Fast Food Genocide

by Dr. Joel Fuhrman

  59American Cancer Society, Global Cancer Facts & Figures, 2nd ed. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2011. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-027766.pdf.

  60Kantor ED, Udumyan R, Signorello LB, et al. Adolescent body mass index and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in relation to colorectal cancer risk. Gut. 2016;65:1289–95; Pulgaron ER. Childhood obesity: a review of increased risk for physical and psychological comorbidities. Clin Ther. 2013;35:A18–32.

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  62Vandeloo MJ, Bruckers LM, Janssens JP. Effects of lifestyle on the onset of puberty as determinant for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2007;16:17–25; Leung AW, Mak J, Cheung PS, et al. Evidence for a programming effect of early menarche on the rise of breast cancer incidence in Hong Kong. Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32:156–61; Pike MC, Pearce CL, Wu AH. Prevention of cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary. Oncogene. 2004;23:6379–91.

  63Baanders AN, de Waard EL. Breast cancer in Europe and factors operating at an early age. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1993;2:1–89.

  64Berkey CS, Gardner JD, Frazier AL, Colditz GA. Relation of childhood diet and body size to menarche and adolescent growth in girls. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:446–52.

  65Rogers IS, Northstone K, Dunger DB, et al. Diet throughout childhood and age at menarche in a contemporary cohort of British girls. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(12):2052–63; Berkey CS, Gardner JD, Frazier AL, Colditz GA. Relation of childhood diet and body size to menarche and adolescent growth in girls. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:446–52; Wiley AS. Milk intake and total dairy consumption: associations with early menarche in NHANES 1999–2004. PloS One 2011;6:e14685.

  66Dorgan JF, Hunsberger SA, McMahon RP, et al. Diet and sex hormones in girls: findings from a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(2):132–41.

  67Wolfswinkel EM, Lemaine V, Weathers WM, et al. Hyperplastic breast anomalies in the female adolescent breast. Semin Plast Surg. 2013;27(1):49–55.

  68Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(14):1079–85.

  69Sutcliffe S, Colditz GA. Prostate cancer: is it time to expand the research focus to early-life exposures? Nat Rev Cancer 2013;13:208–518.

  70Liu RH. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr. 2004;134(12 suppl):3479S–85S; Weiss JF, Landauer MR. Protection against ionizing radiation by antioxidant nutrients and phytochemicals. Toxicology. 2003;189 (1–2):1–20; Carratu B, Sanzini E. [Biologically-active phytochemicals in vegetable food.] Ann 1st Super Sanita. 2005;41(1):7–16; Liu RH. Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:517S–520S; Davinelli S, Maes M, Corbi G, et al. Dietary phytochemicals and neuro-inflammaging: from mechanistic insights to translational challenges. Immun Ageing 2016;13:16; Banudevi S, Swaminathan S, Maheswari KU. Pleiotropic role of dietary phytochemicals in cancer: emerging perspectives for combinational therapy. Nutr Cancer 2015;67:1021–48.

  71Hanau C, Morre DJ, Morre DM. Cancer prevention trial of a synergistic mixture of green tea concentrate plus Capsicum (CAPSOL-T) in a random population of subjects ages 40–84. Clin Proteomics. 2014;11:2.

  72https://lifestylemedicine.org/What-is-Lifestyle-Medicine.

  CHAPTER FOUR: THE LESSONS OF HISTORY

  1Stewart DO: Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln’s Legacy: Simon & Schuster; 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=DHdhbBfNnlgC&dq=%22Freedmen%27s+bureau%22+and+murders+and+texas+and+1865&q=44+murders#v=onepage&q=44%20murders&f=false.

  2Hegyl J, Schwartz RA, Hegyl V. Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43(1):1–5.

  3Savitt TL. Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978, 201.

  4Chambers DB. Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009.

  5Covey HC, Eisnach D. What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways from the Slave Narratives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO/Greenwood, 2009, 29.

  6Washington BT. Frederick Douglass. G. W. Jacobs, 1907, 252.

  7National Assessment of Adult Literacy. 120 years of Literary, Literacy from 1870 to 1979. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/naal/lit_history.asp.

  8Baker RS: Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy: Doubleday, 1908, 53.

  9Baker RS: Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy: Doubleday, 1908, 248.

  10Washington BT: The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative American Negroes of Today: James Pott; 1903, 10. (Contains republished article “Industrial education for the Negro”).

  11Washington BT. Frederick Douglass. G. W. Jacobs, 1907.

  12Litwack LF: Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group; 1999. Page xiii.

  13Du Bois WEB: The Negro: Cosimo, Incorporated; 2007, 130.

  14Baker RS. Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy. New York: Doubleday, 1908, 247.

  15King ML, “Address at Conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March” in Carson C, Shepard K, Young A: A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr: Grand Central Publishing; 2001.

  16Frankenburg, FR. Vitamin Discoveries and Disasters: History, Science & Controversies. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO; The pellagra epidemic of the southern United States in the early 20th century. ActForLibraries.org. 2017. http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-pellagra-epidemic-of-the-southern-united-states-in-the-early-20th-century.

