by Simon Schama
20 Norman Roth, ‘Anti-Converso Riots of the Fifteenth Century, Pulgar and the Inquisition’ (online, academia.edu.), 368ff; A. Mackay, ‘Popular Movements and Pogroms in Fifteenth-Century Castile’, Past and Present 55 (1972), 34.
21 On the racist implications of the Statute of Exclusion see John Edwards, ‘The beginning of a scientific theory of race? Spain 1450–1600’, in Yedida K. Stillman and Norman A. Stillman (eds), From Iberia to Diaspora: Studies in Sephardic History and Culture (Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 1999), 180–3.
22 Yovel, The Other Within, 145–7.
23 Ibid., 149–51.
24 Sed Rajna, ‘Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts’, 152–3. See the introduction by Bezalel Narkiss and Aliza Cohen-Mushlin to the facsimile Kennicott Bible (London, 1985); also Narkiss, Cohen-Mushlin and A. Tcherikover, Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts in the British Isles: Spanish and Portuguese Manuscripts, Vol. 1 (Jerusalem and Oxford, 1982), 153–9.
25 For the polemical freight of some of this bestiary see Marc Michael Epstein, Dreams of Subversion in Medieval Jewish Art and Literature (University Park, 1997), passim. Kogman-Appel, Jewish Book Art, 214, believes the cats and mice motifs may come from south German iconography.
26 The classic history of the Inquisition was Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (New York, 1906–7); see also Cecil Roth, Conversos, Inquisition and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (Madison, WI, 1995); Henry Kamen, Inquisition and Society in Spain (London, 1985). The great classic of modern historical literature, at once formidable in scholarship and deeply moving in literary force, is Haim Beinart, The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (trans. Jeffrey M. Green), (Oxford and Portland, OR, 2002).
27 Yovel, The Other Within, 162.
28 Benzion Netanyahu, Don Isaac Abravanel: Statesman and Philosopher, 5th edn (Ithaca and London, 1998), 26–41.
29 For the development of the expulsion decree, Maurice Kriegel, ‘The making of a decree’, Revue historique 260 (1978), 49–90; Beinart: Expulsion, 5–54, and ‘Order of the Expulsion from Spain, Antecedents, Causes and Textual Analysis’, in Gampel (ed.), Crisis and Creativity, 79–95.
30 Yovel, The Other Within, 179–80.
31 For the exit routes and the many ordeals involved in both uprooting from native towns and getting out of Spain by the deadline, see Beinart, Expulsion, passim.
32 Ibid., 523–4.
33 Francois Soyer, The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the end of Religious Tolerance (1496–7), (Leiden and Boston, 2007): on the children of Sao Tome, 130–1; on the seizure of the children and the forced conversion of the parents and other adults, 210–26.
34 José Chabás and Bernard R. Goldstein, ‘Abraham Zacuto: Supplemental Note for a Biography’, in Astronomy in the Iberian Peninsula (Darby, PA, 2000), 6–11.
35 Abraham Zacuto, The Book of Lineage or Sefer Yohassin (trans. and ed. Israel Shamir), (2005).
36 Israel Efros, The Problem of Space in Jewish Medieval Philosophy (New York, 1917).
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Aaron, 136, 370
Aaron of Lincoln, 304, 310, 316–17
Abaye, Rabbi, 226
Abdalrahman III, caliph of Al-Andalus, 259, 262, 270
abecedaries, 51–2, 82–3
Abraham: birthplace, 10; and abduction of Sarah, 64; journeyings, 66; covenant with YHWH, 111, 209; and sacrifice of son Isaac, 178, 195, 369
Abraham ben Yiju, 256
Abraham, Cresques, 375–8, 380–1, 386, 413
Abraham, Jafuda (later Jaume Ribes), 375–7, 381, 386, 418
Abraham of Kent, 318
Abravanel, Rabbi Isaac, 407, 410–11
Absalom, 48; Tomb of, 122–3
Abu Afaq, 238
Abu Bakr, 241
Abu Zikhri, 245
Abulafia, Samuel Halevi, 393
Aden, 231
Adiabene, Assyria, 159 Adon Olam (poem), 222
Aelia Capitolina, 167
Agrippa, 141–2
Ahab, king of Israel, 74
