and Washington, 198
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 139
Democratic Society of Pennsylvania, 163
demographic trends: and cultural changes, 3
and Native American populations, 123n56
and population growth, 2–4, 14, 45–46, 142–43, 164, 248, 315–20, 336–37, 701
and slavery, 509, 516, 523, 523n39
and western settlement, 357, 398. See also immigration
Demosthenes, 213
Denmark, 649
Dennie, Joseph, 178, 321–22, 355
Derby, Elias Hasket, 202, 623
Detroit, 679, 686
Dickinson, John, 26, 34–35, 40, 299, 517
Dictionary (Johnson), 716
Dictionary (Webster), 709
diet, 329, 361, 475
Directory, 239, 241–42
“Discourses on Davila” (Adams), 146, 151
disease, 368, 389, 390–91, 398, 726
dissemination of information, 479–81, 480
distilling, 135–36
district attorneys, 420
District of Columbia, 290. See also Washington, D. C.
District of Louisiana, 372
Ditcher, Jack, 535
divided government, 214
divorce laws, 497
Dodge, David Low, 696
Doggett, Simeon, 504
domestic insurrection, 265, 265n64
domestic livestock, 387
Dow, Lorenzo, 610, 618
Drake, Daniel, 327–28, 716–17, 727
Drayton, William Henry, 22, 401, 404–5
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 442
dress, 332, 342
Drinker, Elizabeth, 500
Duane, William, 258, 261, 299, 308, 426–27, 641, 666
due process, 250
dueling: and class divisions, 229, 327, 333–34
and Hamilton, 236–37, 274, 382–85
and honor codes, 159–60, 717
and Monroe, 236–38
and social reforms, 475
Duer, Kitty, 77
Duer, William, 117, 152–53, 233
Dummer, Jeremiah, 546
Dunlap, William, 570–71, 572–73
Durand, John, 564–65
duties of citizens, 7–8
Dwight, Theodore, 586
Dwight, Timothy: and the arts, 560–61
and conspiracy theories, 244–45
and gender issues, 501–2
and materialism, 355
and national identity, 39–40, 41
and popular suffrage, 305
and religion, 602, 616
D’Wolf, James, 682
East Florida, 7, 366, 368, 369
eating habits, 329
Eaton, William, 638, 639
economic development, 14, 18–19, 201–2, 426, 633, 644–45. See also trade and commerce
ecumenism, 584
Edgeworth, Maria, 569
Edinburgh Review, 689–90
education: and the arts, 556, 570
and civil society, 488
and class divisions, 23–24, 713
and common language, 48–50
and competition, 326
and democratic governance, 47
higher education, 472–74
and Jefferson’s legacy, 738
and nationalism, 42
and popular culture, 731–32
and public support, 460, 469–71, 471–74, 474–79
and religion, 594, 603–4, 615
and republican reforms, 471–74
and social consciousness, 29
and social mobility, 715–16, 716–17
and social reforms, 475
and social structure, 711
and Washington’s farewell address, 208
and women’s rights, 504–5
Edwards, Jonathan, 279, 603–4, 616
Edwards, Talmadge, 703
egalitarianism. See equality and egalitarianism
Eighth Amendment, 70
elective monarchy, 74–75
Electoral College, 209–10, 285, 532
Eleventh Amendment, 415
Ellsworth, Oliver: and congressional etiquette, 63
diplomatic missions, 414
and diplomatic missions, 273
and the federal judiciary, 408–9, 417
and the First Congress, 57
and monarchism, 84
and slavery, 525
emancipation, 519–20, 522
embargoes: and American industry, 702–3
and British goods, 194
and Hamilton, 302
and Jefferson, 533, 544, 647
and the Quasi-War, 245
and the War of 1812, 649–58, 657n104, 662, 664–65, 670, 676, 689, 693–94, 698
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 543
eminent domain, 464
Emmons, Nathanael, 43
empiricism, 726–28
England: and American cultural independence, 735
and common law, 404–6
cultural influence, 544, 548
French invasion of, 181–85
and the French Revolution, 177
and international commerce, 628–29
and Jefferson, 366
and monarchical power, 93
and republicanism, 8
and Saint-Domingue, 533
and social mobility, 715
and urbanization, 706. See also Great Britain
Enlightenment: and American culture, 544, 722–27
and benevolence, 12
and the Constitution, 37–38
and democratization, 4
and education, 716
end of, 735
and European customs, 48
and national identity, 40
and naturalism, 390
and ratification of the Constitution, 37
and religion, 579, 611
and republicanism, 470
and technological advance, 728, 730
entrepreneurship, 99, 103, 325–26, 353, 713–14
environment. See climate
epidemics, 389, 726
Episcopalians, 244, 585, 592, 605–6, 613, 726
equality and egalitarianism: Crèvecoeur on, 44–45
and Enlightenment principles, 4
influence of the Revolution, 320–24
and judicial reform, 425–32
and political engagement, 21
and political leadership, 330–32
and popular sovereignty, 20
and republicanism, 9–11
Shippen on, 6, 8
and slavery, 540–41
