by Simon Schama
Khaybar, 232, 239–42
Khazar kingdom, 260–1, 265–7
Khirbet Qeiyafa (now Elah Fortress), 79–86
Khnum (Egyptian god), 9, 14, 24
Khosrau II, Sassanian king, 228
Kidron Valley: rock cut tombs, 122
Kimche, David, 402
Kings, Book of, 38–9, 47, 54, 587
King’s Lynn, 305, 308
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert (later 1st Earl), 67 Kittim, 164 kokhim (burial niches), 123
Krokodopolis, Egypt, 91, 100
Ktesias (Egyptian police chief ), 90
Kuntillet Ajrud, 51–2, 75
Laborde, Léon de: Voyages de l’Arabie Petrée, 69
Lachish (fortress), 44, 51
Ladino language, 394, 410
Lamech (son of Methuselah), 164
Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, 319
Lateran Council, Fourth (1215), 319, 353
Leontopolis, Egypt, 100 Letter of Aristeas, The, 95–6
Levitas of Yavne, Rabbi, 184
Levites: chant psalms, 151
Leviticus: injunctions and Code of Holiness, 14, 28, 53, 82, 98, 101, 185, 328
Lewis, Agnes, 250
Liabanus, 206
Licoricia of Winchester, 292, 315, 318–22; murdered, 322–3
Lincoln, 310
Llull, Ramon, 388
Lopes, Jorge (formerly Jacob de Rua), 417
Louis I (the Pious), king of France, 297
Louis VII, king of France, 293, 302
Louis IX, St, king of France, 350–1, 354
Lucena, Andalusia, 280
Lucius Verus, Roman co-emperor, 174
Luna, Alvaro de, 398, 400
Lynn see King’s Lynn Lysimachus, 112
Ma’adanah (Jereboam II’s daughter), 79
Maccabees: and Christians, 199
Maccabees, Books of, 88–9, 92, 102–3, 104, 112–15, 117–22, 125–6, 162
Macdonald, Colour Sergeant James, 68, 71
Macedonius, 206
Maecenas (of Dura), 179
Magnesia, battle of (190 BCE), 111
Mahseiah bar Jedaniah, 22
Maimonides, Abraham (Moses’ son), 348
Maimonides, David (Moses’ brother), 337–9
Maimonides, David (Moses’ son), 348
Maimonides, Moses: travels and career, 251–2, 285, 327, 330–7; and death of brother David, 337–9; teachings and beliefs, 339–48; overwork and exhaustion, 347–8; French and Spanish rabbinical opposition to, 351–2, 380; Nahmanides on, 357; writes treatise on haemorrhoids, 364; The Causes of Symptoms, 347; Commentary on the Mishnah, 341; Epistle, 336–7; Guide to the Perplexed, 339–40, 342, 344, 348, 352, 357; Letter on Forced Conversion (Iggeret hashemad), 330; Mishneh Torah, 328, 331, 337, 342, 369; Sefer HaMada (Book of Knowledge), 342, 351
Mainz: Jews massacred, 299–301
Majorca (Mallorca), 374–5, 379–82, 386–7, 389–91
Malabar coast (India), 339, 421
Malchiah, son of Rechab, 30
Malebisse, Richard, 306–7
Manasseh, king of Judah, 15, 38–40, 47–8, 213, 294
Manetho (Egyptian priest- grammarian), 11, 99, 102, 158
Mankhazina, Jacob and Estrea, 417
Manuel I, king of Portugal, 415–16 manuscripts, illuminated, 367–71, 401–3 mappae mundi, 374–7; see also Catalan Atlas Marcellinus, Ammianus, 216
Marchana, Diego, 406
Marduk (Mesopotamian god), 10 marriage: at Elephantine, 18–22; and conjugal duties, 314, 320
Martial, 156, 161
Martinez, Ferran, 382–4
Marwab (Jewish warrior), 240
Mary, Virgin, 295
Masada, 154–6, 165
Maspero, Gaston, 6 massebot (standing stones), 76
