p. 171 With Medicus’s support Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, The New Yorker, 6 October 1945, p. 39.
p. 172 ‘Bunny gave me’ Yves Pourcher, Pierre Laval vu par sa fille d’après ses carnets intimes, Paris: Le Cherche-Midi, 2002, p. 218.
p. 173 The American Hospital’s board ‘Minutes of a Special Meeting of the Board of Governors of the American Hospital of Paris’, 13 February 1941, Archives of the American Hospital of Paris, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.
p. 173 ‘Another hospital year … I report with’ ‘Report of the First Vice-President, March 20th, 1941’, Archives of the American Hospital of Paris, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.
Chapter Seventeen: Time to Go?
p. 174 ‘had a higher opinion’ Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on his Notes and Diaries Made at the Time, London: Victor Gollancz, 1950, p. 42.
p. 174 ‘Please tell her not’ Clara Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen: The Story of My Life, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949, p. 165.
p. 174 ‘Why should the United States’ ‘American Wife of French General Sees No Reason U.S. Should Fight’, Cincinnati Times-Star, 3 October 1939, p. 1.
p. 175 ‘Extreme politeness was … A considerable number’ Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen, p. 150.
p. 175 On 15 April, the hospital’s Report of General Aldebert de Chambrun, Managing Director of the American Hospital of Paris, to the Board of Directors, 9 December 1944, p. 1, American Hospital of Paris Archives, American Hospital Reports: 1940–1944.
p. 175 ‘the same formula’ Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen, p. 166.
p. 175 Officially, the American Hospital Dorothy Lagard, American Hospital of Paris: A Century of Adventure, 1906–2006, Paris: Le Cherche-Midi, 2006, p. 51. (This is the official history of the hospital.) See also ‘Proposal to affiliate to French Red Cross’, at Meeting of the Board of Governors of the American Hospital of Paris, 4 April 1941, p. 2, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.
p. 176 ‘a cable was sent’ Letter from E. A. Sumner to Dr John Marshall, Rockefeller Foundation, 5 May 1941, American Library of Paris Archives, Box 9, File E.3.
p. 177 ‘When our popular directress’ Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen, p. 167.
p. 177 ‘Accordingly, here I was’ Ibid.
p. 177 ‘overcoats, mufflers and gloves’ ‘Our Library in Paris’, New York Times, 21 June 1945.
p. 177 ‘the individual designated’ Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen, p. 168.
p. 178 When Maynard Barnes ‘Embassy in Paris Gets a Phone Call’, New York Times, 26 August 1944, p. 5. ‘Caffery Thanks Aids Who Held U.S. Embassy’, New York Herald Tribune, 11 January 1945, p. 4. Mme Blanchard was assisted in maintaining the empty embassy by Pierre Bizet, the guardian; Georges Rivière, electrician; and Antoine Mertens, who took care of the ambassador’s residence in the avenue d’Iéna.
p. 178 After reporting to Ambassador Leahy Leahy, I Was There, p. 42. Leahy wrote, ‘The Germans had ordered our Embassy office in Paris to be closed, and Maynard Barnes, who had been in charge there since Bullitt’s departure after the Armistice, arrived in Vichy en route to the United States. I tried to search his mind, but found only that he had a higher opinion of Laval than prevailed generally. I got a fairly unfavorable opinion of Barnes, because he did not seem to be in full agreement with what the President was trying to do.’
p. 178 Close sailed to the United States Cable from Allan Arragon, Morgan and Cie., Châtel-Guyon, Puy de Dôme, to Nelson Dean Jay, New York, 7 May 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.
p. 178 ‘After the departure’ Longworth de Chambrun, Shadows Lengthen, p. 165.
p. 178 ‘accumulated and buried’ Leahy, I Was There, p. 41.
