by Dava Sobel
Annie Jump Cannon Prize. See Cannon Prize
ants and ant research, 169–70, 196, 236, 237
Arequipa observatory. See Boyden Station (Arequipa, Peru)
Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm, 109, 157
Aristarchus, 83, 295
Arizona Astronomical Expedition, 62, 65
Association to Aid Scientific Research by Women, 234–35
A stars, 91, 101, 142, 207
asteroids, 76, 81–82, 106, 115
Eros, 81–83, 84–85, 99–100, 277, 296
Astronomical and Astrophysical Society of America, 134–35, 275, 276, 295
meetings of, 80–81, 134–35, 277
renaming of, 156, 277, 295
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 77, 229, 295
Astronomische Gesellschaft, 9, 156, 223, 240, 281
astronomy graduate degree programs, 216–17, 297
Harvard/Radcliffe programs, 196–97, 217–18, 237–38, 257, 263, 278, 279
atomic physics, astronomy and, 200–201, 206–7, 213
atomic weapons, 253
Baade, Walter, 262
Bache Fund telescope, 21, 34, 45, 250, 274
Backlund, Oskar, 134, 136
Bailey, Helen Harwood, 192
Bailey, Hinman, 59, 66
Bailey, Irving, 33, 66, 69, 92, 192
Bailey, Marshall, 32–33, 34, 59
Bailey, Ruth Poulter, 33, 34, 44, 66, 69, 92–93, 192, 201–2
as her husband’s assistant, 59, 67, 275
Bailey, Solon, 285
Boyden Station establishment and directorship, 32–34, 50–51, 58, 59, 62–63, 66, 275
and Bruce telescope’s shipping, 69–70
and Cambridge directorship, 71, 182–83, 192, 277
death of, 229, 278
election to AAVSO, 171
later career and retirement, 196, 210, 245, 276, 277
on Miss Leavitt and her work, 118–19, 125, 160
and Miss Sawyer, 220–21
and Mrs. Fleming’s nova discovery, 56–57
1922 return to Boyden Station, 192–93, 201–2
Peruvian observations and discoveries, 33–34, 58–59, 67, 78, 92, 111, 150, 160, 275
Pickering obituary, 174
and Shapley, 160–61, 168
South African reconnaissance expedition, 131–32, 276
and William Pickering, 191
Baker, Daniel, 52–53
Barker, George, 8, 36
Bayer, Johann, 294
Bessel, Friedrich, 296
Beta Aurigae, 36, 37, 49
Beta Lyrae, 48–49, 50, 130, 251, 278, 298
Bethe, Hans, 259
Bigelow, Harriet, 166, 224
“Big Galaxy” theory, 184–88, 189–90, 204–6
binary stars, 34–37, 39, 48–49, 108, 130–31, 180, 275
See also eclipsing binaries; spectroscopic binaries
Blackman, Marjorie, 242
Blanchard, L. C., 193
Block, Dorothy (later Paraskevopoulos), 179–80, 202, 218–20, 250, 253
Bloemfontein observatory. See Boyden Station (Bloemfontein, South Africa)
Bohr, Niels, 200–201
Bok, Bartholomeus (Bart), 239, 259, 285
background and studies, 224, 285
at Harvard, 226, 250, 255, 279, 285, 287
and Miss Fairfield, 224, 226, 278, 287
Bok, Priscilla Fairfield, 217, 223–24, 226, 239, 278, 287
Bond, Catherine, 121–22
Bond, Elizabeth Lidstone, 120–22
Bond, George Phillips, 9, 95, 113, 121, 245, 273, 285, 294, 295
Bond, Selina Cranch, 9, 120–22, 286
Bond, William Cranch, 9, 95, 121, 273, 286, 293
Boyden, Uriah, 28–29
Boyden Station (Arequipa, Peru): the Baileys’ and Miss Cannon’s 1922 visit, 192–93, 201–2
Bailey’s directorship, 50–51, 59, 62–63, 66
Campbell’s directorship, 148
Chilean telescope site, 202
and 1896 earthquake, 70
establishment of, 34, 275
funding for, 28–29
meteorological station, 59, 63, 66
Miss Harwood at, 201
Paraskevopoulos’s directorship, 202
political situation and, 62–63, 66–67
reconnaissance expeditions, 29, 31–33
star charts produced by, 77–78
time line, 274–78
viewing conditions, 45, 131, 132–33, 202, 219–20
William Pickering’s directorship, 44–45, 50–52, 275
World War I and, 192–93
See also Bailey, Solon; Bruce telescope