Mastema (counter-Creator), 164
Mattathias (patriarch), 115, 119, 121–2
Matthew, St, 202, 363
Mauzi, 26
Mauziah (of Elephantine), 24
Maximus, Magnus, Roman emperor, 218
Mazar, Benjamin, 86 mazkr: meaning, 37
Mea Shearim (district), 59
Mecca (or Makka), 235 medicine, 262, 335
Medina see Yathrib Megara, 109
Megiddo, 74, 78; battle of (Armageddon), 42
Meir, Rabbi, 190
Meir of Rothenburg, Rabbi, 312, 368
Memphis, Egypt, 5, 12, 16
Menahem ibn Saruq, 259–63, 267–9, 282–3
Menelaus, 108, 112
Mereptah, pharaoh, 11
Mesha, king of the Moabites, 53
Meshullam bar Zaccur, 19–22
Mesopotomia, 4, 10, 48
Messiah: in Qumran scrolls, 166–7; expected appearance, 187, 286, 361; Maimonides on, 348; Nahmanides on, 358–9 mezuzah, 37, 96
Mibtahiah, ‘Lady’, 22
Michael (archangel), 163 micrography, 372–3, 401 midrash, 194, 203
Migdol, Egypt, 5
Milla, wife of Samuel, 320
Miriam bat Tanchum, 295
Miriam (Moses’ sister), 370, 413
Miriam, wife of Judanes, 169
Misgav, Haggai, 83
Mishnah: on dietary laws, 18; writing, 95; on circumcision, 110; origins, 128, 133, 183, 184; on images, 177, 190; prescriptions and ideals, 184–90, 224, 227, 257, 343; as supra-historical, 184; on women, 191; and Talmud, 194; and Beit Hamidrash, 197; names in, 198; commentary, 221; on husband and wife, 314; Maimonides’ commentary, 328, 336, 338, 341–4, 347, 351
Modi’in, 112, 119, 122
Modrzejewski, Joseph, 103
Moellin, Rabbi Jacob, 312 moneylending, 296, 315, 323
Montefiore family, 65
Montefiore, Sir Moses, 63
Montfort, Simon de, 323
Moriah, Mount, 195 mosaic, 182, 183, 190–7
Mosconi, Leon, 381
Moses: leads Israelites out of Egypt, 3; name, 11; legacy to Israelites, 14; law of, 32, 39–41, 45, 183, 209–10, 344, 350, 353; and reading, 33; and Josiah’s recovery of purity, 41; and Palestine Exploration Fund survey, 68, 69–71; death, 72; as lawgiver, 93; and Zipporah, 111; Josephus on, 160; pictured as infant in Dura synagogue, 178–80; barefoot at Burning Bush, 195; Paul repudiates, 209–10; images, 369
Moses of Bristol, 317
Moshe, Jeyuhda ibn, 394
Muhammad the Prophet: ascendancy, 232, 235; affinity with Jews, 235–6; rejected by Jews, 236–8; claims to have been in heaven, 237; represses Jewish opponents, 238–41
Mulk, ibn Sana al-, 335
Mumin, Abd al-, 328–9
Muriel, wife of David of Oxford, 318, 320–1, 323
Murphy, C. M., 174
Murray, John, 63
Musa, Mansa, ruler of Mali, 376
Naghrela, Shmuel ibn, 270–6, 278, 345
Naghrela, Yehosef ibn, 276–8
Nahmanides (Rabbi Moshe ben Nahman): disputation with Christians, 355–63, 367; Vikuah, 360, 362
Nahray ben Nissim, 245
Najran, 234–5
Naro see Hammam-Lif Nasrid dynasty (Spain), 278
Natanael, Halfon ibn, 289
Nathan, Samuel ben Abraham ibn, 401
Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 10, 12, 29, 35, 43
Necho II, pharaoh, 42
Nehemiah: as governor of Judah, 17; Book of, 27–8, 28, 30, 162; return to Jerusalem, 29–32, 33–4; and Jewish exclusivism, 35; and writing of Chronicles, 38; route of night ride, 58; as guardian of Temple flame, 115
