Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815

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Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 Page 97

by Gordon S. Wood


  and Washington, 198

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 139

  Democratic Society of Pennsylvania, 163

  demographic trends: and cultural changes, 3

  and Native American populations, 123n56

  and population growth, 2–4, 14, 45–46, 142–43, 164, 248, 315–20, 336–37, 701

  and slavery, 509, 516, 523, 523n39

  and western settlement, 357, 398. See also immigration

  Demosthenes, 213

  Denmark, 649

  Dennie, Joseph, 178, 321–22, 355

  Derby, Elias Hasket, 202, 623

  Detroit, 679, 686

  Dickinson, John, 26, 34–35, 40, 299, 517

  Dictionary (Johnson), 716

  Dictionary (Webster), 709

  diet, 329, 361, 475

  Directory, 239, 241–42

  “Discourses on Davila” (Adams), 146, 151

  disease, 368, 389, 390–91, 398, 726

  dissemination of information, 479–81, 480

  distilling, 135–36

  district attorneys, 420

  District of Columbia, 290. See also Washington, D. C.

  District of Louisiana, 372

  Ditcher, Jack, 535

  divided government, 214

  divorce laws, 497

  Dodge, David Low, 696

  Doggett, Simeon, 504

  domestic insurrection, 265, 265n64

  domestic livestock, 387

  Dow, Lorenzo, 610, 618

  Drake, Daniel, 327–28, 716–17, 727

  Drayton, William Henry, 22, 401, 404–5

  Dred Scott v. Sandford, 442

  dress, 332, 342

  Drinker, Elizabeth, 500

  Duane, William, 258, 261, 299, 308, 426–27, 641, 666

  due process, 250

  dueling: and class divisions, 229, 327, 333–34

  and Hamilton, 236–37, 274, 382–85

  and honor codes, 159–60, 717

  and Monroe, 236–38

  and social reforms, 475

  Duer, Kitty, 77

  Duer, William, 117, 152–53, 233

  Dummer, Jeremiah, 546

  Dunlap, William, 570–71, 572–73

  Durand, John, 564–65

  duties of citizens, 7–8

  Dwight, Theodore, 586

  Dwight, Timothy: and the arts, 560–61

  and conspiracy theories, 244–45

  and gender issues, 501–2

  and materialism, 355

  and national identity, 39–40, 41

  and popular suffrage, 305

  and religion, 602, 616

  D’Wolf, James, 682

  East Florida, 7, 366, 368, 369

  eating habits, 329

  Eaton, William, 638, 639

  economic development, 14, 18–19, 201–2, 426, 633, 644–45. See also trade and commerce