Boyden Station (Bloemfontein, South Africa): abandonment of, 258
Bailey’s reconnaissance expedition, 131–32, 276
establishment and early activities, 218–20, 278
funding for, 133, 202, 218
during World War II, 250, 253
Brahe, Tycho, 56
Brashear, John, 62
Breslin, Sarah, 150
brightness of stars. See magnitude; stellar photometry
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 209
British Astronomical Association, 148, 195
Brooks, Grace, 171
Brown, Bernice, 237–38
Bruce, Catherine Wolfe, 40–44, 52, 82, 259, 286, 294
death and grave of, 85, 97, 260
research grants, 43–44, 76–77, 85, 97
Bruce Gold Medal, 77, 128, 259, 276
Mrs. Fleming and, 97–98, 100, 128, 145
Bruce telescope: arrival in Peru, 69
decommissioning of, 260
funding, preparation, and testing, 40–41, 42, 44, 46–47, 50, 52, 55, 66, 67, 275
Miss Cannon on, 193
relocated to South Africa, 218, 250
See also Boyden Station entries
Brucia, 76, 81, 85
B stars, 37, 91, 101, 143, 182, 207, 277
Bunsen, Robert, 24
Burbidge, Geoffrey, 259
Burbidge, Margaret Peachey, 259
Byrd, Mary Emma, 72
California, 1888–1889 reconnaissance expedition to, 31–32
Cambridge University, 198–99, 200–201, 213–14
Campbell, Leon, 110, 148, 149, 171, 286
Cannon, Annie Jump, 87, 286
as AAS treasurer, 156, 277
and Annie Jump Cannon Prize, 235–36, 242, 246
arrival at Harvard, 72, 74–75, 275
background and studies, 71, 72, 74, 90, 91
death of, 247, 279
honors and awards, 159–60, 171, 183, 213–14, 230–31, 234–35, 278
and international astronomy community, 155–58, 194, 213–14
and Miss Harwood’s job offer, 166, 167
and Miss Payne, 199–200
obituary notices by, 146–47, 163, 174–75, 229
observations and reminiscences by, 74–75, 167–68, 187, 191, 198, 228–29, 234, 242, 243, 297–98
and observatory directorship, 183
personal life, 90, 124, 183, 215–16, 224–25, 246
and Pickering fellowships, 180–81, 183–84, 188, 244
and Shapley, 160, 188
travel, 155–56, 192–93, 213–14
work of: curatorial and bibliographic duties, 97, 147, 243–44, 244–45; and Draper classification as international standard, 142, 144–45, 158, 194; Draper classification modifications, 76, 91, 93, 101, 128–29, 138, 147–48, 159; Draper Extension work, 225, 243; early variable star photometry, 74, 75; later career, 243, 247; lecturing, 153; spectral cl
assifications and reclassifications, 75–76, 90–91, 128, 145, 147–48, 155, 171; spectral type distribution analysis, 189; supervisory duties, 150; time line, 275–79; variable star catalogue and discoveries, 109–10, 111–13, 119, 123, 124–25, 243–44, 276, 279; workdays and methods, 93, 94, 96–97, 109–10, 189, 225, 243
Cannon, Mary Elizabeth, 74–75
Cannon (Annie Jump) Prize, 235–36, 245–46, 260
recipients of, 242–43, 246, 251, 255–56, 257, 260
Carnegie, Andrew, 105–7, 116, 117
Carnegie, Louise Whitfield, 116–18
Carnegie, Margaret, 117
Carnegie Institution grant, 105–6, 113
Carpenter, Alta, 171
Cepheid variables, 160, 170–71, 281, 296
Hubble’s discoveries, 204–5
Miss Leavitt’s work, 160, 170, 261–62
Mrs. Payne-Gaposchkin’s work, 251
Mrs. Shapley’s work, 216
Shapley’s work, 161, 168, 216, 223
See also period-luminosity relation; variable star entries
Chandler, Seth, 59–61, 82, 83, 111, 286
Charlois, Auguste, 81–82
chemical composition of stars. See stellar composition
“Chest of 1900” time-capsule project, 276, 295–96
Mrs. Fleming’s journal for, 89–94, 95–96, 97
Choate, Joseph, 100
circumpolar stars, 281, 293–94
Clark, George, 20, 42
Clark & Sons, 12, 20, 50, 84
cleveite gas, 68
clusters and cluster variables, 92, 111, 275, 281, 285