Nehemiah (Babylonian exilarch), 228
Nephaina (son of Vidranga), 25
Nicaea, Council of (325 CE), 212
Nicanor, 120; Day of, 124
Nicholas V, Pope, 399
Nifoci, Isaac, 381, 386
Nile, river, 8–9; see also Egypt;
Elephantine Nittai the Arbelite, 183
Noah, 89, 164, 211
Numbers, Book of, 77, 104, 124, 167
Obadiah of Bertinoro, 241
Odo of Chateauroux, 354
Omr
i, king of Israel, 74
Onias (high priest), 100, 106–8, 110
Ophrit, Abraham ben, 395
Osea, 3, 5
Oseney Priory, 318
Ostia, 200
Ovadiah, Khazar king, 165
Oxford Castle, 318
Pablo Cristiani (Paul the Christian), 352, 355, 358–61
Palestine: religious observance, 19; photographed and publicised, 61, 71; surveyed, 66–7; ethnic unrest, 139–40; Zealotry and war of destruction, 139, 141; Maimondes visits, 331–3; under Crusader rule, 331, 333; Halevi travels to, 332
Palestine Exploration Fund, 60, 65–7, 72–3
Palmer, Edward, 68, 70–1, 84
Palmer, H. S., 68
Palmer, Johannes Ferdinand, 59 paper: early use, 248–9 papyri: at Elephantine, 6–7, 23, 117
Paris: Talmud condemned and burnt in, 349–51, 354, 356, 360–1
Paris, Matthew, 319, 326
Passion (of Christ), 365
Passover: at Elephantine, 16–18; Josiah celebrates, 40
Passover Haggadah, 176, 368–9, 371
Pathros, Egypt, 5, 12, 35
Paul, St: as government official, 128; on Torah, 186–7; dispute with Peter, 199, 209; confronts Elymas, 204; in Antioch, 205; teachings, 209–10; on circumcision, 217
Pedro IV (the Cruel), king of Castile, 392–3
Pelagia the Penitant Harlot, 205
Pelopsos, Peroqlos (Pericles), 145, 177
Penaforte, Raymond, 360, 362
Peni, Carlo, 68
Pentateuch: Spinoza on as historical document, 34
Pere IV (the Ceremonious), king of Aragon, 374–5, 380–1, 386
Pericles see Pelopsos Peroz, king of Persia, 223
Persia: overlordship in Egypt, 5, 24; power destroyed in Egypt, 26; and return of Jews to Jerusalem, 30; conflict with Greeks, 88; conquers Dura-Europos, 174; Babylonia, 223–5
Peter, St, 199, 209
Peter the Hermit, 295
Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 303, 353
Peterborough Cathedral, 316
Peton (son of Philoxenes), 90
Petrie, Charles Flinders, 6, 72
Petronius, 141, 156
Peu (husband of Mibtahiah), 22
Peytevin (brother of Muriel), 320–1
Pharaoh: in illuminated manuscripts, 370
Pharisees, 125–30, 137–8; dispute with Jesus of Nazareth, 202
Philip II (Philip Augustus), king of France, 303, 316
Philippa (niece of Seuthes), 101
Philistines, 82
Philo of Alexandria, 99, 110, 141, 157, 285, 294, 348
Philostorgius, 233
Phineas (or Pinehas), 119
Phoenicians: religion, 74–5 pigs: bones absent from Khirbet Qeiyafa, 82
Pilate, Pontius, 16
Pilti (child), 20–1
Pinheiro, Francisco de, 421
Plato, 93, 160, 284
Platonists, 159
Pliny the Elder, 137–8 poetry (Hebrew), 221–3, 269–72, 274, 279–86, 289–90
Polo, Marco, 375, 377, 379
Polybius, 111 polygamy, 169, 314
Pompey, Roman general, 129–31
Poppaea Sabina, wife of Nero, 142, 144, 158 pork: prohibition on eating, 82
Portugal, 414–19
Poti-Phar (or Pentephres), 99