  17Harris HF. Pellagra. New York: Macmillan, 1919, 255.

  18Wheeler G. A note on the history of pellagra in the United States. Public Health Rep. 1931;46(6):2223.

  19National Association for the Study of Pellagra. Transactions of the National Association for the Study of Pellagra. R. L. Bryan: 1914, 391–92.

  20Ibid., 254.

  21Yarbrough JF. Pellagra: its etiology, symptomalogy, and treatment. Medical Record. 1917; 92:893.

  22DeWall CN, Deckman T, Gailliot MT, et al. Sweetened blood cools hot tempers: physiological self-control and aggression. Aggress Behav. 2011;37(1):73–80.

  23Lytle LD, Messing RB, Fisher L, et al. Effects of long-term corn consumption on brain serotonin and the response to electric shock. Science. 1975;190(4215):692–94.

  24Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J. 2015;29(6):2207–22.

  25Birger M, Swartz M, Cohen D, et al. Aggression: the testosterone-serotonin link. Isr Med Assoc. 2003;5(9):653–58.

  26Wheeler G. A note on the history of pellagra in the United States. Public Health Rep. 1931(46):6.

  27Goldberger quoted in Etheridge EW. The Butterfly Caste: A Social History of Pellagra in the South. Greenwood, 1972, 77.

  28“South Resents Federal Alarm over Pellagra,” New York Times, 27 July 1921.

  29Etheridge, EW. The Butterfly Caste.

  30New York Department of Mental Hygiene. The Psychiatric Quarterly: Supplement. State Hospitals Press, 1964, 207.

  31Kemble F. Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839. New York: Knopf, 1961; Cash WJ. The Mind of the South. New York: Knop
f, 1941, 204.

  32Davenport CB. The hereditary factor in pellagra. Arch Intern Med. 1916;18(1):4–31.

  33Spencer HG, Paul DB. The failure of a scientific critique: David Heron, Karl Pearson and Mendelian eugenics. Br J Hist Sci. 1998;31(4):441–52.

  34Popenoe P, Johnson RH. Applied Eugenics. New York: Macmillan, 1918, 184.

  35Grant, M. The Passing of the Great Race: Or, the Racial Basis of European History. 4th rev ed. New York: Scribner’s, 1922, 50–51.

  36Laughlin, HH, Deposition in Circuit Court Proceedings-Buck v. Bell 274 U.S. 200. Paragraph II.

  37Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (May 7, 1927). Page 207. Opinion written by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

  38Kuhl S: The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism: Oxford University Press; 2002, 58.

  39Kuhl S: The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism: Oxford University Press; 2002. Page 37.

  40Proctor RN. Why did the Nazis have the world’s most aggressive anti-cancer campaign? Endeavour. 1999;23(2):76–79.

  41Basil H. Preventive nutrition in Nazi Germany: a public health commentary. Online Journal of Health Ethics. 2013;9(1):10.

  42Shiva quoted in Pollan M. What’s eating America. Smithsonian. July 2006. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/presence-jul06.html?c=y&story=fullstory.

  43Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, et al. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res. 2016;63:132–52.

  44Daniel CR, Cross AJ, Koebnick C, Sinha R. Trends in meat consumption in the United States. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(4):575–583.

  45Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long-Term Trends in Diabetes, April 2016.

  46World Health Organization. Lead poisoning and health. Fact sheet. Reviewed September 2016 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/.

  47Nevin R. How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy. Environ Res. 2000;83(10):1–22.

  48Shy CM. Lead in petrol: the mistake of the XXth century. World Health Stat Q. 1989;43(3): 168–76.

  49Page IH, Allen EV, Chamberlain FL, et al. Dietary fat and its relation to heart attacks and strokes. Circulation. 1961;23(1):133–36.

  50Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, et al. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(5):950–62.

  51Hibbeln JR, Nieminen LR, Lands WE. Increasing homicide rates and linoleic acid consumption among five Western countries, 1961–2000. Lipids. 2004;39(12):1207–13.

  52Iribarren C, Markovitz JH, Jacobs DR, Jr., et al. Dietary intake of N-3, N-6 fatty acids and fish: relationship with hostility in young adults—the CARDIA study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(1):24–31.

  53Hibbeln JR. Seafood consumption and homicide mortality. In: Fatty Acids and Lipids—New Findings. Vol. 88. Basel: Karger, 2001, 41–46.

  CHAPTER FIVE: DNA, SOCIAL ENERGY, AND FAST FOOD

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  2O’Donoghue M, Boutin S, Krebs CJ, et al. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology. 1998;79(4):1193–208.

  3Closs G, Watterson G, Donnelly P. Constant predator-prey ratios: an arithmetical artifact? Ecology. 1993;74(1):238–43.

  4Holzenberger M, Dupont J, Ducos B, et al. Igf-1 receptor regulates lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress in mice. Nature. 2003;421(6919):182–87. Altintas O, Park S, V. Lee S. The role of insulin/IGF-1 signaling in the longevity of model invertebrates, C. elegans and D. melanogaster. BMP Rep.2016;49(2):81–92.

