by Amy Chua
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25. On Brazil’s emerging racial consciousness, see Stephen Buckley, “Brazil’s Racial Awakening, Washington Post, June 11, 2000, p. A12; Andrew Downie, “Brazil creates race quotas to aid blacks,” Washington Times, August 28, 2001, p. A10; “I’m black, be fairer to me,” The Economist, October 20, 2001; and “Brazilian political movement aims to get blacks to take pride in their race,” NPR, All Things Considered, October 24, 2001.
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26. Anthony Faiola, “Peruvian Candidate Reflects New Indian Pride,” Washington Post, March 31, 2000, p. A1.
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27. Larry Rohter, “Bitter Indians Let Ecuador Know Fight Isn’t Over,” New York Times, January 27, 2000, p. A3, and “The Indians and the dollar,” The Economist, March 4, 2000.
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28. Paul Keller, “Natural-born rebel with a cause to stir,” Financial Times, February 2, 2002, p. 2, and Clifford Krauss, “Bolivia Makes Key Concessions to Indians,” New York Times, October 7, 2000, p. A8.
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Chapter 7
1. Roy Gutman, “Death Camp Horrors,” Newsday, October 18, 1992, p. 3.
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2. Bill Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p. 259.
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3. On anti-Russian policies in the former Soviet Union, see Jeff Chinn and Robert Kaiser, Russians as the New Minority (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), especially pp. 1–3, 12, and Gail W. Lapidus and Victor Zaslavsky, with Philip Goldman, From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), especially pp. 45–70. On the departure of Jews from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, see Tel Aviv University, “Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1999/2000: Former Soviet Union,” available at http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/fsu.htm. See also Jay Solomon, “Indonesia’s Chinese Move to Increase Civil Rights after a Decades-Long Ban on Political Activities,” Wall Street Journal, June 9, 1998, p. A14.
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4. My discussion of the recently deported Eritrean business community in Ethiopia draws heavily on Noah Benjamin Novogrodsky, “Identity Politics,” Boston Review, summer 1999, and Julia Stewart, “Ethiopian government under fire for deportation of Eritrean businessmen,” Birmingham Post, November 7, 1998. See also “Eritrean rights group claims Ethiopia intends to seize Eritreans’ property,” Agence France-Presse, March 1, 2000.
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5. Philip Gourevitch, We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families (New York: Picador USA, 1998), pp. 47–49, 55–56.
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6. Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full, p. 258, and Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), especially pp. 26–45.
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7. Gourevitch, We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families, pp. 58–60.
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8. Ibid., pp. 60–61, 64–65.
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9. Ibid., pp. 82, 89–92.
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10. Ibid., pp. 82–83, 85–88, 93.
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11. Ibid., pp. 100, 115.
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12. Ibid., p. 59.
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13. The population figures for Serbs and Croats in the former Yugoslavia are based on the 1981 census, as reported in Bruce McFarlane, Yugoslavia (London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 1988), p. 2. The economic figures from 1918 and 1930 are from Branka Prpa-Jovanovi´c, “The Making of Yugoslavia: 1830–1945,” in Jasminka Udoviÿcki and James Ridgeway, eds., Burn This House (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), p. 54.
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14. On the different cultural and religious roots of the north and south, see Hugh Poulton, The Balkans (London: Minority Rights Publications, 1991), pp. 7, 22–24, 34–35; Marcus Tanner, Croatia: A Nation Forged in War (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 29–40, 187, 192, 195–97; and Jasminka Udoviÿcki, “The Bonds and the Fault Lines,” in Udoviÿcki and Ridgeway, eds., Burn This House, pp. 14–21.
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15. Dijana Pleÿstina, Regional Development in Communist Yugoslavia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), p. xxi. The statistics on the stark economic, health, and educational disparities between north and south are from: Jack C. Fisher, Yugoslavia (San Francisco: Chandler Publishing, 1966), p. 72; United Nations, InfoNation, available at http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/infonation/e-infonation.htm; and the World Bank’s
“country at a glance” data, available at http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/aag/yug_aag.pdf.
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16. Stephen Engelberg, “Carving Out a Greater Serbia,” New York Times, September 1, 1991, p. 19. See also Pleÿstina, Regional Development in Communist Yugoslavia, pp. 13–58, 69–71.
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17. See Tim Judah, The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), chapters 8 and 9, especially pp. 165, 177.
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18. Johanna McGeary, “Face to Face with Evil,” Time, May 13, 1996, p. 46. See also Blaine Harden, “Serbian Leader in Firm Control Despite Protests,” Washington Post, March 10, 1992, p. A12, and Eric Margolis, “The End for Slobodan?” Ottawa Sun, July 19, 1999, p. 15.