Aharoni, Y., 78
Ahasuerus, Persian king, 307
Ahibi (Alexandria merchant), 101
Aila, Gulf of (now Aqaba), 230
Akhenaten, pharaoh, 36
Akiva, Rabbi, 167, 299, 327
Albeneh, Jacob ibn, 395
Albert of Aachen, 297
Albright, William Foxwell, 72, 86
Alexander II, Pope, 296
Alexander of Aphrodisias, 339
Alexander the Great, 26, 89, 92, 94, 97
Alexander Jannaeus, Hasmonean king, 90, 115, 120, 123, 125–7
Alexander, Tiberius Julius, 99, 146, 157
Alexandria: Great Synagogue, 91, 100; attempted elephant atrocity against Jews, 92, 103; Jews in, 96, 100–1, 123, 157–8; Eleazar invited to, 97; pigeon-racing, 247; Halevi visits, 288, 290
Alfonso VI, king of Castile, 281
Alfonso X (‘the Wise’), king of Leon and Castile, 393
Algiers, 387
Alhambra, Granada, 278, 393
Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad, 240
Alice (Licoricia’s maid), 322
Alix, Countess of Blois, 293
Almeida, Francisco de, 421
Almohades, 278, 282, 329, 392
Almoravids, 278, 281–2, 328–9
Alypius, 216
Alytorus, 142, 144
Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, 335
Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 218
Ammani, Aharon al-, 288–90
Amon, king of Judah, 38–9 amoraim (sages), 221
amulets, 77; see also tefillin Ananiah bar Azariah, 19–21
Ananiah bar Haggai, 21
Ananus bar Ananus (priest), 147–9
Andalus, Al-, 259–64, 273, 278, 328–9, 403 angels, 163, 208 animals: sacrificed, 104–53
Antioch, 199, 203–7, 209, 212, 215, 294
Antiochus III, Seleucid emperor, 92, 111, 113, 124
Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Seleucid emperor, 88–9, 92, 108, 111–14, 118–19, 123–4, 158, 206
Antiochus VII, Seleucid emperor, 124
Antipater, 124, 129–31
Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, 182, 219
Antony, Marc, 132
Aphrodisias, Anatolia, 211
Apion (grammarian), 100, 157–8
Apollonius (finance minister), 107
Apollonius (Seleucid general), 114
Apries, pharaoh, 44
Aqaba see Aila Aqabiah ben Mehallel, 183
Arabia: Jewish presence, 231–6; Jews expelled, 241
Arabic language, 283–4
Arabs: public poetry, 237; civilised life in Spain, 279
Arad, northern Negev, 53; fortress, 15, 82, 83; stone temple, 76
Aramaic language: replaces Hebrew, 77
Aristeas, 96, 98
Aristobulus (Hyrcanus II’s brother), 129
Aristobulus of Paneas, 93
Aristotle, 97, 284, 336, 342, 352
Armleder riots (1338), 366–7
Arnold, Matthew, 88
Artabanus the Hyrcanian, 3
Artaxerxes, Persian king, 17, 29, 307
Asenath (Egyptian girl), 99, 117
Ashdod, 53
Asherah (Astarte; YWHW’s consort), 15, 35, 75
Ashkelon, 51, 109
Ashkenazi: women’s role, 312–13 Ashrei (poem), 222
Ashu (later Berakha), 256
Asideans, 115
Asma bint Marwan, 238
Assyria: destroys Israel, 4, 12, 35, 47; army felled by plague, 12, 39; besieges Jerusalem, 12; conflict with Babylonians, 42
Astarte see Asherah Atil (Khazar capital), 261, 265
Augustine of Hippo, St, 217, 296, 353
Augustus Caesar (Octavian), 131–2, 142
Avanyahu, 79
Ayn Musa (Well of Moses), 69–70
Ayyubid dynasty (Egypt), 335, 337
Azekah (citadel), 44, 80
Baal (Phoenician god), 39, 45, 72, 75
Babatha (Idumean woman), 168–9
Babylas, 205
Babylon: Bible writing, 10; destroys Temple in Jerusalem, 10–12; Jewish exile in, 10–11, 28, 35; conflict with Assyrians and Judah, 42–4; synagogues, 221
Babylonia, 223–8
Baddus, prince, 273
Baer, Yitzhak, 396
Bagazushta (Caspian in Elephantine), 20
Bahagavaya (Persian governor of Judaea), 25
Balaam, 124
Ball, John, 383
Banion, battle of (200 BCE), 111
Banu Aws clan, 239–40
Banu Nadir clan, 232, 239
Banu Qaynuka clan, 239
Banus (ascetic), 144
Barabbas, 140
Barcelona: disputation over Talmud, 355–61; Jews massacred, 385–6
Barkay, Gabriel, 77
Baron, Salo, 303
Barroso, Pedro Gómez, Archbishop of Seville, 383
Barry, Sir Charles, 63
Bartlett, R. H.: ‘Forty Days in the Desert on the Track of the Israelites’, 69
Baruch (Jeremiah’s secretary-scribe), 43
Baruch, Meir ben, of Rothenburg, 350
