by Bryan Caplan
Table of Contents
Title Page
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter 1 - YOU COUNT TOO: A COMMONSENSE GUIDE TO HAPPIER PARENTING
PARENTS: HOW ARE THEY DOING?
TOIL AND TROUBLE: A WEEK IN THE LIFE OF TODAY’S TYPICAL PARENT
HOW TO BE A HAPPIER PARENT: A PRIMER
IN PRAISE OF THROWING MONEY AT YOUR PROBLEMS
PROTECTING YOUR KIDS FROM SECONDHAND STRESS
FROM HAPPIER PARENTS TO BIGGER FAMILIES
Chapter 2 - THE CASE AGAINST GUILT: A PARENT’S GUIDE TO BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
HOW TO TELL NATURE FROM NURTURE
NATURE VERSUS NURTURE: CLARIFYING THE QUESTION
THE PARENTAL WISH LIST: CAN PARENTS MAKE THEIR DREAMS COME TRUE?
BEYOND THE EXTRAORDINARY
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 2: WHERE THE NATURE-NURTURE EFFECT SIZES COME FROM
Chapter 3 - BEHAVIORAL GENETICS: CAN IT BE TRUE—AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
“WHO YOU GONNA BELIEVE—ME OR YOUR OWN EYES?” NATURE, NURTURE, AND FADE-OUT
THE POWER OF PARENTING: CAN REBELLION SAVE THE DAY?
GENETIC DETERMINISM VERSUS PARENTAL DETERMINISM
LINGERING DOUBTS
WHAT THE SCIENCE OF NATURE AND NURTURE MEANS FOR PARENTS
A CLOSING PRAYER
Chapter 4 - WHAT ABOUT THE CHILDREN? KIDS TODAY ARE SAFER THAN EVER
THE GOOD NEWS ABOUT BAD NEWS
THE FIFTIES VERSUS TODAY: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE DECLINE OF TRAGEDY
VIOLENT CRIME
THE CASE OF KIDNAPPING
IS SAFETY-CONSCIOUS PARENTING THE REASON OUR KIDS ARE SAFER?
PRUDENCE, NOT PARANOIA
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 4: WHERE THE MORTALITY TABLES COME FROM
Chapter 5 - ENLIGHTENED FAMILY PLANNING: HOW MANY KIDS DO YOU WANT WHEN YOU’RE SIXTY?
CAN ENLIGHTENED SELF-INTEREST EXPLAIN THE SHRINKING FAMILY?
THE TRIUMPH OF HINDSIGHT BIAS
VALUES, SELF-IMPOSED RULES, AND FORESIGHT
A LITTLE FORESIGHT IS A DANGEROUS THING
FORESIGHT AND FERTILITY: FRIENDS NOT FOES
Chapter 6 - YOUR KIDS ARE GOOD FOR YOU—BUT ARE THEY GOOD OR THE WORLD?
GIVING BIRTH: AT LEAST YOU’RE DOING THE KID A FAVOR
KIDS AND POVERTY: WHY PROSPERITY AND POPULATION GO TOGETHER
YOU DON’T HAVE TO RAISE THE AVERAGE TO PULL YOUR WEIGHT
KIDS AND CHOICE: WHY EVEN MISANTHROPES PAY TO LIVE IN MANHATTAN
KIDS AND RETIREMENT: WHO’S GOING TO CARE FOR THE CHILD-FREE
KIDS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: DON’T THROW THE BABY OUT WITH THE BATHWATER
ONE MORE KID: GOOD FOR YOU, GOOD FOR THE WORLD
Chapter 7 - SELFISH GUIDELINES FOR WANT-TO-BE GRANDPARENTS
PRIVATIZING NATALISM
GUIDELINE #1: HAVE MORE KIDS
HOW GOVERNMENTS GOOSE THE STORK
GUIDELINE #2: BECOME THE IN-LAWS FROM HEAVEN
GUIDELINE #3: TACTFULLY REWARD YOUR KIDS FOR EACH GRANDCHILD
SELFISH SAINTS
Chapter 8 - LIFE-GIVING SCIENCE: WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOU
USING TECHNOLOGY TO GET MORE KIDS
USING TECHNOLOGY TO GET DIFFERENT KIDS
THE CASE OF CLONING
BETTER LIVING THROUGH BIOLOGY
Chapter 9 - BE FRUITFUL AND MULTIPLY: FOUR CHATS ON KIDS, PARENTING, HAPPINESS, ...