Erie Canal, 467
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 432
Erskine, David M., 664–65
espionage, 246–47
Essex decision, 640
Estates-General, 174
ethnicity, 39–40, 42, 336. See also racial issues
etiquette, 63–64, 76–77, 81, 83–84, 329
Europe. See specific countries
European Union, 7
Eustis, William, 673, 683
evangelical Christianity: and democratization, 594–602
and millennial beliefs, 582, 616–19
and political leadership, 590–91
and religion in government, 593
and religious syncretism, 611
and slavery, 606–7
and social structure, 611–15
and syncretic cultures, 600–601
Evans, Henry, 599
Evans, Oliver, 728–29
Evening Post, 308
Ewell, Thomas, 724
exceptionalism, 44, 543–44
excise taxes: and broad construction, 415–16
and Findley, 223
and Jefferson presidency, 293
and political parties, 172
resistance to, 170–71
and the War of 1812, 692
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 134–39
executions, 492, 636, 687
executive power
: Adams on, 214–15
and Article II, 72n66
and the Constitution, 32, 72–73
etiquette and protocol, 63–64, 76–77, 81, 83–84
and legislative encroachment, 246
and Madison, 185, 663
and military power, 196–97, 263
state executives, 72n65
and the War of 1812, 660
and Washington, 85–89
and the XYZ Affair, 242
expansionism, 357–59, 701. See also western settlement
expatriation, 248
extrajudicial opinions, 453–54
factories, 102, 702. See also industrialization
Fair Haven, Vermont, 227
Fairbanks, Benjamin, 262
Fallen Timbers, 130–31, 316
family structure, 340–42, 495–500, 502, 601–2
Farmer Boy (Bloomfield), 574
Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Philadelphia, 296
Farmers’ Exchange Bank of Gloucester, 297
Farmer’s Library, 228
farming. See agriculture A Father’s Legacy to His Daughters (Gregory), 498–99
Fauchet, Joseph, 198, 205
Fauquier, Francis, 10
federal appointments, 292. See also appointment powers
patronage
Federal City, 79–80, 289–91, 477
Federal Gazette, 571–72
Federal Hall, 56–57, 79–80
The Federalist: on democracy, 718
and excise taxes, 135
and Federal City, 289
and the federal judiciary, 428
and Hamilton, 27, 32, 33, 40, 90
and judicial authority, 451
and judicial review, 442, 445–46, 448
and Madison, 662
and national character, 103
and newspapers, 251
on political parties, 222
on presidential powers, 87
on western settlement, 114
Federalist Party: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 249, 250
and the Alien Friends Act, 260–61
and American diplomacy, 622
and Baltimore riots, 337–38
and banking, 293–94, 295
and bankruptcy laws, 416n44
and the Barbary Wars, 635–36, 637, 639
and the Bill of Rights, 66–69
and Burr, 383
and capital city proposals, 80–81
and carrying trade, 624–25
and civil society, 486
and class divisions, 216–17, 225–26, 228–29, 232–34, 352, 708–9, 713–14
and conflicts with France, 243–46
and corporate charters, 466
decline of, 276, 305–6, 312, 735
and Democratic-Republican Societies, 163
and diplomacy, 204
and elections, 211, 278, 280, 283, 285, 306
and the Embargo Act, 650, 655, 657
and executive power, 72–73
and the federal judiciary, 400, 409, 412–14, 417–20, 425
and federal patronage, 109–11, 110n33
and the First Congress, 56–57
and freed slaves, 542
and the French Revolution, 176, 177, 178
and the French Wars, 182, 187
and Hamilton-Adams feud, 274–75
High Federalists, 273, 274
and impressment conflict, 643
and industrial development, 100–101
and infrastructure programs, 485
internal divisions, 433
and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 155
Jefferson on, 168n72
and judicial reforms, 427–28
and judicial review, 452
and the Louisiana Purchase, 369, 372
and Madison, 33, 161, 683
and the market economy, 353
and military power, 195–96, 262–63, 266–67, 631
and monarchism, 53–54, 84
and Napoleon, 648
and national debt, 96–97
and nationalism, 104–5, 105–6, 301
and negative conceptions of democracy, 718–20
and neutral rights, 239
and newspapers, 252, 254–55, 256, 258
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665
opposition to, 35–36, 140–41
and partisanship, 268, 306–7
and patronage, 107, 300
and peace efforts with France, 273
and Peck, 225
and popular culture, 732
and population growth, 316, 318
and public ceremonies, 287–88
and public education, 474
and public opinion, 188, 203, 312
and religion, 596, 602, 610
and sectional conflict, 209
and sedition laws, 256–57, 260, 261–62, 309–10
and size of government, 302
and slavery, 231, 531–33, 535, 536–37
and social changes, 318, 321
and social hierarchy, 82