Bathenosh (wife of Lamech), 164
Becket, Thomas, 316
Bedford, Francis, 61
Beebee, Charlotte, 6
Beersheba, 82
Beit Alpha, 195–6
Beit Hamidrash, 194, 197, 221
Beit She’an (Scythopolis), 109, 121, 134, 192
Beit Shearim, 200, 207, 233
Belaset (of Lincoln), 310
Belaset (of Oxford), 315, 320
Belia (Chera’s daughter-in-law), 315, 318
Belial, 163, 344
Bell, Gertrude, 174
Bellette (daughter of Doulcea), 292, 311
Bellvivre, Luis de, 387
Belshazzar, king, 54
Ben Ezra synagogue, Fustat, Egypt, 241, 244, 253–4
Benedict XIII, Pope, 388
Benedict (Licoricia’s son), 324
Benedict (of York), 304, 306
Benjamin of Tiberias, 228
Benjamin of Tudela, 241, 291
Benveniste, Abraham de, 398
Berenice, sister of Agrippa II, 156
Bernaldez, Andres, 397, 412–13
Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 303
Bernays, Jacob, 93
Besant, Walter, 67
Bezalel, 136
Biale, David, 105
Bible (Hebrew): as record, 7, 10, 73, 76, 77–8; early form, 38; dating, 45, 47–8, 76; epic poems and fables, 46; later prophets, 47; tone of adversity, 48–9; language, 50; modern scholarly interpretation, 60–2, 72; Victorian interest in recovering, 61–2; translated into Greek, 95; as wisdom literature, 98; canon established, 137; and prophecy, 137; illuminated, 401–2
Birtles, Sergeant, 60
Black Death, 380
Blanche of Castile, wife of Louis VIII, 355
Blois, France, 293–4
Blood Libel, 309, 364–5, 390
Bnei Hazir tomb, 122
Boabdil (Abu Abdallah Muhammad), Moorish king of Granada, 408–9
Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva, 234
Book of Ahiqar (Persian Book of Wisdom), 23 Book of Astronomical Knowledge, 394
Borium (in Meghreb), 228
Braga, Isaac de, 401, 404, 415
Braga, Solomon de, 401–2
Breasted, James, 175
Bréauté, Fawkes de, 319
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 63
Bulan, Khazar king (king Sabriel), 265–6
Burckhardt, John Lewis: Travels in Syria and the Holy Land, 69
Burdett-Coutts, Angela, Baroness, 65–6 burial practices, 199–201
Bury St Edmunds, 307
Byzantine Empire: extent, 205; defeats Persians (mid-7th century), 266
Caesar, Julius, 131, 142
Caesarea Maritima, 132, 134–5, 141
Caesarius of Heisterbach, 364
Caiaphas (priest), 136
Cairo Geniza, Fustat, 241, 244–53, 255–8, 266, 288, 346–7
Caligula, Gaius, Roman emperor, 141–2, 157
Calixtus III, Pope, 400
Callinicum, 218
Cambyses II, king of the Medes and Persians, 10, 13, 25
Caminha, Alvara da, 413
Canaanites: and exodus, 72–4; sites, 82
Cantimpre, Thomas de, 364
Capsali, Elijah, 411, 416
Caracalla, Roman emperor, 182, 219
Carchemesh, battle of (605 BCE), 42
Carlyle, Thomas, 61
Cartaphilus, 326
Carter, Howard, 173
Cassius, 132
Cassius Dio, 147, 167
Castile: massacre of Jews, 385; civil war (1467), 399
Catalan Atlas, 374–9
Cervera Bible (Braga Bible), 401–3, 415
Chaldea, Mesopotamia, 10 chametz, 18
Charlecote, Thomas, 323
Charles V (‘the Wise’), king of France, 374
Charles VI (‘the Mad’), king of France, 374–6
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 310
Chera of Winchester, 315, 318 children: supposed killing by Jews, 293–4, 307; in mock crucifixions, 308–9
Christianity: and Jewish history, 6–21; and image of cross, 170; early building at Dura-Europos, 175; early relations with Judaism, 199; declared state religion of Roman Empire, 200, 211; separation from Judaism, 202, 207–12; followers observe Jewish rituals, 210; belief in supposed Jewish child killings, 292–5; persecution of Jews, 295–307; condemnation of Talmud, 353–7, 363, 388, 390; tolerance of Jews in society, 353; disputations with Jews, 355–63; medieval attempted conversion of Jews, 361–2; images, 372
Chronicles, Book of, 38–9, 54, 58, 217
Chrysostom, John, 203–7, 212–15, 218–20, 294, 366; Against the Jews, 206 circumcision, 109–10, 142, 157, 209–10, 217, 312, 364
Claudius, Roman emperor, 141–2, 156
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 154