CHAT #1: HOW CAN YOU THINK THAT PARENTS DON’T MATTER?
CHAT #2: KIDS AND HAPPINESS
CHAT #3: FROM HAPPIER PARENTING TO MORE KIDS
CHAT #4: KIDS AND SELFISHNESS
CONCLUSION
NOTES
INDEX
Copyright Page
To my parents, who gave me life—and my children, who give me joy
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
MANY AUTHORS SAY THEY COULDN’T HAVE WRITTEN THEIR BOOKS without their families’ inspiration and support. In my case, it’s literally true. I was familiar with most of the facts in this book years before I became a dad. But my children inspired me to ponder what the facts mean. They transformed my cool curiosity into an enthusiastic philosophy of parenting. And while my wife thinks I go too far, she has always been happy to hear me out and work side by side to make our family something special. I love you all.
My other great debt is to blogging. I’m a professor by trade, but the blogosphere is my intellectual home. To me, academic writing feels too narrow and timid. Blogs are the New World of the mind—the land where science meets common sense, and logic meets life. For years, I largely kept my parenting thoughts to myself because I lacked a forum to develop them. Then I became a blogger for EconLog. My second post was called “The Selfish Reason to Have More Kids”—and before long, parenting was my favorite topic. I owe the most to Marginal Revolution’s Tyler Cowen and Alex Tabarrok, who gave me my start as a guest blogger; Cafe Hayek’s Don Boudreaux and Russ Roberts, who paved the way for me to become an EconLog regular; my co-bloggers Arnold Kling and David Henderson; Liberty Fund for hosting us; and our many thoughtful readers. I also thank the Mercatus Center and George Mason University’s economics department for every kind of support.
The Internet has made it child’s play to get feedback from all over the world. Omar Al-Ubaydli, Jim Bennett, David Bernstein, Peter Boettke, Sara Bumgarner, Corina Caplan, David Cesarini, Tyler Cowen, Bill Dickens, Brian Doherty, David Friedman, Patri Friedman, Joshua Gans, Daniel Gilbert, Zachary Gochenour, David Gordon, Ananda Gupta, Robin Hanson, Tim Harford, Judith Harris, Teresa Hartford, Lara Heimert, Lisa Hill-Corley, Steve Horwitz, Garett Jones, Tim Kane, Steve Landsburg, Daniel Lurker, Greg Mankiw, Jane Perry, Robert Plomin, Marta Podemska, David Romer, Charles Rowley, Amy Schneider, Jim Schneider, Lenore Skenazy, Ilya Somin, Ed Stringham, Tim Sullivan, Peter Twieg, Michele Wynn, Matt Zwolinski, and anonymous reviewers all responded to drafts. It would have been hard to improve without them. I’m extra grateful to Alex Tabarrok and Tim Harford for organizational insight, Robert Plomin for expert reassurance, Bill Dickens and Judith Harris for expert criticism, David Gordon for sage proofreading, and Matt Zwolinski for the subtitle.
No matter how far the Internet develops, however, it will never replace lunch. When a new idea strikes me, I yearn to defend it faceto-face over a meal. Luckily, I have many heroic colleagues who habitually indulge me, especially Robin Hanson, Garett Jones, John Nye, and of course Tyler and Alex.
Still, my deepest intellectual debts are to thinkers I see less often, if at all. Sheldon Richman piqued my interest in population issues almost twenty years ago when he ran the Cato Institute’s summer interns program. Judith Harris’s The Nurture Assumption awoke me from my dogmatic slumbers on the nature-nurture question—and convinced me that the issue was anything but academic. Bill Dickens was the first economist I knew who took human genetics seriously—and always knew what he was talking about. Lenore Skenazy’s Free-Range Kids demonstrated how wise and beautifully written a parenting book could be. My greatest thanks, though, go to the late Julian Simon, who opened my eyes to the blessings of population. Out of all the people I’ll never meet, I miss him the most.