Chapter Eighteen: New Perils in Paris
p. 180 ‘I traveled to Vichy … stressed how greatly’ René de Chambrun, Pierre Laval: Traitor or Patriot?, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984, p. 68. See also Ralph Heinzen, ‘Laval and the United States, Laval and Communism, Scuttling of the Fleet–Montoire’, testimony in France during the German Occupation, 1940–1944: A Collection of 292 Statements on the Government of Maréchal Pétain and Pierre Laval, translated from the French by Philip W. Whitcomb, Palo Alto, CA: The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, vol. III, 1957, pp. 1601–3, for full details of the interview.
p. 180 ‘I have just received’ Letter from Sumner W. Jackson to Edward B. Close, 3 June 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941.
p. 181 Keeping his War Risk ‘Bulletin d’Entrée’, American Hospital of Paris document, 1 June 1940, Massachusetts General Hospital Archives, File: Sumner Jackson.
p. 181 ‘JAY MORGAN BANK’ Telegram from General de Chambrun to Nelson Dean Jay, 18 June 1940, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941.
p. 181 ‘practically all of the’ Letter from William Nelson Cromwell to Nelson Dean Jay, 20 June 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.
p. 181 ‘June deficit francs’ Morgan and Cie, Cable, 9 July 1941, 41/8882 to [Nelson Dean] Jay, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.
p. 182 ‘Since the hospital’ Letter from Max Shoop, Sullivan and Cromwell, to Nelson Dean Jay, J. P. Morgan and Company, 10 July 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.
p. 182 ‘His breathing was’ ‘Financial Crisis in 1935, Attempted Assassination at Versailles’, Statement of General Aldebert de Chambrun, France During the German Occupation, 1940–1944, vol. III, p. 1560.
p. 182 ‘He always paid’ ‘Memories of Laval, His Rescue of an Englishwoman’, Statement by Countess Clara Longworth de Chambrun, Ibid., p. 1362.
p. 183 ‘The car has left’ René de Chambrun, Pierre Laval: Traitor or Patriot?, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984, p. 69.
p. 183 ‘I don’t know’ ‘Financial Crisis in 1935, Attempted Assassination at Versailles’, Statement of General Aldebert de Chambrun, p. 1560.
p. 183 ‘a tough 21-year-old’ ‘Terrorism Cuts Both Ways’, Time, 8 September 1941.
p. 184 ‘I had taken a vow’ Yves Pourcher, Pierre Laval vu par sa fille, d’après ses carnets intimes, Paris: Le Cherche-Midi, pp. 228–9.
p. 184 ‘a haven for French’ ‘Our Library in Paris’, New York Times, 21 June 1945.
p. 184 On Memorial Day ‘Services Curtailed in Occupied France’, New York Times, 31 May 1941, p. 1.
p. 185 ‘We surely were’ Robert Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964, p. 109.
p. 185 One of the twelve Coster and some of the other vice-consuls spoke French, but none could speak Arabic. Lack of linguistic expertise in the field would be a recurring motif in OSS operations, as in those of its successor, the Central Intelligence Agency. Another theme that emerged early was the agency’s propensity for staging coups. Donovan almost immediately became involved in a misguided coup d’état attempt, when he set aside a secret fund of $50,000 to overthrow the Arab bey of Algiers and replace him with another chieftain who was pro-Allied. Murphy wrote, ‘Nothing would have enraged our French colleagues more than this kind of monkey business, or been more ruinous to our chances of obtaining the support of French military forces. As for fifty thousand dollars! Our whole operation in Africa had not cost that much over a period of many months.’ Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, p. 110. Donovan was saved from folly by the US naval attaché in Tangier, Marine Colonel William A. Eddy. Murphy wrote that Eddy ‘had grown up in the Middle East and was fluent in Arabic … and no American knew more about Arabs or about power politics in Africa’.
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br /> p. 185 ‘I did not know … I soon found’ Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on his Notes and Diaries Made at the Time, London: Victor Gollancz, 1950, p. 32.
p. 185 ‘found both the … Gift books are distributed … Since General de Chambrun’ Ralph Heinzen, dispatch of 16 September 1941, United Press, Paris via Air Mail, original typescript, p. 3, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Newspaper cuttings.
p. 186 Aldebert and Clara de Chambrun ‘Nazis Give Notice’, New York Times, 22 May 1941, p. 1. The paper reported, ‘There are approximately 2,000 [Americans] there.’
p. 187 ‘We have already’ … An order for Memorandum from General de Chambrun to Messrs Nelson Dean Jay and Edward B. Close, 6 November 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.