Trumpler’s work, 227–28
types, 282, 283
See also Bailey, Solon; Cepheid variables; Sawyer, Helen; Shapley, Harlow; variable star entries
Clymer, William, 78
Colorado, Pickering brothers’ trip to, 29
Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 53, 54–55
comets and comet research, 59–60, 74, 80, 154, 188, 218, 259, 297
Committee of 100 on Research, 162, 168
Committee on Photographic Magnitudes of the Astrographic Chart Conference, 135–36
Committee on Stellar Classification/Committee on the Classification of Stellar Spectra, 139–40, 141–44, 157–58, 194
Common, Andrew, 128, 218
Conant, James, 244, 245, 250, 258
Confessions of a Thug (Taylor), 98
Congress of Astronomy and Astro-Physics (Chicago, 1893), 53–54, 55, 80
Cook, A. Grace, 187, 297
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 83
Crane, Eliza, 13
C stars, 91
Curie, Marie, 211
Curtis, Heber, 185, 186, 187, 205–6, 277
Cushing, Florence, 167
Cushman, Florence, 90, 171, 189, 216, 244
61 Cygni, 296
dark matter, 259, 297
DASC@H. See Digital Access to a Sky Century at Harvard
Delta Cephei, 160
De nova stella (Brahe), 56
De Sitter, Willem, 223–24
Digital Access to a Sky Century at Harvard (DASC@H), 264–65, 279
distance measurements: within solar system, 83–84, 99, 295
See also stellar distances
“Distances of Two Hundred and Thirty-three Southern Stars” (Shapley and Ames), 198, 233
Dixon, Antonia Draper, 251–52
Dodge, J. Cleaves, 46, 47
Donaghe, Harriet Richardson, 80–81
double stars. See binary stars; eclipsing binaries; spectroscopic binaries
Draper, Anna Palmer, 3–9, 286, 293
background, marriage, and astronomical work, 4, 28, 163
and Chandler’s criticism of Pickering’s work, 60–61
at Columbian Exposition, 54–55
death, will, and grave of, 162–63, 260, 277
Draper Memorial establishment and funding, 19–20, 21, 27, 103, 104, 107–9, 133–34, 162–63
early correspondence and collaboration with Pickering, 5–9, 14–20
friendship and travels with the Pickerings, 29, 98–99, 119–20
and the Hugginses, 16–17
on Miss Leavitt’s work, 114–15, 116
and Miss Maury’s hiring, 30, 31
and the Mizar paper, 36
1900 solar eclipse expedition, 98–99
observatory visits, 8–9, 36, 98, 102–3, 116, 120
and Pickering’s 1901 RAS medal, 100
portrait of, 172
and published account of Draper’s work, 15–16, 17
and support for Draper classification, 144
telescope donations, 20, 27–28, 41–42, 210
Draper, Ann Ludlow, 35
Draper, Daniel, 35, 63
Draper, Dorothy Catherine, 7, 38, 79, 293, 294
Draper, Henry, 25, 30, 287, 294
illness, death, and grave of, 5, 8, 260
portrait of, in revised Draper catalogue, 172
telescopes of, 20, 27–28, 41–42
work of, 3, 4–6, 10, 14–17, 27–28, 84, 287, 293
Draper, John William (brother of Henry Draper), 7, 293, 294
Draper Catalogue (“Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra”), 22, 189, 261, 297
Draper Medal recognizing Miss Cannon’s work, 230–31
original publication of, 37, 79, 275
revisions and expansion of, 145, 159, 163, 171–72, 181–82, 189
See also Cannon, Annie Jump; Draper Extension; Fleming, Williamina
Draper Charts, 243
Draper classification, 76, 137–38, 261, 277, 278
color categories, 143, 152, 296
critiques and modifications of, 128–29, 142–43, 157–58, 159, 194, 252–53, 261
illustrated in revised Draper catalogue, 172
as international standard, 139–40, 141–45, 157–58, 194, 224, 277, 278
line width indicators in, 101, 144, 157, 194
Miss Fairfield’s work, 217
Miss Payne’s work, 206–10
stellar development and, 101, 108, 139, 143, 296