  ecumenism, 584

  Edgeworth, Maria, 569

  Edinburgh Review, 689–90

  education: and the arts, 556, 570

  and civil society, 488

  and class divisions, 23–24, 713

  and common language, 48–50

  and competition, 326

  and democratic governance, 47

  higher education, 472–74

  and Jefferson’s legacy, 738

  and nationalism, 42

  and popular culture, 731–32

  and public support, 460, 469–71, 471–74, 474–79

  and religion, 594, 603–4, 615

  and republican reforms, 471–74

  and social consciousness, 29

  and social mobility, 715–16, 716–17

  and social reforms, 475

  and social structure, 711

  and Washington’s farewell address, 208

  and women’s rights, 504–5

  Edwards, Jonathan, 279, 603–4, 616

  Edwards, Talmadge, 703

  egalitarianism. See equality and egalitarianism

  Eighth Amendment, 70

  elective monarchy, 74–75

  Electoral College, 209–10, 285, 532

  Eleventh Amendment, 415

  Ellsworth, Oliver: and congressional etiquette, 63

  diplomatic missions, 414

  and diplomatic missions, 273

  and the federal judiciary, 408–9, 417

  and the First Congress, 57

  and monarchism, 84

  and slavery, 525

  emancipation, 519–20, 522

  embargoes: and American industry, 702–3

  and British goods, 194

  and Hamilton, 302

  and Jefferson, 533, 544, 647

  and the Quasi-War, 245

  and the War of 1812, 649–58, 657n104, 662, 664–65, 670, 676, 689, 693–94, 698

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 543

  eminent domain, 464

  Emmons, Nathanael, 43

  empiricism, 726–28

  England: and American cultural independence, 735

  and common law, 404–6

  cultural influence, 544, 548

  French invasion of, 181–85

  and the French Revolution, 177

  and international commerce, 628–29

  and Jefferson, 366

  and monarchical power, 93

  and republicanism, 8

  and Saint-Domingue, 533

  and social mobility, 715

  and urbanization, 706. See also Great Britain

  Enlightenment: and American culture, 544, 722–27

  and benevolence, 12

  and the Constitution, 37–38

  and democratization, 4

  and education, 716

  end of, 735

  and European customs, 48

  and national identity, 40

  and naturalism, 390

  and ratification of the Constitution, 37

  and religion, 579, 611

  and republicanism, 470

  and technological advance, 728, 730

  entrepreneurship, 99, 103, 325–26, 353, 713–14

  environment. See climate

  epidemics, 389, 726

  Episcopalians, 244, 585, 592, 605–6, 613, 726

  equality and egalitarianism: Crèvecoeur on, 44–45

  and Enlightenment principles, 4

  influence of the Revolution, 320–24

  and judicial reform, 425–32

  and political engagement, 21

  and political leadership, 330–32

  and popular sovereignty, 20

  and republicanism, 9–11

  Shippen on, 6, 8

  and slavery, 540–41

  Erie Canal, 467

  Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 432

  Erskine, David M., 664–65

  espionage, 246–47

  Essex decision, 640

  Estates-General, 174

  ethnicity, 39–40, 42, 336. See also racial issues

  etiquette, 63–64, 76–77, 81, 83–84, 329

  Europe. See specific countries

  European Union, 7

  Eustis, William, 673, 683

  evangelical Christianity: and democratization, 594–602

  and millennial beliefs, 582, 616–19

  and political leadership, 590–91

  and religion in government, 593

  and religious syncretism, 611

  and slavery, 606–7

  and social structure, 611–15

  and syncretic cultures, 600–601

  Evans, Henry, 599

  Evans, Oliver, 728–29

  Evening Post, 308

  Ewell, Thomas, 724

  exceptionalism, 44, 543–44

  excise taxes: and broad construction, 415–16

  and Findley, 223

  and Jefferson presidency, 293

  and political parties, 172

  resistance to, 170–71

  and the War of 1812, 692

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 134–39

  executions, 492, 636, 687

  executive power
: Adams on, 214–15

  and Article II, 72n66

  and the Constitution, 32, 72–73

  etiquette and protocol, 63–64, 76–77, 81, 83–84

  and legislative encroachment, 246

  and Madison, 185, 663

  and military power, 196–97, 263

  state executives, 72n65

  and the War of 1812, 660

  and Washington, 85–89

  and the XYZ Affair, 242

