Rittenhouse, David, 46
roads, 265, 361, 479–85, 706–7
Robertson, William, 388
Robespierre, Maximilien, 427
Robinson, William, 464
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 499
Robison, John, 244
Rocky Mountains, 380
Roman Catholic Church, 337, 549, 591–93
Roman culture, 557–58
Rome-Geneva turnpike, 482
Root, Jesse, 430, 457
Ross, James, 242
Ross, Robert, 690, 691
Rossie (privateer), 682
Rothenberg, Winifred Barr, 323, 324n23
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 178, 560
Rowson, Susanna, 341–42, 500, 569
Royal Navy, 241, 640, 641–44
Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolution of Empires (Volney), 552, 720–21
Rule of 1756, 624, 640
Rumford, Benjamin, Graf von, 545
Rumsey, James, 483
rural development, 318, 626. See also infrastructure development
rural manufacturing, 703–4, 706
Rush, Benjamin: and alcohol, 340
and American culture, 544
and American exceptionalism, 50
and the arts, 549
and civil society, 485, 487
and class divisions, 234
and criticisms of republicanism, 14
and education, 472
and female sexuality, 342
and free speech, 310
and the Lewis and Clark expedition, 377, 380
and medicine, 725–26
and monarchical republicanism, 54–55
and national identity, 643
and penal reform, 492, 494
and popular culture, 731
and the postal service, 478, 479
and public education, 470, 473, 474–75
and ratification of the Constitution, 36–37
and religion, 587
and rights of man, 21
and slavery, 518–19
and social changes, 354
and urban renewal, 390
and women’s rights, 504
Rush, Richard, 659–60, 697–98
Russell, Jonathan, 695
Russia, 621, 684, 695
Rutledge, John, 411, 532
Sacagawea, 379, 380
Saint-Domingue (Haiti), 142–43, 201, 264, 367, 373, 529, 533–34, 537
Salmagundi (Irving), 631
Sampson, William, 301
Santo Domingo, 260
Savage, Joseph, 31
Schuyler, Philip, 57
sciences, 544–45, 722–27, 728–30
Scioto Company, 117, 120
Scotland, 328
Scott, Winfield, 674
Scottish and Scots-Irish immigrants: and the arts, 575
and class divisions, 218
and Findley, 17
and Jackson, 327
and political refugees, 252n31
and religion, 337, 605, 607
and the Republican Party, 167–68
volume of, 39
sea island planters, 527
Sears, Isaac, 21, 28
secessionist movements, 198, 267–68, 371, 668, 693
Second Amendment, 70
Second Coming of Christ, 616–17
Second Great Awakening, 576, 582, 591, 602–4
Second Vatican Council, 592
sectional conflict: and class divisions, 353–54
and the Federalist Party, 313
and infrastructure, 482
and political parties, 164–73, 209
and role of government, 155
and slavery, 531–32
and value of labor, 733
and wealth inequality, 712
secularization, 11
Sedgwick, Catharine, 496, 715
Sedgwick, Theodore: and class divisions, 231–32
and the 1800 election, 283
and Marshall appointment, 435–36
and military power, 263
and party politics, 306
and public opinion, 312
and roads, 481
Sedition Act: and class issues, 309
and constitutional issues, 145, 270
enforcement of, 260–62, 308
and the Federalist Party, 247
and judicial review, 433, 435
lapse of, 291
and Marshall, 435
and nullification, 271
and press suppression, 259–60
and the Republican Party, 267–68
seditious libel, 258–60, 309, 418
seizure of ships, 239–40, 640–41, 646, 647, 649, 660
self-governance, 356
self-improvement societies, 489
self-interest, 107, 329–30, 355
Selfridge, Thomas O., 334
seminaries, 615
Separate Baptists, 609
separation of church and state, 578, 587, 588–89, 592–93
separation of powers, 32–34, 88–89, 453, 458
separatist movements, 115, 305, 370, 688
Seven Years’ War, 113, 620–21, 624