INTRODUCTION
This above all: To thine own self be true.
—Hamlet
DURING MY LIFETIME, THE AMERICAN FAMILY HAS DRASTICALLY downsized. Women in their forties are about twice as likely to have one child—or none—as they were thirty years ago. Big families have all but disappeared. In 1976,
20 percent of women in their early forties had five or more kids; by 2006, less than 4 percent did.
If you ask people to explain why we don’t have as many kids as we used to, the answers are all over the place. “People can’t afford big families anymore,” “Women have real careers now,” “We don’t need kids to help out with farm work,” “Women want to live like men,” “Americans have lost faith in God.” In Athens, the Greeks blame air pollution.
If you make the question personal, however, the answers are very much alike. When asked, “Why don’t you have as many kids as we used to?” both men and women respond with groans. As best I can tell, the English translation of these groans is “Kids are a lot of work,” or maybe “Imagine all the dirty diapers and sleepless nights,” or perhaps “Are you trying to kill me?”
To be brutally honest, we’re reluctant to have more children because we think that the pain outweighs the gain. When people compare the grief that another child would give them to the joy that the child would bring, they conclude that it’s just not worth it. As Bill Cosby put it, “The reason we have five children is because we do not want six.”
You could easily call this a very selfish outlook. How can you focus exclusively on whether another child would make you happier? What about the child? Unless your baby is truly unlucky, he will almost certainly be happy to be alive. Aren’t you? This is your child we’re talking about. If you have to make yourself a little less happy in order to give a son or daughter the gift of life, shouldn’t you?
The question is serious, but I’m going to dodge it. While I accept the natalist view that more births should be encouraged because they make the world a better place, asking others to sacrifice their happiness for the good of the world seems futile. Preaching against selfishness is usually about as productive as nagging a brick wall. When people weigh the costs and benefits of having another child, I’m not going to call them sinners for using a scale.
The claim of this book, rather, is that current and prospective parents have accidentally tipped their scales against fertility. We may feel sure that the pursuit of happiness and kids (or at least more kids) are incompatible, but it is in the average person’s enlightened self-interest to have more kids. That’s right—people are not having enough children for their own good. Prospective parents need to take another look before they decide not to leap. Current parents need to take another look before they decide not to leap again.
My theory is not one-size-fits-all. The claim is not that everyone should have lots of kids, but that the average person should have more kids. More than what? More than they were otherwise planning to have. If you live in a tiny urban apartment and love fancy foreign vacations, this might mean one kid instead of zero. If you live in a suburban McMansion and love theme parks, this might mean five kids instead of three. I’m here to provide information, not run your life.
There are many selfish reasons to have more kids, but there are four big reasons to put on the table right away:First, parents can sharply improve their lives without hurting their kids. Nature, not nurture, explains most family resemblance, so parents can safely cut themselves a lot of additional slack.
Second, parents are much more worried than they ought to be. Despite the horror stories in the media, kids are much safer today than they were in the “Idyllic Fifties.”
Third, many of the benefits of children come later in life. Kids have high start-up costs, but wise parents weigh their initial sleep deprivation against a lifetime of rewards—including future grandchildren.
Last, self-interest and altruism point in the same direction. Parents who have another child make the world a better place, so you can walk the path of enlightened selfishness with a clear conscience.
PARENTS CAN SHARPLY IMPROVE THEIR LIVES WITHOUT HURTING THEIR KIDS
A second child always undermines parents’ belief in their power to mold their children, but child-rearing books hush this up because their market is first-time parents.
