Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815

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Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 Page 102

by Gordon S. Wood


  Rittenhouse, David, 46

  roads, 265, 361, 479–85, 706–7

  Robertson, William, 388

  Robespierre, Maximilien, 427

  Robinson, William, 464

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 499

  Robison, John, 244

  Rocky Mountains, 380

  Roman Catholic Church, 337, 549, 591–93

  Roman culture, 557–58

  Rome-Geneva turnpike, 482

  Root, Jesse, 430, 457

  Ross, James, 242

  Ross, Robert, 690, 691

  Rossie (privateer), 682

  Rothenberg, Winifred Barr, 323, 324n23

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 178, 560

  Rowson, Susanna, 341–42, 500, 569

  Royal Navy, 241, 640, 641–44

  Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolution of Empires (Volney), 552, 720–21

  Rule of 1756, 624, 640

  Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 545

  Rumsey, James, 483

  rural development, 318, 626. See also infrastructure development

  rural manufacturing, 703–4, 706

  Rush, Benjamin: and alcohol, 340

  and American culture, 544

  and American exceptionalism, 50

  and the arts, 549

  and civil society, 485, 487

  and class divisions, 234

  and criticisms of republicanism, 14

  and education, 472

  and female sexuality, 342

  and free speech, 310

  and the Lewis and Clark expedition, 377, 380

  and medicine, 725–26

  and monarchical republicanism, 54–55

  and national identity, 643

  and penal reform, 492, 494

  and popular culture, 731

  and the postal service, 478, 479

  and public education, 470, 473, 474–75

  and ratification of the Constitution, 36–37

  and religion, 587

  and rights of man, 21

  and slavery, 518–19

  and social changes, 354

  and urban renewal, 390

  and women’s rights, 504

  Rush, Richard, 659–60, 697–98

  Russell, Jonathan, 695

  Russia, 621, 684, 695

  Rutledge, John, 411, 532

  Sacagawea, 379, 380

  Saint-Domingue (Haiti), 142–43, 201, 264, 367, 373, 529, 533–34, 537

  Salmagundi (Irving), 631

  Sampson, William, 301

  Santo Domingo, 260

  Savage, Joseph, 31

  Schuyler, Philip, 57

  sciences, 544–45, 722–27, 728–30

  Scioto Company, 117, 120

  Scotland, 328

  Scott, Winfield, 674

  Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants: and the arts, 575

  and class divisions, 218

  and Findley, 17

  and Jackson, 327

  and political refugees, 252n31

  and religion, 337, 605, 607

  and the Republican Party, 167–68

  volume of, 39

  sea island planters, 527

  Sears, Isaac, 21, 28

  secessionist movements, 198, 267–68, 371, 668, 693

  Second Amendment, 70

  Second Coming of Christ, 616–17

  Second Great Awakening, 576, 582, 591, 602–4

  Second Vatican Council, 592

  sectional conflict: and class divisions, 353–54

  and the Federalist Party, 313

  and infrastructure, 482

  and political parties, 164–73, 209

  and role of government, 155

  and slavery, 531–32

  and value of labor, 733

  and wealth inequality, 712

  secularization, 11

  Sedgwick, Catharine, 496, 715

  Sedgwick, Theodore: and class divisions, 231–32

  and the 1800 election, 283

  and Marshall appointment, 435–36

  and military power, 263

  and party politics, 306

  and public opinion, 312

  and roads, 481

  Sedition Act: and class issues, 309

  and constitutional issues, 145, 270

  enforcement of, 260–62, 308

  and the Federalist Party, 247

  and judicial review, 433, 435

  lapse of, 291

  and Marshall, 435