  expansionism, 357–59, 701. See also western settlement

  expatriation, 248

  extrajudicial opinions, 453–54

  factories, 102, 702. See also industrialization

  Fair Haven, Vermont, 227

  Fairbanks, Benjamin, 262

  Fallen Timbers, 130–31, 316

  family structure, 340–42, 495–500, 502, 601–2

  Farmer Boy (Bloomfield), 574

  Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Philadelphia, 296

  Farmers’ Exchange Bank of Gloucester, 297

  Farmer’s Library, 228

  farming. See agriculture A Father’s Legacy to His Daughters (Gregory), 498–99

  Fauchet, Joseph, 198, 205

  Fauquier, Francis, 10

  federal appointments, 292. See also appointment powers

  patronage

  Federal City, 79–80, 289–91, 477

  Federal Gazette, 571–72

  Federal Hall, 56–57, 79–80

  The Federalist: on democracy, 718

  and excise taxes, 135

  and Federal City, 289

  and the federal judiciary, 428

  and Hamilton, 27, 32, 33, 40, 90

  and judicial authority, 451

  and judicial review, 442, 445–46, 448

  and Madison, 662

  and national character, 103

  and newspapers, 251

  on political parties, 222

  on presidential powers, 87

  on western settlement, 114

  Federalist Party: and the Alien and Sedition Acts, 249, 250

  and the Alien Friends Act, 260–61

  and American diplomacy, 622

  and Baltimore riots, 337–38

  and banking, 293–94, 295

  and bankruptcy laws, 416n44

  and the Barbary Wars, 635–36, 637, 639

  and the Bill of Rights, 66–69

  and Burr, 383

  and capital city proposals, 80–81

  and carrying trade, 624–25

  and civil society, 486

  and class divisions, 216–17, 225–26, 228–29, 232–34, 352, 708–9, 713–14

  and conflicts with France, 243–46

  and corporate charters, 466

  decline of, 276, 305–6, 312, 735

  and Democratic-Republican Societies, 163

  and diplomacy, 204

  and elections, 211, 278, 280, 283, 285, 306

  and the Embargo Act, 650, 655, 657

  and executive power, 72–73

  and the federal judiciary, 400, 409, 412–14, 417–20, 425

  and federal patronage, 109–11, 110n33

  and the First Congress, 56–57

  and freed slaves, 542

  and the French Revolution, 176, 177, 178

  and the French Wars, 182, 187

  and Hamilton-Adams feud, 274–75

  High Federalists, 273, 274

  and impressment conflict, 643

  and industrial development, 100–101

  and infrastructure programs, 485

  internal divisions, 433

  and Jefferson-Hamilton conflict, 155

  Jefferson on, 168n72

  and judicial reforms, 427–28

  and judicial review, 452

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 369, 372

  and Madison, 33, 161, 683

  and the market economy, 353

  and military power, 195–96, 262–63, 266–67, 631

  and monarchism, 53–54, 84

  and Napoleon, 648

  and national debt, 96–97

  and nationalism, 104–5, 105–6, 301

  and negative conceptions of democracy, 718–20

  and neutral rights, 239

  and newspapers, 252, 254–55, 256, 258

  and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665

  opposition to, 35–36, 140–41

  and partisanship, 268, 306–7

  and patronage, 107, 300

  and peace efforts with France, 273

  and Peck, 225

  and popular culture, 732

  and population growth, 316, 318

  and public ceremonies, 287–88

  and public education, 474

  and public opinion, 188, 203, 312

  and religion, 596, 602, 610

  and sectional conflict, 209

  and sedition laws, 256–57, 260, 261–62, 309–10

  and size of government, 302

  and slavery, 231, 531–33, 535, 536–37

  and social changes, 318, 321

  and social hierarchy, 82

  and the South, 527

  and suffrage expansions, 303–4, 304–5

  support for, 168

  and technological advances, 730

  and theater, 256

  and trade issues, 193, 194–95, 197, 626, 627, 629, 668–69

  and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201

  and the War of 1812, 692–93, 694, 696

  and Washington’s retirement, 207

  and western settlement, 114–23

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 136, 138–39

  Felton, Silas, 713, 714

  Fenno, John, 146, 150–52, 251, 254

  Ferguson, Adam, 42

  ferries, 483–84, 706–7

  fertility rates, 315. See also population growth

  Field, Robert, 567

  Fielding, Henry, 550

  Fifth Amendment, 70, 250, 271

  fighting, 327–28