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19. Richard Beeston, “Rape and Revenge,” The Times, December 17, 1992, and Laura Pitter, “Beaten and scarred for life in the Serbian ‘rape camps,’” South China Morning Post, December 27, 1992, p. 8.
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20. Engelberg, “Carving Out a Greater Serbia,” p. 19 (emphasis added).
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Chapter 8
1. Along with most China scholars, I assume here that the “Han” Chinese in China may be viewed appropriately as a single ethnic group, even though the category of “Han” is highly artificial. See, for example, John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1998), p. 23.
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2. On Singapore, see Joseph B. Tamney, The Struggle Over Singapore’s Soul (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1996), pp. 20, 96–103, 187. On Japan, see “Japanese Parliament Passes ‘Ainu’ Minority Rights Bill,” Agence France-Presse, May 8, 1997. On Taiwan, see Alan M. Wachman, Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 15–17.
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3. Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (2d ed.) (London: Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1965), pp. 85, 92–93, 115–23.
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4. Ibid., p. 131. On Chinese economic dominance in Thailand, see pp. 127–31, 139.
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5. Ibid., pp. 143–47, and David K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 254–55, 292.
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6. Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, pp. 134–40.
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7. G. Bruce Knecht, “Thais that Bind,” National Review, November 21, 1994, p. 58.
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8. Michael Vatikiotis, “Sino Chic,” Far Eastern Economic Review, January 11, 1996, pp. 22–23.
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Chapter 9
1. See “The Forbes Four Hundred,” September 27, 2001, available at http://www.forbes.com/2001/09/27/400.html.
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2. Thomas Babington Macaulay, “The People’s Charter” (May 3, 1842) in Miscellanies (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1900), volume 1, pp. 263–76. The quotes from Adam Smith, James Madison, and David Ricardo are from: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), book V, chapter I, part II, p. 23
2; James Madison, “Note to His Speech on the Right of Suffrage” (1821), in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), volume 3, pp. 450, 452; and Piero Sraffa, ed., The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, volume VII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), pp. 369–70.
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3. Claus Offe, Modernity and the State: East, West (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1996), p. 154. See also Adam Przeworski, “The Neoliberal Fallacy,” in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), p. 47.
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4. Forest McDonald, Novos Ordo Seclorum (Wichita: University Press of Kansas, 1985), p. 26; Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 280; and Robert J. Steinfeld, “Property and Suffrage in the Early American Republic,” Stanford Law Review 41 (1989): 335–76, especially p. 353. This chapter is based on an earlier article of mine. See Amy L. Chua, “The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy,” Harvard International Law Journal 41 (2000): 287–379, especially pp. 293–308.
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5. Regarding suffrage limits in England, see McDonald, Novos Ordo Seclorum, pp. 25–26. On France, see Henry W. Ehrmann and Martin A. Schain, Politics in France (5th ed.) (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 199–200. On Belgium, see Pierre van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon (New York: Elsevier, 1981), p. 202.
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6. Others have recently made this point. See, for example, Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), pp. 175–76, and John Gray, False Dawn (New York: New Press, 1998), pp. 17–18.
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7. Nancy Birdsall, “Population Growth,” Finance and Development, September 1984, pp. 10–14.
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8. Reuven Brenner, “Land of Opportunity,” Forbes, October 12, 1998, p. 66.
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9. Mark Barenberg, “Federalism and American Labor Law,” in Ingolf Pernice, ed., Harmonization of Legislation in Federal Systems (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1996), pp. 93, 110.
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10. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, The Breaking of the American Social Compact (New York: New Press, 1997), pp. 12, 92.
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11. C. V. Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 23, and James Oakes, The Ruling Race (London and New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), p. 234 (quoting a Georgia commissioner speaking before the Virginia secession convention).
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12. Oakes, The Ruling Race, p. 238 (quoting James S. Clark).
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13. Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, pp. 83–88. There is a large literature on the Jim Crow era in the United States. In addition to Woodward, works particularly relevant here include the classic W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Doubleday, 1956), and John W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
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14. Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, pp. 85, 111–12.
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15. See Gordon A. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 80–86, 119–24, 312, 470, 478, and Hajo Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1840–1945 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), pp. 374–83.
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16. These statistics about poverty and economic distress in Weimar Germany are from Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, pp. 435, 450–55, and Hans Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy, Elborg Forester and Larry Jones, trans. (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996) (1989), pp. 117–18. On the chronic housing shortage, see Richard Bessel, Germany after the First World War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 167–94.