  5Goldstein MS. Human paleopathology. J Natl Med Assoc. 1963;55(2):100–106.

  6Levine ME, Suarez JA, Brandhorst S, et al. Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab. 2014;19(3):407–17.

  7Fraser GE, Shavlik DJ. Ten years of life: is it a matter of choice? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1645–52; Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB, et al. Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(10):1453–63; Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):555–63; Sinha R, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, et al. Meat intake and mortality: a prospective study of over half a million people. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:562–71; Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Meat consumption and mortality: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med. 2013;11:63.

  8Zhang N. Epigenetic modulation of DNA methylation by nutrition and its mechanisms in animals. ScienceDirect. 2015;1(3):144–51; Bishop KS, Ferguson LR. The interaction between epigenetics, nutrition and the development of cancer. Nutrients. 2015;7(2):922–47.

  9Cacioppo S, Cacioppo JT. Decoding the invisible forces of social connections. Front Integr Neurosci. 2012;6:51.

  10Arce M, Michopoulos V, Shepard KN, et al. Diet choice, cortisol reactivity, and emotional feeding in socially housed rhesus monkeys. Physiol Behav. 2010;101(4):446–55.

  11Tung J, Barreiro LB, Johnson ZP, et al. Social environment is associated with gene regulatory variation in the rhesus macaque immune system. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(17):6490–95.

  12Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316.

  13Giles LC, Glonek GFV, Luszcz MA, Andrews GR. Effect of social networks on 10 year survival in very old Australians: the Australian longitudinal study of aging. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2005;59:574–79.

  14Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316.

  15Murphy ML, Slavich GM, Rohleder N, et al. Targeted rejection triggers differential pro-and anti-inflammatory gene expression in adolescents as a function of social status. Clin Psychol Sci. 2013;1(1):30–40.

  16Gibson EL. Emotional influences on food choice: sensory, physiological and psychological pathways. Physiol Behav. 2006;89(1):53–61.

  17Fontana L. The scientific basis of caloric restriction leading to longer life. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25:144–50; Canto C, Auwerx J. Caloric restriction, SIRT1 and longevity. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009;20:325–31.

  18Anton S. Leeuwenburgh C. Fasting or caloric restriction for healthy aging. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(10):1003–5; Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2014;19:181–92; Fontana L. The scientific basis of caloric restriction leading to longer life. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25:144–50.

  19Slavich GM, Cole SW. The emerging field of human social genomics. Clin Psychol Sci. 2013;1(3):331–48.

  20Turrell G, Hewitt B, Patterson C, et al. Socioeconomic differences in food purchasing behaviour and suggested implications for diet-related health promotion. J Hum Nutr Dietetics. 2002;15(5):355–64.

  21Hosking DE, Nettelbeck T, Wilson C, Danthiir V. Retrospective lifetime dietary patterns predict cognitive performance in community-dwelling older Australians. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:228–37; Jones DE, Greenberg M, Crowley M. Early social-emotional functioning and public health: the relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:2283–90.

  22Kandel ER. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(4):457–69, see p. 461.

  23Kuhn TS, Hacking I. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 50th anniversary ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

  24Cited in ibid.

  25Van den Bree MB, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Diet and personality: associations in a population-based sample. Appetite. 2006;46(2):177–88.

  26Levinson CA, Rodebaugh
TL. Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eat Behav 2012;13(1):27–35.

  27Padilla A, Hogan R, Kaiser RB. The toxic triangle: destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. Leadership Quarterly. 2007;18(3):176–94.

  28Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, et al. Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA. 2001;285(16):2094–100.

  29Faris R, Felmlee D. Status struggles: network centrality and gender segregation in same- and cross-gender aggression. Am Soc Rev. 2011;76(1):48–73.

  30Warden D, Mackinnon S. Prosocial children, bullies and victims: an investigation of their sociometric status, empathy and social problem-solving strategies. Br J Dev Psychol. 2003;21(3):367–85.

  31Zahedi H, Kelishadi R, Heshmat R, et al. Association between junk food consumption and mental health in a national sample of Iranian children and adolescents: The Caspian-IV study. Nutrition. 2014;30(11–12):1391–97.

  32Fleming LC, Jacobsen KH. Bullying among middle-school students in low and middle income countries. Health Promot Int. 2009;25(1):73–84.

  33United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Intentional Homicide Count and Rate Per 100,000 Population, by Country/Territory (2000–2012). 2012. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/GSH2013/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf

  34World Infozone. Tajikistan Information. http://worldinfozone.com/countryphp?country=Tajikistan.

  35FAO. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Nutrition and Consumer Protection. Nutrition country profiles, Republic of Zambia. http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/Zmb_en.stm.

  36Bee HL, Van Egeren LF, Pytkowicz Streissguth A, et al. Social class differences in maternal teaching strategies and speech patterns. Dev Psychol. 1969;1(6p1):726.