  filibustering, 201, 384–85

  Filson, John, 115

  financial panics, 153

  Findley, William: and Anti-Federalists, 35

  and the arts, 561

  and Brackenridge, 218–23

  and class divisions, 217, 234, 253

  and the Compensation Act, 720

  and education, 715–16

  and political office, 17

  and religion, 594

  First Amendment, 59, 70, 583, 587

  fiscal-military state, 93–94, 101, 318, 737

  Fitch, John, 483

  Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 231–32

  Fletcher v. Peck, 455, 456–57

  Florida: and conflict with France, 265

  and the Embargo Act, 654

  and French influence, 186

  and Jefferson, 644

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 368–69

  and Madison, 648

  and the Nootka Sound controversy, 367

  and roads, 481

  and territorial disputes, 112

  and the Treaty of Paris, 112

  and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201, 366

  and U.S. expansionism, 373–75

  and the War of 1812, 661. See also East Florida

  West Florida

  flour mills, 729

  folk culture, 48, 600–601, 727–28

  foreign policy: and the Constitution, 32–33

  and debt, 95–97

  and the French wars, 184

  and international commerce, 626–29

  and Jefferson-Madison relationship, 148

  and Madison, 272

  and separation of powers, 89

  and Washington’s farewell address, 208

  Fort Clatsop, 380

  Fort Dearborn, 677

  Fort Erie, 684

  Fort Finney, 126

  Fort George, 684, 685

  Fort Mackinac, 677

  Fort Malden, 677–79, 686

  Fort McHenry, 691–92

  Fort McIntosh, 126

  Fort Miami, 130–31

  Fort Mims, 686
<
br />   Fort Niagara, 685

  Fort Washington, 129

  Foster, Hannah Webster, 501, 566–67

  Founding Fathers, 3, 721. See also specific individuals

  Fourteenth Amendment, 70n56

  Fourth Amendment, 70, 656

  Fourth of July celebrations, 80, 307, 469, 541–42, 631, 719–20

  Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, 548

  France: and Adams’ peace efforts, 272–75

  and Battle of Austerlitz, 621–22

  and Battle of the Nile, 271

  and Battle of Trafalgar, 645–46

  conflicts with, 246

  cultural influence, 548

  Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 71–72, 174

  and the Embargo Act, 652, 654, 656

  and European conflicts, 181–85, 247, 620, 640

  and the Floridas, 374

  French language, 49

  French National Assembly, 174, 176

  French National Convention, 50

  and impressment, 642

  and international commerce, 639, 646

  and Jefferson, 204

  and neutral rights, 239–40, 622–23

  and the Non-Intercourse Act, 664–70

  and the Nootka Sound controversy, 367

  and slavery, 533

  and territorial disputes, 113

  and threats against the U.S., 266–67

  and trade and commerce, 623

  Versailles court, 5–6

  and the War of 1812, 671, 688. See also French and Indian War

  French Revolution

  franchise, 302. See also suffrage

  voting

  franking privileges, 332

  Franklin, Benjamin: and Adams, 272

  and American exceptionalism, 44

  and the Barbary Wars, 639

  and class divisions, 24, 28, 226–27, 709, 716

  death of, 713

  and Findley, 218

  and Freemasonry, 51

  and the French Revolution, 176

  and the Great Seal, 554

  and international commerce, 192

  and market economics, 324

  and monarchical power, 84

  and newspapers, 251

  and Philadelphia, 143

  and public service, 25, 26–27

  and religion, 585, 589

  and the sciences, 544

  and social changes, 318, 499, 711, 713–15

  and Washington presidency, 74

  Franklin Society for the Suppression of Intemperance, 717

  free speech, 310, 591

  free trade, 197. See also neutral shipping rights

  freedom of religion, 609–10

  Freemasonry, 50–52, 477, 489, 555, 590

  French and Indian War, 164

  French Revolution: and Age of Reason, 200

  American reaction to, 174–77

  and class divisions, 228

  and Democratic-Republican Societies, 162, 163

  and the Federalist Party, 243

  and immigration, 142–43

  and military power, 620–21

  and newspapers, 254, 255

  and religion, 245, 592

  and slavery, 200–201, 533

  and social changes in the U.S., 318

  and student riots, 344

  and theater, 255–56

 

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