—Steve Sailer, “The Nature of Nurture”
When we consider whether one more child is worth it to us, our calculations usually include a lot of needless parental unhappiness. Every generation of parents probably sees itself as exceptionally dedicated, but careful measurement confirms that parental effort is at an all-time high. Stay-at-home moms used to just tell their kids to go outside and play. Now, moms and dads tag along with their kids as supervisors, or servants. When we think about the effect of a child on our lives, then, we automatically picture the spartan schedule of Today’s Typical Parents. We have to give up our hobbies and nights out, we have to make our lives revolve around our kids’ activities, and we have to handle all the extra cooking, cleaning, and babysitting ourselves.
When kids justify foolish behavior with the excuse that all the other kids are doing it, parents try to show them the error of their ways. Few of us notice that by swallowing the high-effort standards of our peers, we are making the same mistake. Today’s Typical Parents give up their independence and free time for the sake of their kids, but you still have a choice. If all the other parents were jumping off the Brooklyn Bridge, would you?
My alternative is not child neglect. I spend more time with my kids than most parents. When my sons were infants, I always manned the night shift. I play with my baby every day. My older boys and I share many common interests—especially games and comic books. But most parents don’t share my enthusiasm for childish pursuits, and that’s fine. Diverse parenting styles deserve our respect. Some parents fill their kids’ days with crafts and extra homework. That may be a good approach for them, but it is not the only good approach. More relaxed parenting styles are also on the menu—like letting your kids watch The Simpsons while you steal a daily hour of “me time.”
Aren’t parents risking their children’s future when they let Homer and Marge share the work? This self-reproach haunts many parents when they’re so tired they can barely keep their eyes open, but it’s overblown. Even if there were a clear trade-off between parents’ present happiness and their children’s future, there is no reason for parents to maximize their effort. Parents count, too, and there’s nothing wrong with a happy medium.
In any case, the obligation to put your children’s future above your personal happiness has a lot less bite than you’d think. Adoption and twin research provides strong evidence that parents barely affect their children’s prospects. If parents gave themselves a big break—or redoubled their efforts—kids would turn out about the same.
Before you dismiss this claim as crazy, imagine you adopt a baby girl and raise her to adulthood. Who do you think she will resemble more by the time she graduates from high school: Her biological parents, or you? I don’t just mean physical resemblance; I’m also talking about smarts, personality, achievements, values, and so on. Can you honestly say you’d be shocked if your adopted daughter had a lot more in common with the strangers who conceived her than she did with you?
You don’t have to merely imagine this scenario. It’s been done—repeatedly. A small army of researchers has compared adoptees to their relatives—biological and adopted. They find that when adopted children are young, they resemble both the adopted relatives they see every day and the biological relatives they’ve never met. However, as adopted children grow up, the story has a shocking twist: Resemblance to biological relatives remains, but resemblance to adopted relatives mostly fades away. Studies that compare identical to fraternal twins reach the same conclusion.
The lesson: It’s easy to change a child but hard to keep him from changing back. Instead of thinking of children as lumps of clay for parents to mold, we should think of them as plastic that flexes in response to pressure—and pops back to its original shape once the pressure is released.
We’ll explore adoption and twin research in great detail later in the book. For now, I’ll just say that it actually fits my experience as a father. When I put my kids in the “naughty corner,” they apologize for their offenses, and the
ir behavior improves. But it doesn’t stay better for long. A few hours, days, or weeks later, my sons are up to their old tricks—and back in the corner they go. Which makes me wonder: If I can’t change what my sons are going to do next month, how can I hope to change what they’re going to do when they’re adults?
Whatever your experiences, suppose for the sake of argument that adoption and twin research is sound. Then in purely selfish terms, parenting is a much better deal than it looks on the surface. If massive parental investment is the only way to turn a child into a normal adult, groaning at the thought of a new addition to the family is natural. If your child is virtually destined to become a normal adult, however, you should rethink that groan—especially if you’re happy with the way you and your spouse turned out. Odds are, your kids will painlessly inherit your brains, success, charm, and modesty.
The implication: Parents can give themselves a guilt-free break. Children cost far less than most parents pay, because parents overcharge themselves. You can have an independent life and still be an admirable parent. Before you decide against another child, then, you owe it to yourself to reconsider. If your sacrifice is only a fraction of what you originally thought, the kid might be a good deal after all.