  and nullification, 271

  and press suppression, 259–60

  and the Republican Party, 267–68

  seditious libel, 258–60, 309, 418

  seizure of ships, 239–40, 640–41, 646, 647, 649, 660

  self-governance, 356

  self-improvement societies, 489

  self-interest, 107, 329–30, 355

  Selfridge, Thomas O., 334

  seminaries, 615

  Separate Baptists, 609

  separation of church and state, 578, 587, 588–89, 592–93

  separation of powers, 32–34, 88–89, 453, 458

  separatist movements, 115, 305, 370, 688

  Seven Years’ War, 113, 620–21, 624

  Seventh Amendment, 409

  Seventh Congress, 288–89

  Seybert, Adam, 672

  Shaftesbury (Lord), 12, 550

  Shakers, 582, 595, 598, 601–2, 611

  Shakespeare, William, 562

  Sharp, Granville, 521

  Shawnee Indians, 123, 126, 129, 675–76

  Shays’s Rebellion, 111, 148, 180

  She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), 562

  Sheffield, John Holroyd, Earl of, 634

  Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 574

  Sherman, Roger, 26–27, 57, 577

  Shippen, Edward, 494

  Shippen, Thomas Lee, 5–8, 23, 43–44

  Short, William, 74, 395n88

  short-staple cotton, 528

  Shoshone Indians, 380

  The Signing of the Declaration of Independence (Trumbull), 553

  Silsbee, Nathaniel, 202

  Silvester, Peter, 60

  Sioux Indians, 378

  Six Nations, 123

  Sixth Amendment, 409

  Slater, Samuel, 702–3

  slavery: and abolitionism, 143, 518–19, 541

  and alcohol consumption, 339

  and American exceptionalism, 45

  background of, 508–14

  and the Barbary States, 639, 696–97

  and class divisions, 231, 353–54

  and the Constitution, 37

  and the Declaration of Independence, 9–10

  and the Deep South, 524–27

  and demographic changes, 509, 516, 523, 523n39

  and diffusionist arguments, 522–23

  and the 1800 election, 279

  and the federal judiciary, 409

  and Findley, 223

  and freed slaves, 521–22, 537–41

  and fugitive slave laws, 538, 599

  and geographic distribution, 515–17

  and gradual emancipation, 519–20, 522

  and importation of slaves, 512

  and indentured servitude, 346–47

  and Jefferson, 277, 514–15

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 370

  and manumission, 373, 522–23, 526, 538

  and national capital negotiations, 143

  and the New World, 508–14

  and nullification, 269–70

  and Orleans Territory, 373

  and Philadelphia, 143

  and political implications, 531–33

  and racism, 541–42

  and religion, 598–600, 605–6

  and the Republican party, 165–66

  and republicanism, 4

  and Saint-Domingue, 367–68

  and sectional conflict, 165, 733–35, 735–38

  and slave rebellions, 201, 264, 367–68, 529, 533–34, 534–37

  and the slave trade, 523–24

  social acceptance of, 517–19

&
nbsp; and social reforms, 475

  and social structure, 365, 514, 517, 529–31, 711–12

  and southern agriculture, 527–29

  and southern aristocracy, 2–3

  and the three-fifths clause, 694

  weakening of, 519–23

  and western settlement, 359, 361–62, 364–65

  smallpox, 398

  Smith, Adam, 12, 24, 42, 96, 230–31, 716

  Smith, E. H., 521

  Smith, Elias, 601, 608, 617, 718

  Smith, Joseph, 317, 611

  Smith, Melancton, 23, 26, 35

  Smith, Robert, 299, 654, 663, 666

  Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 43, 285, 343, 582–83, 666

  Smith, Sydney, 543

  Smith, William Loughton, 194, 233, 503–4, 707

  smuggling, 656, 676, 689, 693, 695, 703

  Snyder, Simon, 331–32, 427

  Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (SEUM), 102

  Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others in North America, 490

