carthage at the Time of Hannibal (London, 1960).
G. Ch. and C. Picard, The Life and Death of Carthage (London, 1968).
H. H. Scullard, Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War (Cambridge, 1930).
H. H. Scullard, Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician (London, 1970).
B. H. Warmington, Carthage, edn 2 (London, 1969).
(v) Rome and the Mediterranean World
A. E. Astin, Cato the Censor (Oxford, 1978).
A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus (Oxford, 1967).
M. Cary, A History of the Greek World from 323 to 146 B.C., ed 2; vol. iii, History of the Greek and Roman World (London, 1963).
G. Colin, Rome et la Grèce de 200 à 146 avant J.C. (Paris, 1908).
E. V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamon, edn 2 (Cornell, 1972).
M. Holleaux, Études d’ épigraphie et d’ histoire grecques; vol. iv, Rome, la Macédoine et l’Orient grec (Paris, 1952).
M. Holleaux, Rome, la Grèce et les monarchies hellénistiques au IIIme siècle avant J.C. (273 205) (Paris, 1921).
D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton, 1950).
P. Meloni, Perseo (Rome, 1953).
S. I. Oost, Roman Policy in Epirus and Acarnania (Dallas, 1954).
E. Pais, Storia di Roma durante le grandi conquiste Mediterranee (Turin, 1931).
E. Pais, Storia interna di Roma dalle guerre Puniche alla rivoluzione Graccana (Turin, 1931).
M. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, 3 vols (Oxford, 1940).
H. H. Schmidt, Rom und Rhodos (Munich, 1957).
A. Schulten, Numantia, 4 vols (Munich, 1914 – 31).
A. Schulten, Geschichte von Numantia (Munich, 1933).
F. W. Walbank, Philip V of Macedon (Cambridge, 1940).
E. Will, Histoire politique du monde hellénistique, 2 vols (1966 – 7).
F. LITERATURE AND ART
A. Boethius and J. B. Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth, 1970). Revised edn part I (1978).
M. S. Dimsdale, A History of Latin Literature (London, 1915).
J. Wight Duff, A Literary History of Rome from the Origins to the Close of the Golden Age, edn 8 (London, 1953).
T. Frank, Life and Letters in the Roman Republic (Cambridge, 1930).
A. Grenier, The Roman Spirit (London, 1926).
P. Lejay, Histoire de la littérature latine des origines à Plaute, 2 vols (Paris, 1925).
F. Leo, Geschichte der römischen Literatur, vol. i (Berlin, 1913).
L. R. Palmer, The Latin Language (London, 1954).
E. Pulgram, The Tongues of Italy (Harvard, 1958).
H. J. Rose, Handbook of Latin Literature, edn 2 (London, 1950).
M. Schanz, Geschichte der römischen Literatur, vol. i, edn 4 by C. Hosius (Munich, 1927).
E. Strong, Art in Ancient Rome, 2 vols (London, 1929).
E. Strong, in Cambr. Anc. Hist., Vol. ix, ch. 20.
J. M. C. Toynbee, Roman Historical Portraits (London, 1978).
(On individual writers see above, ch. xix, notes.)
G. RELIGION
F. Altheim, A History of Roman Religion (London, 1938).
C. Bailey, Phases in the Religion of Ancient Rome (Oxford, 1932).
R. S. Conway, Ancient Italy (Cambridge, 1933).
G. Dumezil, Archaic Roman Religion (1970).
W. Warde Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).
W. Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals (London, 1899).
A. Grenier, Les religions étrusque et romaine (Paris, 1948).
W. R. Halliday, History of Roman Religion (Liverpool, 1922).
K. Latte, Römische Religionsgeschichte (Munich, 1960).
R. M. Ogilvie, The Romans and their Gods (London, 1969).
H. J. Rose, Primitive Culture in Italy (London, 1926).
H. J. Rose, Ancient Roman Religion (London, 1949).
G. De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, IV, 2, i (Florence, 1953).
G. Wissowa, Religion und Kultus der Römer, edn 2, (Munich, 1912).
H. GEOGRAPHICAL
M. Cary, The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History (Oxford, 1949).
A. van der Heyden and H. H. Scullard, Atlas of the Classical World (Edinburgh, 1959).
G. Schmied t, Atlante aerofotografica delle sedi umané in Italia, vol. ii (Florence, 1970). This is a magnificent series of aerial photographs of ancient sites in Sicily and Italy.
See further Addenda on p. 529.
ABBREVIATIONS
L’Ant. Class. L’Antiquité classique
AJPhil. American Journal of Philology
Arch. Anzeiger Archäologischer Anzeiger
Arch. Reports Archaeological Reports, published by the Hellenic Society
Aufstieg NRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini (1972–)
Beloch, Röm Gesch. K. J. Beloch, Römische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der punischen Kriege (1926)
Broughton, MRR T. R. S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1951–60)
Brunt, Manpower P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14 (1971)
CAH Cambridge Ancient History
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (1863–)
Cl. Ph. Classical Philology
Cl. Qu. Classical Quarterly
Cl. Rev. Classical Review
Crawford, RRC M. Crawford, The Roman Republican Coinage (1975)
Degrassi, IILRP A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae (1957–63)
De Martino, St. d. cos. rom. F. De Martino, Storia della costitizione romana, edn 2 (1972)
De Sanctis, SR G. De Sanctis, Storia dei Romani (1907–66)
Dittenberger, Sylloge W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum edn 3 (1915–24)
Entretiens Harat Entretiens sur l’antiquité classique (Fondation Hardt, Geneva, 1954–).
Frank, Econ. Survey T. Frank, An Economi
c Survey of Ancient Rome(1933–40)
Heurgon, Rise R. J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome (1971)
Jacoby, FGrH F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923–)
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
Kromayer-Veith, Schlachtfelder J. Kromayer and G. Veith, Antike Schlachtfelder (1903–31)
Kromayer-Veîth, Atlas J. Kromayer and G. Veith Schlachten-Atlas zur antiken Kriegsgeschichte, Römische Abteilung (1922)
Latte, Röm. Relig. K. Latte, Römische Religionsgeschichte (1960)
Lewis-Reinhold, Rn. Civ. N. Lewis and M. Reinhold, Roman Civilisation (1951–5)
MEFR Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’École française deRome
Momigliano, Secondo, Terzo, Quarto, Quinto, Contrib. A. Momigliano, Secondo, Terzo, Quarto, Quinto Contributo alla storia degli studi classici (1966–)
Mommsen, Staatsr. T. Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht (1887–8)
Münzer, Röm. Adelsparteien F. Münzer, Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien (1920)
Nash, Pict. Dict. Anc. Rome E. Nash, Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome (1961–2)
Num. Chron. Numismatic Chronicle
Ogilvie, Livy R. M. Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy, Books i–v (1965)
Ogilvie, Early Rome R. M. Ogilvie, Early Rome and the Etruscans (1976)
OGIS W. Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (1903–5)
PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome
Par. Pass. La Parola del Passato
PW Pauly Wissowa, Real-Encyclopaedie der Klassischén Altertumswissenschaft (1893–)
Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
RA Revue archéologique
Riccobono, Fontes S. Riccobono, Fontes Iuris Romani Ante-Justiniani, i (1941)
Riv. Fil. Rivista di Filologia
Röm. Mitt. Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung
Sherwin-White, Rom. Cit. A. N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship edn 2 (1973)
St. Etr. Studi Etruschi
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