74 Nietzsche, p. 102.
75 Ibid., pp. 23-24.
8. GUNS AGAINST DRUMS: IMPERIALISM ENCOUNTERS ECSTASY
1 Howarth, p. 162.
2 Davenport, p. 323.
3 Quoted in Harris, p. 55.
4 MacDonald, p. 58.
5 Comaroff, p. 151.
6 Janzen, p. 164.
7 Comaroff, p. 151.
8 Quoted in The Drums of Winter (a documentary film by Sarah Elder and Leonard Kamerling), University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1988.
9 Kirby, p. 60.
10 Stoeltje, “Festival,” in Bauman, p. 262.
11 Quoted in Dougherty, p. 60.
12 Quoted in ibid., p. 62.
13 Kirby, p. 61.
14 Quoted in Frey and Wood, p. 25.
15 Quoted in ibid., p. 26.
16 Murphy, p. 118.
17 Quoted in Ward, p. 211.
18 Comaroff, p. 151.
19 Quoted in ibid.
20 Quoted in Oesterley, p. 80.
21 Thorsley, p. 288.
22 Quoted in ibid., p. 289.
23 MacDonald, p. 60.
24 Quoted in Harris, p. 24.
25 Quoted in Comaroff and Comaroff, p. 101.
26 Quoted in Tom Englehardt, “The Cartography of Death,” Nation 271, no. 12 (October 23, 2000): 25.
27 Quoted in Cocker, p. 136.
28 Englehardt.
29 Cocker, p. 6.
30 Raboteau, pp. 214-15.
31 Quoted in MacRobert, p. 16.
32 Voeks, p. 156; Fenn.
33 Hiney, pp. 212-13.
34 “Most missionaries considered the colonial administration as allies in the essential task of destroying existing [native] structures.” Kirby, p. 61.
35 MacDonald, p. 57.
36 Comaroff, p. 151.
37 Quoted in Ward, p. 210.
38 Quoted in Fenn, p. 127.
39 Quoted in ibid., p. 138.
40 A major source on Trinidadian carnival, which I rely on extensively here, is John Cowley’s Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making.
41 Quoted in ibid., pp. 20—21.
42 Ibid., p. 22.
43 Ibid., p. 21.
44 Quoted in ibid., p. 27.
45 Chasteen.
46 Quoted in Cowley, p. 69.
47 Quoted in ibid., p. 73.
48 Campbell, p. 14.
49 Fenn, pp. 141, 135.
50 Quoted in Cowley, p. 13.
51 Bettelheim.
52 Quoted in Fenn, p. 141.
53 Cowley, pp. 102-4.
54 Quoted in Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert, introduction, p. 7.
55 Métraux, p. 89.
56 Joan Dayan, “Vodoun, or the Voice of the Gods,” in Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert, p. 19.
57 Raboteau, p. 64; Simpson, p. 17.
58 Voeks, p. 38.
59 Omari, p. 148.
60 Quoted in Murphy, p. 47.
61 Ibid.; Laguerre, p. 14.
62 Laguerre, p. 14.
63 Ibid., pp. 63-64.
64 Ward, p. 223.
65 Lanternari, p. 143.
66 Ibid., p. 153.
67 Ibid., p. 251.
68 Ibid., p. 252.
69 See Karen E. Fields, Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa, for an excellent discussion of the anthropological aversion to the “irrational.”
70 Ibid., p. 21.
71 Lanternari, p. 315.
72 Wilson, p. 19.
73 Quoted in Mazlish, p. 90.
74 Quoted in Ozouf, p. 282.
75 Quoted in Walzer, pp. 313-14.
76 Ibid., p. 310.
77 Ward, p. 202.
78 Fields, pp. 140-41.
79 Campbell, p. 7.
80 Laguerre, p. 59.
81 Murphy, p. 47.
82 Mooney, pp. 782-83.
83 Quoted in Juneja, p. 91.
84 Quoted in Cowley, p. 100.
85 Benítez, p. 199.
86 Lewis, p. 116.
87 Comaroff, p. 233.
88 Howarth, p. 124.
89 Ibid., p. 172.
90 Moorehead, pp. 83—85.
91 Cocker, p. 263.
9. FASCIST SPECTACLES
1 Shirer, p. 15.
2 Toland, p. 492.
3 Shirer, p. 18.
4 Ibid., p. 16.
5 François-Poncet, p. 209.
6 Lindholm, p. 156.
7 McNeill, Keeping Together in Time, p. 151.
8 S. Alexander Haslam and Stephen D. Reicher, “The Psychology of Tyranny,” Scientific American Mind, October 2005: 44.
9 Quoted in Laura Flanders, “Come Together!” Common Dreams News Center, April 18, 2002.
10 Dave Martin, quoted by Kevin Connolly, “Dying with Dignity,” Eye-Comedy , February 24, 2000.
11 Quoted in Martin and Segrave, p. 123.
12 Leslie Epstein, “The Roar of the Crowd,” The American Prospect, May 8, 2000, http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name=ViewPrint&articleId=4408.