Chapter Nineteen: Utopia in Les Landes
p. 188 ‘Distribution of products’ Charles Emile Bedaux, ‘The American-Radical, Equivalism: The Revolt of the Consumer’, reprinted in The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugene Bedaux, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 301.
p. 189 In 1939, Bedaux Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, The New Yorker, 6 October 1945, p. 35.
p. 189 Hitler had since dismissed John Toland, Adolf Hitler, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1976, p. 508. Schacht’s criticism ceased when he was told that, far from being an unofficial pogrom, Kristallnacht had been contrived by Hitler and his subordinates.
p. 189 ‘Monsieur, are you’ Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, The New Yorker, 6 October 1945, p. 35.
p. 189 As Schacht continued Ibid.
p. 190 ‘This war will not’ Christy, The Price of Power, p. 203. Gaston Bedaux, La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux, privately published, Paris, 3 June 1959, p. 67; Gaston recalled that his brother said the same thing, but to the Prefect of Beauvais, M. Bussière.
p. 190 ‘He understood nothing’ Christy, The Price of Power, p. 220.
p. 190 Bedaux asked for authorization Roquefort cheese is made in Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in Aveyron.
p. 190 Roquefort lay inland Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, The New Yorker, 6 October 1945, p. 42.
p. 191 The Bedaux model Jim Christy’s and Janet Flanner’s assessments of Roquefort disagree. Christy wrote that Bedaux created ‘a prosperous, peaceful society, a haven of reason in a world gone mad’ (The Price of Power, p. 231). Flanner held that the brier business was not run on an equivalist basis at all and that the whole scheme died quickly (‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, p. 42). Yves Levant and Marc Nikitin went to Roquefort in 2004 to see what memories remained of the Bedaux experiment. They met five people who had worked at the paper mill. ‘They all remember the visit of the Bedaux engineers and the coming of C. E. Bedaux himself, as well as the setting up of the Bedaux pay system in the paper mill of Roquefort … On the other hand, none of these workers remembers any social project … It is therefore highly likely for us that the social aspect of his work had been for C. E. Bedaux but an alibi aimed at finding favour in the eyes of his close friends and of posterity’ (Yves Levant and Marc Nikitin, ‘Should Charles Eugene Bedaux be Revisited?’, Paper presented to the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Business Research Unit, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff, Wales, 14–15 September 2006, pp. 22–3).
p. 191 ‘sold lock, stock’ Christy, The Price of Power, p. 237.
p. 192 ‘the little nine-hole’ Robert Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors: Secret Decisions that Changed the World, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964, p. 180.
p. 192 ‘the roster of’ Christy, The Price of Power, p. 238.
p. 192 ‘let it be known’ ‘Paraphrase of Telegram, From: Vichy (Paris), To: The Secretary of State, 29 September 1941’, File Number 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100, Subject: Charles E. Bedaux, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
Chapter Twenty: To Resist, to Collaborate or to Endure
p. 193 ‘There were a few’ Sylvia Beach, Shakespeare and Company, London: Faber and Faber, 1960, p. 218.
p. 193 ‘young friend Violaine’ Letter from Sylvia Beach to Rev. Sylvester Beach, 27 February 1940, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 20, Folder 7.
p. 194 ‘very pure, truly’ Paul Valéry, ‘Discours sur Henri Bergson’, 9 January 1941, Reproduced at http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classiques_des_sciences_sociales/index.html.
p. 194 At Shakespeare and Company Françoise Bernheim was born on 24 July 1912.
p. 194 ‘I wasn’t on good’ Sylvia Beach, Interview with Niall Sheridan, Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach, documentary film on Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.
p. 195 While Rome burns … soon after the 15th’ Letter from Sylvia Beach to Carlotta Welles Briggs, 14 August 1941, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO 108, Box 58, Folder 16.
p. 195 ‘Food is missing’ Letter from Sylvia Beach to Adrienne Monnier, 25 August 1941, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 58, Folder 16. Original in French. My translation.
p. 196 The last letter Letter from Holly Beach Dennis to the Secretary of State, 21 October 1942, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 14, Folder 18. Holly wrote that the last letter she had received from Sylvia was in June 1940, but she must have meant June 1941. There are many letters in the Beach Papers at Princeton and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Austin, between the two sisters up to that date and one from Sylvia to Carlotta Briggs written on 14 August 1941.