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17. The figures regarding the Jewish economic position in Weimar Germany are based on: Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1995) (1971), p. 456; Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1840–1945, p. 279; and Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980), pp. 13–15.
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18. James Pool, Who Financed Hitler (New York: Pocket Books, 1997), pp. 63, 301–5.
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19. Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, 1840–1945, pp. 278–79, and Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, p. 16.
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20. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996), p. 40.
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21. See Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, p. 153; Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, pp. 284–85; and Pool, Who Financed Hitler, pp. xxxi, 79.
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22. See Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 113; Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p. 456; and Peter Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (rev. ed.) (London: Peter Halban Publishers, 1988), pp. 144–45. The quote from Martin Luther is from Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (rev. ed.) (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), volume 1, p. 16.
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23. On the rapid marketization during the Weimar period, see Bessel, Germany after the First World War, pp. 143, 164–65; Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, pp. 451–52; and Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy, pp. 116–18, 121, 125, 134. As to Weimar democratization, see Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, pp. 397, 416.
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24. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, p. 550.
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25. Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 85.
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26. See Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, pp. 550–51; Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy, pp. 345–47; Pool, Who Financed Hitler, pp. 107–14, 152, 301–5; and Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria, pp. 281–82. The quote regarding “National Socialist bread prices” is from Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, p. 550.
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27. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, pp. 633–37, 750.
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28. The statistics on Korean market dominance are from Heather MacDonald, “Their American Nightmare,” Washington Post, May 7, 1995, p. C1, and William Booth, “Mercy for the Motherland,” Washington Post, December 21, 1997, p. A1. On the black beauty products industry, see Philip Dine, “Blacks Resent Korean Competition,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 30, 1995, p. 1B.
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29. On the Flatbush boycott, see MacDonald, “Their American Nightmare,” p. C1. On the Los Angeles riots, see “Rebuilding South Central,” California Journal, July 1, 1997. For Norman Reide’s quote, see Wendell Jamieson, “Rev. Al’s Friend Pushed Boycotting Other Shops,” Daily News, December 14, 1995, p. 4. On the more recent firebombing in Washington, DC, see Petula Dvorak, “Boycotted Store is Firebombed,” Washington Post, December 1, 2000, p. B1.
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30. On the Crown Heights conflict, including the quote from Nancy Mere, see William Bunch, “Racial Rift Spills to City Hall Steps,” Newsday, August 27, 1991, p. 29. The anti-Jewish boycotts are discussed in Jamieson, “Rev. Al’s Friend Pushed Boycotting Other Shops,” p. 4.
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31. “Changing population in California, where whites are no longer the majority,” NPR, Talk of the Nation, June 18, 2001.
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Chapter 10
1. Population estimates for the Middle East vary considerably. My figure for the region’s total Arab population is a conservative one, based on the 1990 estimate reported in
Youssef M. Choueiri, Arab Nationalism: A History (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000), p. vii. The estimate for Israeli Jews is from the Israeli daily newspaper Ha’aretz, as of April 15, 2002. The estimates I use for the ethnic and religious breakdowns in specific Arab countries are from the CIA World Factbook.
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2. On the Berbers in North Africa, see “The Kabylie Erupts: Algeria’s Berbers Are Heard From,” The Estimate, May 4, 2001, and The Political Risk Services Group, “Berbers,” in Morocco Country Forecast: Political Framework, November 1, 2001, p. 28. On the Copts in Egypt, see Anthony McDermott, Egypt from Nasser to Mubarek: A Flawed Revolution (London: Croom Helm, 1988), pp. 185–86, and “Copts in Egypt,” The Economist, May 23, 1998, p. 42.
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3. For additional reading see Michael Herb, All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), and F. Gregory Gause, III, Oil Monarchies (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994).
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4. For different perspectives on Syria and Lebanon, see William L. Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994); William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997); and Kamal Salibi, A House of Many Mansions (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1988).
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5. Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), pp. 64–65. See also Yitzchok Adlerstein, “Israel’s Jewish Problem and the Archbishop of Canterbury,” Jewish Law Commentary, available at http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/archbishop.html.
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6. Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites, pp. 79–80, and Pierre L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1980), pp. 233–34.
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7. As reported in Ella Shohat, Israeli Cinema (Austin: University of Texas Press), p. 116.
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8. Yinon Cohen and Yitchak Haberfeld, “Second-generation Jewish immigrants in Israel: have the ethnic gaps in schooling and earnings declined?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (1998): 507–28, especially pp. 512–15.
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