13 Le Bon, p. 11.
14 Ibid., p. 33.
15 Ibid., p. xvi.
16 Quoted in Turner and Killian, p. 2.
17 Mosse, Masses and Man, p. 111.
18 Louis-Sébastien Mercier, quoted in Gutwirth, pp. 243-44.
19 Quoted in Ozouf, p. 22.
20 Quoted in Blum, p. 212.
21 Ozouf, pp. 3.
22 Hibbert, p. 182.
23 Quoted in Gutwirth, p. 308.
24 Ozouf, p. 29.
25 Quoted in ibid., p. 229.
26 Gutwirth, p. 308.
27 Quoted in Hibbert, p. 110.
28 Carlyle, p. 360.
29 Michelet, p. 445.
30 Ibid., p. 448.
31 Ozouf, p. 111.
32 McNeill, Keeping Together in Time, p. 134.
33 Ozouf, p. 6.
34 Myerly, p. 142.
35 Ibid., p. 139.
36 Ibid., p. 39.
37 Quoted in ibid., pp. 140-41.
38 Quoted in ibid., p. 140.
39 Quoted in ibid., p. 142.
40 Quoted in ibid., p. 161.
41 Le Bon, p. 112.
42 Ibid., p. 114.
43 Ibid., p. 117.
44 Ibid., p. 113.
45 Lindholm, p. 111.
46 Quoted in Gentile, p. 88.
47 Quoted in Michael Golston, “‘Im Anfang War der Rhythmus’: Rhythmic Incubations in Discourses of Mind, Body, and Race from 1850—1944,” SEHR, vol. 5, supplement: Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism, 1996.
48 Kremer.
49 Burleigh, pp. 262-63.
50 Quoted in Gentile, p. 51.
51 Falasca-Zamponi, p. 104.
52 Gentile, pp. 90-91.
53 Ibid., p. 91.
54 Quoted in ibid., p. 52.
55 Falasca-Zamponi, p. 25.
56 Quoted in Lindholm, p. 112.
57 Quoted in Fritzsche, p. 221.
58 Toland, p. 494.
59 Fritzsche, p. 219.
60 Berezin, p. 89.
61 Quoted in Gentile, p. 88.
62 Quoted in ibid., p. 145.
63 Berezin, p. 85.
64 Gentile, p. 98.
65 Quoted in Schnapp, p. 79.
66 Fritzsche, p. 218.
67 Quoted in ibid., p. 220.
68 “Nazism Punctured: Nuremberg Rallies Turned Inside Out,” Guardian, November 6, 2001.
69 “Showing Off for the Party People,” Financial Times, November 10, 2001.
70 Peukert, p. 188.
10. THE ROCK REBELLION
1 Martin and Segrave, p. 8.
2 Miller, p. 94.
3 Martin and Segrave, p. 134.
4 Ibid., p. 133.
5 Quoted in ibid., p. 136.
6 Ibid., p. 42.
7 Miller, p. 152.
8 David Gates, “Requiem for the Dead,” Newsweek, August 21, 1995.
9 Sennett, p. 74.
10 See Meltzoff a
nd Prinz.
11 Pratt, p. 140.
12 Van de Velde, p. 235.
13 Quoted in Barbara Ehrenreich, Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs, Remaking Love: The Feminization of Sex (New York: Anchor Press, 1986), p. 16.
14 Quoted in Miller, p. 148.
15 Bernard Weinraub, “Pioneer of a Beat Is Still Riffing for His Due,” New York Times, February 16, 2003.
16 Small, p. 116.
17 Frey and Wood, p. 118.
18 Ibid., p. 145.
19 Quoted in Malone, p. 227.
20 Raboteau, p. 246.
21 Quoted in Frey and Wood, p. 147.
22 Levine, pp. 179-80.
23 Ibid., p. 180.
24 Quoted in Malone, p. 228.
25 Quoted in ibid., p. 228.
26 Quoted in ibid., p. 234.
27 Ashe, p. 278.
28 Martin and Segrave, p. 3.
29 Ibid., pp. 48-51.
30 Quoted in ibid., p. 53.
31 Quoted in ibid., p. 49.
32 Miller, p. 265.
33 John Skow, “In California, the Dead Live On,” Time, February 11, 1985.
34 Ben Ehrenreich, “Burying the Dead,” Topic, 2003, http://www.webdelsol.com/Topic/articles/04/ehrenreich.html#top.
35 Quoted in Chidester.
36 Woody West, “A Farewell to the Dead,” Washington Times, September 11,1995.
37 http://www.logosresourcepages.org/rock.html#bottom.
38 Quoted in McNally, p. 387.
11. CARNIVALIZING SPORTS
1 Guttmann, 156.
2 Lipksy, p. 20.
3 Quoted in Goodman, p. 163.
4 http://www.koreainfogate.com/2002worldcup/news.asp?column=97.
5 Lever, p. 16.
6 Quoted in Mark Dyreson, “The Emergence of Consumer Culture and the Transformation of Physical Culture: American Sport in the 1920s,” in Wiggins, pp. 207-24.