  Society of Artists, 563, 569, 574

  Society of Cincinnati, 79, 108–9

  Society of Fine Arts, 568

  Society of Social Enquirers, 713

  Socrates and Jesus Compared (Priestley), 587

  Solemn Review of the Custom of War (Worcester), 696

  Sons of Liberty, 561

  South America, 265, 509, 623

  South Carolina: and electoral representation, 530

  and federal courts, 408

  and federal patronage, 110

  and the First Congress, 57

  and population growth, 164

  and presidential elections, 212

  and religion, 583, 591

  and sectional conflict, 165

  and slavery, 509–13, 518, 520, 523, 523n39, 524–25, 526–27

  and state debts, 141

  South County, Rhode Island, 516

  Southern Republicans, 171, 255, 267–71, 627

  Southwest: and Britain, 133

  and elections, 529–30

  and embargoes, 656

  and filibustering, 382

  and frontier culture, 328

  and Native Americans, 125, 133, 398, 687

  and Northwest Ordinance, 122

  and religion, 597

  and settlers, 361

  and slavery, 200–201, 359, 361, 523, 528–29

  and social structure, 364–66, 530

  and Spain, 15, 113, 186

  and the War of 1812, 687

  sovereignty: and Democratic-Republican Societies, 163

  and Hamilton, 145

  and impressment conflict, 641–42, 643–44

  and international commerce, 630

  and judicial review, 450

  legislative, 406–8

  parliamentary, 406

  and states’ rights, 467

  and trade disputes, 667–68

  and the War of 1812, 697

  Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 444

  Spain: and the Embargo Act, 654

  and the Floridas, 648

  and international commerce, 639

  and Mississippi River trade, 15

  and Native Americans, 131

  and neutral shipping, 622

  and the Nootka Sound controversy, 366–67

  and the Southwest, 15, 113, 186

  and territorial disputes, 112–13, 113–14

  and trade and commerce, 623

  and the trans-Appalachian West, 112

  and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201

  and U.S. expansionism, 358

  Spanish Conspiracy, 113–14

  special interests, 329–30

  specie, 294, 295

  Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 159

  spoils system, 110n33

  squatters, 120–21, 126, 359

  St. Albans, Vermont, 655

  St. Clair, Arthur, 129

  St. Louis, 358

  St. Méry, Médéric Louis Elie Moreau de, 260

  Stamp Act of 1765, 136

  standing armies: and the Constitutional Convention, 111

  and the Federalist Party, 419

  Gallatin on, 246

  Hamilton on, 195, 265

  Jefferson on, 292

  Madison on, 138, 196–97

  and monarchical power, 189, 277

  and the Northwest, 130

  Randolph on, 423

  and the Republican Party, 653

  and republicanism, 7, 172

  Taylor on, 267

  and the Third Amendment, 70

  and the Whigs, 94, 149

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 263

  Staples, Seth, 454

  “The Star-Spangled Banner,” 691

  state banks, 293–94, 295–96, 297, 692

  state constitutions, 47, 401, 408, 460, 471

  state debts, 141, 143, 156

  state law, 417–18

  state legislatures: and Burr, 282

  and common law, 431

  and the Constitution, 31, 32, 33–34

  and the Embargo Act, 657

  and the federal judiciary, 401–2

  and the judiciary, 403, 415, 429–30, 443, 455

  and legal reforms, 405

  and local interests, 17

  Madison on, 269

  and partisan conflict, 269

  and republican idealism, 16–19

  state militias, 293, 680, 693

  state sovereignty, 414

  states’ debts, 95–97

  states’ rights: and the Bill of Rights, 69–70

  and the federal judiciary, 409n25

  and Findley, 223

  and the Jeffersonian revolution, 291

  and the Louisiana Purchase, 371

  and Native American policy, 127, 129

  and nullification, 269–70

  and republicanism, 467–68

  States’ Rights Principles of 1798, 375

  Statute for Religious Freedom, 578

  steam engines, 729

  steamboats, 483

  Steele, John, 110

  Steele, Richard, 550

  Stiles, Ezra, 17, 45, 394, 547

  Stoddard, Benjamin, 245–46, 273

  Stone, Barton, 608, 610

  Story, Joseph, 432, 434, 437–38, 454, 456, 463