and the South, 527
and suffrage expansions, 303–4, 304–5
support for, 168
and technological advances, 730
and theater, 256
and trade issues, 193, 194–95, 197, 626, 627, 629, 668–69
and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201
and the War of 1812, 692–93, 694, 696
and Washington’s retirement, 207
and western settlement, 114–23
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136, 138–39
Felton, Silas, 713, 714
Fenno, John, 146, 150–52, 251, 254
Ferguson, Adam, 42
ferries, 483–84, 706–7
fertility rates, 315. See also population growth
Field, Robert, 567
Fielding, Henry, 550
Fifth Amendment, 70, 250, 271
fighting, 327–28
filibustering, 201, 384–85
Filson, John, 115
financial panics, 153
Findley, William: and Anti-Federalists, 35
and the arts, 561
and Brackenridge, 218–23
and class divisions, 217, 234, 253
and the Compensation Act, 720
and education, 715–16
and political office, 17
and religion, 594
First Amendment, 59, 70, 583, 587
fiscal-military state, 93–94, 101, 318, 737
Fitch, John, 483
Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 231–32
Fletcher v. Peck, 455, 456–57
Florida: and conflict with France, 265
and the Embargo Act, 654
and French influence, 186
and Jefferson, 644
and the Louisiana Purchase, 368–69
and Madison, 648
and the Nootka Sound controversy, 367
and roads, 481
and territorial disputes, 112
and the Treaty of Paris, 112
and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201, 366
and U.S. expansionism, 373–75
and the War of 1812, 661. See also East Florida
West Florida
flour mills, 729
folk culture, 48, 600–601, 727–28
foreign policy: and the Constitution, 32–33
and debt, 95–97
and the French wars, 184
and international commerce, 626–29
and Jefferson-Madison relationship, 148
and Madison, 272
and separation of powers, 89
and Washington’s farewell address, 208
Fort Clatsop, 380
Fort Dearborn, 677
Fort Erie, 684
Fort Finney, 126
Fort George, 684, 685
Fort Mackinac, 677
Fort Malden, 677–79, 686
Fort McHenry, 691–92
Fort McIntosh, 126
Fort Miami, 130–31
Fort Mims, 686
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br /> Fort Niagara, 685
Fort Washington, 129
Foster, Hannah Webster, 501, 566–67
Founding Fathers, 3, 721. See also specific individuals
Fourteenth Amendment, 70n56
Fourth Amendment, 70, 656
Fourth of July celebrations, 80, 307, 469, 541–42, 631, 719–20
Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, 548
France: and Adams’ peace efforts, 272–75
and Battle of Austerlitz, 621–22
and Battle of the Nile, 271
and Battle of Trafalgar, 645–46
conflicts with, 246
cultural influence, 548
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 71–72, 174
and the Embargo Act, 652, 654, 656
and European conflicts, 181–85, 247, 620, 640
and the Floridas, 374
French language, 49
French National Assembly, 174, 176
French National Convention, 50
and impressment, 642
and international commerce, 639, 646
and Jefferson, 204
and neutral rights, 239–40, 622–23
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 664–70
and the Nootka Sound controversy, 367
and slavery, 533
and territorial disputes, 113
and threats against the U.S., 266–67
and trade and commerce, 623
Versailles court, 5–6
and the War of 1812, 671, 688. See also French and Indian War
French Revolution
franchise, 302. See also suffrage
voting
franking privileges, 332
Franklin, Benjamin: and Adams, 272
and American exceptionalism, 44
and the Barbary Wars, 639
and class divisions, 24, 28, 226–27, 709, 716
death of, 713
and Findley, 218
and Freemasonry, 51
and the French Revolution, 176
and the Great Seal, 554
and international commerce, 192
and market economics, 324
and monarchical power, 84
and newspapers, 251
and Philadelphia, 143
and public service, 25, 26–27
and religion, 585, 589
and the sciences, 544
and social changes, 318, 499, 711, 713–15
and Washington presidency, 74
Franklin Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, 717
free speech, 310, 591
free trade, 197. See also neutral shipping rights
freedom of religion, 609–10
Freemasonry, 50–52, 477, 489, 555, 590
French and Indian War, 164
French Revolution: and Age of Reason, 200
American reaction to, 174–77
and class divisions, 228
and Democratic-Republican Societies, 162, 163
and the Federalist Party, 243
and immigration, 142–43
and military power, 620–21
and newspapers, 254, 255
and religion, 245, 592
and slavery, 200–201, 533
and social changes in the U.S., 318
and student riots, 344
and theater, 255–56
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