7 Robert A. Baade, “Evaluating Subsidies for Professional Sports in the United States and Europe: A Public Sector Primer,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 19, no. 4 (2003): 587-93.
8 Steve Lopez, “Money for Stadiums, But Not for Schools,” Time, June 4, 1999.
9 Holt, p. 36.
10 Rader, p. 7.
11 Vincent, pp. 28-29.
12 Lever, p. 36.
13 Ibid., p. 41.
14 Hobsbawm, “Mass Producing Traditions,” pp. 288-89.
15 Ibid., p. 300.
16 Pope, p. 328.
17 Norman Chad, “World Cup Soccer Stirs Emotions That Few Americans Can Understand,” Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1986.
18 Louis Kutcher, “The American Sports Event as Carnival: An Emergent Norm Approach to Crowd Behavior,” Journal of Popular Culture 16, no. 4 (Spring 1983): 34—41.
19 Morris, p. 248.
20 See http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_186.html.
21 Bob Harvilla, “Thumping for Tejada,” East Bay Express, May 2, 2003, p. 58.
22 Mark Simon, “A Little Bit of Brazil in Palo Alto,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 21, 1993.
23 May Colleen, the Airbrush Shoppe, phone interview with the author.
24 Bobbi Weiner, phone interview with the author.
25 http://www.koreainfogate.com/2002worldcup/news.asp?column=97.
26 “Soccer Crowds Sing, Sing, Sing for the Homeland Team,” Washington Post, July 16, 1994.
27 Klaus Hansen, review of Soccer Fan Singing: A FANomenology, by Reinhard Kopiez and Guido Brink, RPM, no. 26, Summer 1998.
28 Bellos, p. 140.
29 Morris, p. 258.
30 Quoted in ibid., p. 258.
31 Mark Trumbull, “How ‘the Wave’ Swept the Nation,” Christian Science Monitor, January 29, 1993.
32 George Vecsey, “Help Stop the Wave,” New York Times, June 25, 1984.
33 “Sports of the Times: Permanent Wave in Motown,” New York Times, October 6, 1984.
34 Cashmore, p. 182.
35 Wann et al., p. 128.
36 Kutcher, p. 39.
37 Sheila Moss, http://www.humorcolumnist.com/football.htm.
38 Morris, p. 252.
39 Bellos, p. 128.
40 “It Isn’t Just a Game: Clues to Avid Rooting,” New York Times, August 11,2000.
41 Harvilla, “Thumping for Tejada.”
42 Franz Lidz, “Out of Bounds,” Sports Illustrated, November 30, 1992.
43 Faludi, pp. 205-6.
44 Bellos, p. 140.
45 Guttmann, p. 145.
46 Faludi, p. 204.
47 Quoted in Michael Silver, “Rock ’n’ Roll Is Here to Play,” Time, May 24, 1999.
48 Quoted in ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Damian Dobrosielski and Deepika Reddy, “The Art of Sports,” http://www.collegian.psu/hppt//www.collegian.psu.edu/07-05-94index.aspnews07-05-94index.asp-news.
51 Catherine Applefeld Olson, “Pro Sports Marketing Pitches for Athletic Events,” Billboard, September 8, 2002.
52 Sean Jensen, “Bring Down the Noise,” Pioneer Press, March 20, 2002.
53 Tara Rodgers, “Take Me ‘Out’ to the Ballgame: Interventions into the Transformation of the Village People’s ‘YMCA’ from Disco Anthem to Ballpark Fun,” Pinknoises.com, http://www.pinknoises.com/ymca.shtml.
54 Stan Savran, “Stadium Music Has Gone to Dogs,” http://www.postgazette.com/sports/columnist/20001022stan.asp.
55 David Jackson, “Passion Fuels Soccer’s Biggest Party,” Dallas Morning News, July 10, 1994.
56 Masakazu Yamazaki, “A Parody of Nationalism: Soccer and the Japanese,” Correspondence [Council on Foreign Relations], Winter 2002-3: 30.
57 D. S. Eitzen, quoted in Wann et al., p. 197.
58 Faludi, p. 211.
59 Jack Boulware, “Plush Rush,” American Way, September 1, 1997, p. 51.
CONCLUSION: THE POSSIBILITY OF REVIVAL
1 Métraux, p. 9.
2 Duvignaud, p. 16.
3 Paul Halmos, “The Decline of the Choral Dance,” in Josephson and Josephson, pp. 172-79.
4 Debord, paragraph 154.
5 Ibid., paragraph 20.
6 Quoted in Roth, p. 38.
7 Christopher Dickey, “Iran’s Soccer Diplomacy,” Newsweek, April 27, 1998.
8 Nicholas Rogers, p. 126.
9 “Party Time for the Protesters,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 4, 1999.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrahams, Roger D. “The Language of Festivals: Celebrating the Economy.” In Turner (1982), pp. 161-77.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso Books, 1991.
Armstrong, Karen. A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Knopf, 1994.
Ashe, Bertram D. “On the Jazz Musician’s Love/Hate Relationship with the Audience.” In Caponi, pp. 277-92.
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