Clermont, Council of (1095), 295 cohanim (priests), 87 coinage: first issued, 116–17; images, 170
Cologne, 301
Colonel, Ferran Perez see Seneor, Abraham Columbus, Christopher, 418
Conder, Claude, 67, 80
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor, 175, 211–12
Constantinople: falls to Ottoman Turks, 400
Constantius II, Roman emperor, 233
Copin (or Jopin, of Lincoln), 310
Corcos, Samuel see Viladesters, Mecia de Cordoba, 270, 282–3, 393, 403
Coruña, La, Spain, 401–2, 404 cosmetics: use and composition, 224–5
Cota family (of Toledo), 398
Creation: story, 46, 162, 164, 237; through letters, 372
Crescas, Rabbi Hasdai ben Abaham, 385–6, 420
Crespin, Benedict, 317 cross: as symbol, 170
Crusades, Crusaders, 282, 286, 292, 295, 297–300, 302, 308, 331, 333, 400
Cyrus the Great, Persian king, 11, 28–9, 47
Daniel, Book of, 54, 94, 149, 208, 220, 308
Daniel (prophet), 354
Daphne (Antioch suburb), 207
Darius, Persian king, 29 dates and date palms, 169–70
Da’ud, Ibrahim, 273
David, king of Israel: Lament of, 46; existence questioned, 78, 81, 99; slays Goliath, 80, 175, 181; Temple, 84; as supposed author of Psalms, 106; rivalry with priests, 125, 127; prefigures Naghrela, 275
David of Oxford, 317–22
Dead Sea: as commercial waterway, 134; proximity to Jerusalem, 137; see also Qumran Deborah, Song of, 46
Demetrius Nicator, 206
Demetrius the Numerologist, 98
Demetrius of Phaleron, 95–6
Demetrius, Seleucid emperor, 126–7
Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of, 63
Deuteronomy: on Jewish bondage in Egypt, 10; and Jewish temple at El
ephantine, 14; on right to divorce, 22; on Moses’ reading Torah publicly, 33; Book of, 39–40, 47, 162; word meaning, 41; injunctions, 53, 77, 82, 185; on Law of Moses, 71; Maimonides invokes, 328
Devonshire, William Cavendish, 7th Duke of, 63
Dhu Nuwas (or Yusef As’ar; Lord of the Curls), king of Himyar, 234–5 diadochi, 92
Diocaesarea see Sepphoris Diodorus Siculus, 167
Disraeli, Benjamin, 61 divorce, 22, 314, 320–1
Djebel Musa, 69
Djebel Serbal, 69 ‘Documentary Hypothesis’, 46
Dodds, Jerrilynn, 393
Dominican Order, 352, 362
Donin, Nicholas, 350, 352, 354–6
Dor, 109
Dorotheus, 90, 101
Dositheos, son of Drimylos, 100
Doulcea, wife of Eleazar bar Yehudah, 292, 311, 313–15, 320
Draper, Simon, 324 drunkenness, 89
Drusus, son of Tiberius, 141
Dunash ben Labrat, 267–71, 282
Dura-Europos (archaeological site), 173–5, 177–81, 189, 192, 194, 196
Ebionites, 208–9, 211
Ebiri, Abu Ishaq al, 277
Ecclesiastes, Book of, 92
Edward I, king of England, 322–5
Edward, Prince of Wales (later king Edward VII), 61
Egypt: Israelite exodus, 3–4, 11–12; Israelites return to, 4, 12–13; Israelite captivity in, 10–11; Jewish temple in, 13; Ezekiel threatens, 16; rebels against Persian occupation and Jewish settlers, 24; Jewish settlers and society in, 26–7, 35, 99–102, 129–30; Persians evicted, 26; battle against Josiah, 42; in battle of Megiddo, 42; Joseph’s authority in, 99; Halevi visits, 288–90; Maimonides in, 333–6, 346–8; under Fatimid rule, 334; Ayyubids rule, Egypt 335; epidemics and famine, 348; see also Elephantine Egypt (modern): attacks Israel (1973), 73 Ein Keiloheinu (poem), 222
Elah Fortress see Khirbet Qeiyafa Eldad the Danite, 261
Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I, 325
Eleanor of Provence, queen of Henry III, 325
Eleazar bar Jehudah, Rabbi (the Perfumer), 292, 311–14
Eleazar bar Nathan, Rabbi, 299
Eleazar bar Ya’ir, 300, 306
Eleazar (brother of Judas Maccabeus), 120
Eleazar, high priest of Jerusalem, 96–8, 106, 118, 199
Eleazar (Pharisee), 126
Eleazar, Zealot leader, 154–6
Elephantine (island), Egypt: Jewish settlers in, 4–9, 16–18, 21–4, 29; Temple of YHWH, 13, 100–1; religious observances, 15–18, 36; character, 18; women in, 22, 90; Temple destroyed and rebuilt, 25–6; Jewish settlers disappear, 27
Elieser, son of Yohanan ben Zakkai, 149
Elijah, 74