Poulceline of Blois, 292–3, 315, 323 priests and priesthood, 106–7 prostration: as practice, 191
Psalms, Book of, 162
Psamtik I, pharaoh, 9
Ptolemaic empire, 92, 96
Ptolemais (port; later Acco), 109, 134
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 95–6, 98
Ptolemy III, 100
Ptolemy IV Philopator, 103
Purim (festival), 103, 219–20, 307, 397
Pythagoras, 93
Qasr el-abd (now Iraq al-Amir), 108
Qillir (poet), 222, 251
Quinn, James and Alexander, 63
Qumran: ascetic community, 137–9, 165, 208
Qumran Scrolls: dated, 77; discovered, 89; on Hasmonean dynasty, 121; contents, 162, 165–6; and astronomy and astrology, 197; pseudepigrapha, 237
Quran: on rabbis, 237
Qurayza clan, 239
Ra (Egyptian god), 10
Rachel, Mistress (of Mainz), 300
Raha, Plain of, 71
Rahaina, wife of Muhammad, 239
Ralph (saddler), 323
Ramat Rahel, 78
Rameses II, pharaoh, 11, 71
Ras Sufsafeh, 70
Rashi of Troyes see Solomon ben Isaac Rav Yehudah, 224
Rava (Talmudist), 226 reading: public and ceremonial, 32–4, 38–9, 87, 106, 222
Red Sea: crossing, 73; trade, 231
Reland, Adriaan: Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata, 69
Rhineland: Jews massacred, 295–6, 298–302, 327, 366
Ribes, Jaume see Abraham, Jafuda Richard I (the Lionheart), king of England, 303–5, 307, 315, 317–18
Richard II, king of England, 383
Richard of Devizes, 305
Richard, Duke of Cornwall, 310
Rintfleisch, ‘King’, 366
Rivalto, Giordano da, 366
Rivers, Richard Woodville, 3rd Earl of, 408
Robert of Bury, 309
Robinson, Edward, 60, 65, 66, 69;
Biblical Researches, 58, 62
Rome (ancient): destroys Jerusalem, 93, 148–53; defeats Antiochus III at Magnesia, 111; rise to power, 125; intervenes and dominates in Jerusalem, 130–2; imposes puppet kingdom on Israel, 131; in pacification operations, 140; soldiers provoke riots, 142–3; Zealot resistance to, 143–4, 147–8; depravations in Galilee and Jerusalem, 148; Jews in, 156; view of Jews and Judaism, 156–9, 182, 217; Jews expelled, 159; Jewish rebellions against, 166–70, 193; and Jewish burial, 199–201; adopts Christianity as state religion, 200, 211; Julian’s de-Christianising campaign, 215; suppresses paganism, 217; turns against Judaism, 220
Rostoftzeff, Michael, 175
Rothschild family, 65
Rua, Isaac and Velida de, 417
Rubin, Miri, 308
Ruthard, Bishop of Mainz, 299
Saadia the Gaon, 348; Beliefs and Opinions, 267–8
Saba, Rabbi Abraham, 415
Sabbath: observed at Elephantine, 16; as innovation, 106; in Qumran rules, 138; Tacitus discredits, 157; and behaviour, 188; Talmud treatise on, 227; in Mishneh, 343
Sabbathaios, 100
Sabriel, king see Bulan, Khazar king Saccarium Aaronis, 316 sacrifice: burnt, 26, 28, 40, 104; temple, 33, 104–5, 111, 195; child, 39, 48; animal, 40, 208; live, 93
Sadducees, 125, 129, 137, 149, 208
Safiyya, wife of Muhammad, 240
Sagrera, Guillermo, 387
Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub), 333, 344, 346
Salim ibn Umayr, 238
Samaria, 12, 35
Samaritans: Mount Gerizim temple, 123
Samson ben Tzadok, 312