stellar temperature and, 206–8, 212
See also Cannon, Annie Jump; Fleming, Williamina; Maury, Antonia
Draper Extension, 213, 243, 279, 297
Annie Jump Cannon Memorial Volume, 247–48, 253, 279
Draper Medal, 18, 230–31, 260, 278
Draper Memorial project: establishment of, 19–20
funding and finances, 20, 21, 27, 103, 104, 133–34, 162–63, 182
Mrs. Draper’s request for an accounting, 107–9
time line, 274–79
See also Draper Catalogue; Draper classification
D stars, 91
Dugan, Raymond, 242
dwarf stars, 152, 194, 288, 289, 290
Dyson, Frank, 134, 156, 214, 238
Earth-Sun distance, 83–84, 99, 295
eclipse observations. See solar eclipse observations
eclipsing binaries/variables, 58, 112, 216, 240, 251, 281
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 195, 287
honors awarded to, 230, 259, 260
and Miss Cannon, 159–60, 163, 213
and Miss Payne, 198–99, 209
work of, 185, 259, 287, 296
Edison, Thomas, 3, 168
Einstein, Albert, 185
Eliot, Charles, 61, 116, 121, 131, 147, 190
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 244
epochs, 281, 294
Eros (asteroid), 81–83, 84–85, 99–100, 277, 296
E stars, 91
Evershed, John, 120
Evershed, Mary Orr, 120
Fa
ber, Sandra Moore, 259
Fairfield, Priscilla (later Bok), 217, 223–24, 226, 239, 278, 287
Farrar, Nettie, 12, 22, 23, 37, 105
Fecker, J. W., 218
fellowships. See grants and fellowships; Pickering fellowship
“Field for Woman’s Work in Astronomy, A” (Fleming), 275
Fleming, Edward, 10, 23, 90, 93, 94, 96, 117, 146
Fleming, Williamina Paton Stevens, 47–48, 78, 287
background and arrival at Harvard, 9–10, 274
and Bruce Medal, 97–98, 100, 128, 145
and the Carnegies, 116–18
character and personal life, 117–18, 146, 226
death and grave of, 145–48, 150, 277, 298
on her salary, 96, 97
honors and recognition, 100–101, 118, 145, 276
and 1900 solar eclipse, 95
and 1910 Solar Union activities, 137, 138, 142, 144
and Pickering’s anniversary fête, 102–3
U.S. citizenship application, 118, 127
work of: binary star discoveries, 36, 48; credit for, 37, 78–79; curatorial duties, 47, 89, 90; described in her journal, 89–94, 95–96, 97; Draper classification contributions, 25–27, 76, 91–92, 159, 278, 287; lectures, 145–46; location of Eros, 82; and Miss Cannon’s reclassifications, 111, 112–13, 145; nova discoveries, 48, 56–57, 275, 287; photometric work, 22–23, 126–27, 274; presentations to astronomy meetings, 54, 55, 81, 275; publications, 37, 79, 126–27, 276; supervisory and editorial duties, 30, 90–91, 95–96, 101–2, 105, 145; variable star discoveries, 48, 56–57, 59, 60–61, 111, 112–13, 125–26, 145, 287; work routines and methods, 25–26, 47–48, 89–94, 95–96, 125–27
Forum for International Problems, 249
Fowler, Ralph, 207
Fowler, William, 259
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, 23–24, 239
Fraunhofer lines, 23–25, 34, 282
temperature and, 206–8
width indicators, 101, 144, 157, 194
See also Draper classification; spectral analysis and classification
Frost, Edwin, 137, 144, 164
Furness, Caroline, 149, 166, 198, 287
galaxies and galactic theories, 184–88, 189–90, 204–6, 262, 282
Galileo, 56
Gaposchkin, Cecilia Payne. See Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia
Gaposchkin, Sergei, 240–42, 245, 249, 250–51, 278
general relativity, 185
Gerasimovič, Boris, 219, 239, 287
Germany and German astronomers, 156–57, 163–64, 173, 195, 223–24, 238, 240
See also Astronomische Gesellschaft; specific individuals and observatories
Gerrish, Willard Peabody, 42, 69–70, 168, 196, 244, 287