  The Stranger in America (Janson), 321

  Strickland, William, 722–23

  strikes, 348–49

  Stuart, Gilbert, 569

  Stuart v. Laird, 440

  student protests, 343–45

  Sturgis, Stokely, 599

  submarines, 631–32, 651

  suffrage, 302–5, 330

  sugar cultivation, 367–68, 622

  suicide rates, 335

  Sullivan, James, 355–56, 431, 461, 463

  Sullivan, John, 392

  supremacy clause, 415, 456

  Supreme Court of Errors, 501

  Supreme Court Reports (Cranch), 454

  Svinin, Pavel, 572

  Swanwick, John, 297, 715

  Sweden, 192

  Swift, Jonathan, 93

  Swift, Zephaniah, 457

  Swift v. Tyson, 432

  Swiss cantons, 8

  Switzerland, 246

  “Syllabus of an Estimate on the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, compared with Those of Others” (Jefferson), 587

  Symmes, John Cleves, 117, 120, 362

  syncretic cultures, 512, 600

  Tableau du climat et du sol des états-Unis d’Amérique (A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America) (Volney), 394

  Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, prince de Bénévent, 89, 241–42, 247, 374

  Tammany Societies, 306

  Tappan, Benjamin, 54, 431

  Tappan, David, 244–45

  Tarhe (Wyandot Indian leader), 131

  tariffs, 18, 101–2, 170, 193, 735

  task system of labor, 513

  taxes and duties: and Articles of Confederation, 15–16

  and the Compens
ation Act, 719

  and customs duties, 134, 191, 193, 650, 665, 684

  and the Embargo Act, 653

  and excise taxes, 170–71

  and Findley, 223

  and Gallatin, 246

  and industrial development, 103

  and Jefferson presidency, 293

  and military power, 263

  and national debt, 141–42

  and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665

  and political parties, 172

  and public education, 474

  and Revolutionary War debt, 96

  and state taxes, 18

  and support of education, 460

  and war debts, 201–2

  and the War of 1812, 660, 671, 672–73, 684, 692

  and the Whiskey Rebellion, 134–39

  Taylor, John, 267–68, 291, 659, 671

  Taylor, Nathaniel William, 593

  technological advance, 618–19, 728–30

  Tecumseh, 675–76, 679, 686

  telegraph, 564

  temperance movements, 340, 475, 717

  Tennessee: and distilling, 339

  and electoral representation, 530

  and Mississippi River trade, 15

  and population growth, 316

  and presidential elections, 210

  and religion, 597

  and roads, 481

  and separatism, 385

  and slavery, 524, 526

  and statehood, 701

  and the War of 1812, 661

  and western settlement, 115

  Tennessee volunteers, 687

  Tenskwatawa, 675–76

  Tenth Amendment, 70–71, 144

  tenure of judges, 420–22

  Terrett v. Taylor, 463, 465

  Territory of New Orleans, 376

  Territory of Orleans, 372–73

  Teton Sioux, 378

  Tevis, Julia Anne Hieronymus, 691

  Texas, 371, 372

  textiles, 702–4, 705–6, 728–29

  theater, 179, 255–56, 559, 561, 570–71

  theology, 603. See also religion

  Third Amendment, 70

  Third Coalition, 621

  Thomson, Charles, 14, 555

  Thoughts on Government (Adams), 165–66, 213

  three-fifths clause, 532, 694

  Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 381n56

  Tidewater region, 526, 530, 734

  titles, 82, 84, 85

  tobacco cultivation, 165, 509, 513, 528

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 214, 251, 576, 614, 710, 717

  toll roads, 481–82

  Tompkins, Daniel, 331, 677, 680

  Tories, 10, 19, 93, 146

  Torpedo War and Submarine Explosions (Fulton), 632

  torpedoes, 631–32

  trade and commerce: and American diplomacy, 622–26

  and American manufacturing, 702–6

  and balance of foreign trade, 707

  and Canada, 676

  and carrying trade, 622–26, 639–46, 654, 706

  and competition, 325–29

  and corporate charters, 459–66

  and domestic trade, 706–8

  and the federal judiciary, 421, 431

  and international affairs, 626–29

  international commerce, 101–2, 189–92, 192–200, 202, 626–29

  and Jefferson-Madison relationship, 148

 

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