p. 196 A parcel of clothing ‘Nazis Give Notice’, New York Times, 22 May 1941, p. 1. The paper wrote that the US Post Office stopped accepting parcels for France, ‘because the British censors were seizing all packages as contraband’.
p. 196 George Antheil, Ernest Hemingway Noel Riley Fitch, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1983, p. 404.
p. 196 At one of Candé’s Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, The New Yorker, 6 October 1945, p. 44.
p. 197 ‘I advanced the philosophy’ Jim Christy, The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugene Bedaux, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 235.
p. 197 ‘My idea was’ Ibid., p. 236.
p. 198 Janet Flanner wrote Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’, The New Yorker, 6 October 1945, p. 44.
p. 199 ‘Many people in Germany’ Christy, The Price of Power, pp. 239–40.
p. 199 His activities came ‘Memorandum for Mr. Tamm, Federal Bureau of Investigation’, from H. E. Kreisker, Commander, USNR, Office of Naval Intelligence, Washington, 15 December 1941, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100.
p. 199 ‘The Paris stock market’ Gerhard Heller, Un Allemand à Paris, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1981, p. 64.
p. 200 ‘let it be known’ ‘Paraphrase of Telegram, From: Vichy (Paris): To: The Secretary of State; Date September 29, 1941’, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100.
p. 200 ‘Mrs. Rogers stated’ ‘COMMENTS ON THE ALLEGED CURRENT ACTIVITIES OF MR CHARLES BEDAUX IN OCCUPIED FRANCE’, Department of State, Division of European Affairs, 24 November 1941, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100.
p. 200 ‘in Rome, Italy … He is a man’ Ibid., p. 2 of the memorandum.
p. 201 ‘Dear Mr. Hagerman … He wishes to return’ Letter from Charles E. Bedaux to W. E. Hagerman, Esq., 6 December 1941, United States National Archives, College Park, Maryland, File 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100, Number 65167.
p. 203 They went to Les Landes Cable from W. E. Hagerman, to Secretary of State, 16 Januar
y 1942, Confidential, ‘Whereabouts of Charles E. Bedaux, a naturalized American citizen’, File Number 130–Bedaux, C.E., Document 100-49901-08, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Hagerman received Bedaux’s letter on 31 December 1941.
Chapter Twenty-one: Enemy Aliens
p. 204 ‘was permitted to’ Ibid. The New York Times reported that Jackson came from Germantown, Pennsylvania, although he was from Maine. Pennsylvania had been his last workplace in the United States.
p. 204 Ninety-five of the internees Beate Husser, Le Camp de Royallieu à Compiègne: Etude historique, Paris: Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation, September 2001.
p. 204 The men were installed Ibid., p. 48.
p. 204 ‘He came to tell me’ Letter from René de Chambrun to New York, recipient’s name blocked out by the FBI, 31 May 1945, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, File provided under a Freedom of Information Act request and unnumbered. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.
p. 205 One week after the Nazis ‘3 Americans Taken from Paris’, New York Times, 24 December 1941, p. 3.
p. 205 A distinguished, 70-year-old Noel Riley Fitch, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation: A History of Literary Paris in the Twenties and Thirties, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1983, p. 404.
p. 205 ‘My German customers’ Sylvia Beach, Shakespeare and Company, Faber and Faber, London, 1960, p. 219.
p. 206 At Christmas, Sylvia Sylvia Beach Notebook, Christmas presents, 1940–1945, Sylvia Beach Papers, Princeton University Library, CO108, Box 22, Folder 6.
p. 206 ‘“Well,” I said … He came back’ Interview by Niall Sheridan with Sylvia Beach, Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach, documentary film on Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.
p. 207 ‘You ask me how’ Adrienne Monnier, ‘A Letter to Friends in the Free Zone’, originally published in Le Figaro Littéraire, February 1942, in Adrienne Monnier, The Very Rich Hours of Adrienne Monnier: An Intimate Portrait of the Literary and Artistic Life in Paris between the Wars, translated with introduction and commentaries by Richard McDougall, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976, p. 407.
Americans in Paris: Life & Death Under Nazi Occupation Page 49