Samson (Eliyahu’s friend), 56–7
Samuel: histories, 47
Samuel, Book of, 80, 224, 336; Lament of David, 46
Samuel (of Bristol), 309
Samuel (of Dura), 179
Samw’ayal ibn Adiya, 234
Sanballat the Horonite, 26, 30–1
Sanders, Seth, 50, 52
Santa Fe, Geronimo de (formerly Joshua Halorki), 384–5, 388, 396
Santa Maria, Pablo de (formerly Solomon Halevi), 384, 396
Santangel, Luis de, 404, 418 São Tomé (island), 413–14, 416
Sarah (Abraham’s wife), 46, 164
Sarajevo Haggadah, 369
Sardinia, 411
Sarit of Cologne, 292, 301
Sarmiento, Pero de, 398–9
Sassanians, 174, 205, 223–4, 227, 235
Saul, king of Israel: death, 46; rivalry with priests, 125
Saul (Toledo cantor), 395
Sayce, Archibald, 57
Schama, Arthur Osea (author’s father), 5, 202
&n
bsp; Schechter, Solomon, 250–1, 266
Schedia, Egypt, 100
Schick, Conrad, 57–60, 67
Scopas, 111
Scott, David: The Engineers and Machinists’ Assistant, 62 scrolls: as amulets, 77, 86, 89; and priest-ruler conflict, 127; used for early Talmud, 226
Scythopolis see Beit She’an seal impressions, 78–9
Seder ritual, 16, 211–12 Sefer Ahavah (Book of Love), 146 Sefer Hasidim, 312 Sefer Mikhlol, 402
Sefer Torah (plural Sifrei Torah), 87, 153–4, 395 Sefer Yetzirot (Book of Creation), 372, 421
Seleucid dynasty, 92, 103, 107, 111–13, 116, 206
Seleucus IV, Seleucid emperor, 112
Seleucus the Macedonian, 206
Seneca, 156, 158, 161
Seneor, Abraham (later Ferran Perez Colonel), 404, 407, 410–11
Seneor, Melamed, 411
Sennacherib, Assyrian king, 12, 54
Sephardim: leave Spain, 412–13
Sepphoris (Diocaesarea), 109, 134, 190, 192–6, 198, 201, 403
Septuagint, 90, 95 Serekh (book), 162
Seuthes, 101
Severus, Roman emperor, 182
Seville, 383–4, 403, 406 sex: strictures on, 314
Sha’arayim, 83
Shabahraz, general, 228
Shallun, son of Col-hozeh, 31
Shalomit, daughter of Zerubbabel, 79
Shammai, 132, 147, 149, 184, 227
Shaphan, 40
Shapur I, Sassanian Persian king, 174
Sharpe, Samuel, 69
Shawar, Egyptian vizier, 325
Sheba, queen of, 11
Shelamzion, daughter of Judanes, 169
Shelomam (Shelomo), 3, 4–6 shema, 90
Shemaiah, 26
Shephelah, 44, 83, 105
Sherira of Pumbedita, 184
Shushan Isaac ben, 395
Shushan, Joseph ben Meir, 392, 395 sicarii (robbers), 140, 154
Sicily, 411
Sifrei Torah see Sefer Torah Siloam, Pool of, 54, 56–7, 64, 76, 82
Silva, Roman general, 155
Simon bar Giora, 147–8, 153
Simon bar Kochba, 167–9
Simon bar Kosha, 167
Simon the Just, 106–7, 183
Simon Maccabeus, Hasan king, 119–22
Simon Stylites, 219
Sinai: surveyed, 66, 68
Sinai, Mount, 69, 71, 154
Sitjar (bandit), 387
Sixtus IV, Pope, 405
Slater, John, 57 slaves, 255
Smith, Eli, 58
Smith, William, 69; Dictionary of the Bible, 63, 66
Smith, William Robertson, 251
Socoh, 80
Solomon bar Abraham, Rabbi, 351–2, 357
Solomon bar Samson, 299–301
Solomon ben Isaac, Reb (Rashi), 297, 311, 350–1
Solomon, king of Israel: and queen of Sheba, 11; Temple, 15, 84, 86; wives, 41; in Hebrew Bible, 48; as writer of Song, 106; authorship of parts of Apocrypha, 121; rivalry with priests, 125, 127