Seventh Amendment, 409
Seventh Congress, 288–89
Seybert, Adam, 672
Shaftesbury (Lord), 12, 550
Shakers, 582, 595, 598, 601–2, 611
Shakespeare, William, 562
Sharp, Granville, 521
Shawnee Indians, 123, 126, 129, 675–76
Shays’s Rebellion, 111, 148, 180
She Stoops to Conquer (Goldsmith), 562
Sheffield, John Holroyd, Earl of, 634
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 574
Sherman, Roger, 26–27, 57, 577
Shippen, Edward, 494
Shippen, Thomas Lee, 5–8, 23, 43–44
Short, William, 74, 395n88
short-staple cotton, 528
Shoshone Indians, 380
The Signing of the Declaration of Independence (Trumbull), 553
Silsbee, Nathaniel, 202
Silvester, Peter, 60
Sioux Indians, 378
Six Nations, 123
Sixth Amendment, 409
Slater, Samuel, 702–3
slavery: and abolitionism, 143, 518–19, 541
and alcohol consumption, 339
and American exceptionalism, 45
background of, 508–14
and the Barbary States, 639, 696–97
and class divisions, 231, 353–54
and the Constitution, 37
and the Declaration of Independence, 9–10
and the Deep South, 524–27
and demographic changes, 509, 516, 523, 523n39
and diffusionist arguments, 522–23
and the 1800 election, 279
and the federal judiciary, 409
and Findley, 223
and freed slaves, 521–22, 537–41
and fugitive slave laws, 538, 599
and geographic distribution, 515–17
and gradual emancipation, 519–20, 522
and importation of slaves, 512
and indentured servitude, 346–47
and Jefferson, 277, 514–15
and the Louisiana Purchase, 370
and manumission, 373, 522–23, 526, 538
and national capital negotiations, 143
and the New World, 508–14
and nullification, 269–70
and Orleans Territory, 373
and Philadelphia, 143
and political implications, 531–33
and racism, 541–42
and religion, 598–600, 605–6
and the Republican party, 165–66
and republicanism, 4
and Saint-Domingue, 367–68
and sectional conflict, 165, 733–35, 735–38
and slave rebellions, 201, 264, 367–68, 529, 533–34, 534–37
and the slave trade, 523–24
social acceptance of, 517–19
&
nbsp; and social reforms, 475
and social structure, 365, 514, 517, 529–31, 711–12
and southern agriculture, 527–29
and southern aristocracy, 2–3
and the three-fifths clause, 694
weakening of, 519–23
and western settlement, 359, 361–62, 364–65
smallpox, 398
Smith, Adam, 12, 24, 42, 96, 230–31, 716
Smith, E. H., 521
Smith, Elias, 601, 608, 617, 718
Smith, Joseph, 317, 611
Smith, Melancton, 23, 26, 35
Smith, Robert, 299, 654, 663, 666
Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 43, 285, 343, 582–83, 666
Smith, Sydney, 543
Smith, William Loughton, 194, 233, 503–4, 707
smuggling, 656, 676, 689, 693, 695, 703
Snyder, Simon, 331–32, 427
Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (SEUM), 102
Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others in North America, 490
Society of Artists, 563, 569, 574
Society of Cincinnati, 79, 108–9
Society of Fine Arts, 568
Society of Social Enquirers, 713
Socrates and Jesus Compared (Priestley), 587
Solemn Review of the Custom of War (Worcester), 696
Sons of Liberty, 561
South America, 265, 509, 623
South Carolina: and electoral representation, 530
and federal courts, 408
and federal patronage, 110
and the First Congress, 57
and population growth, 164
and presidential elections, 212
and religion, 583, 591
and sectional conflict, 165
and slavery, 509–13, 518, 520, 523, 523n39, 524–25, 526–27
and state debts, 141
South County, Rhode Island, 516
Southern Republicans, 171, 255, 267–71, 627
Southwest: and Britain, 133
and elections, 529–30
and embargoes, 656
and filibustering, 382
and frontier culture, 328
and Native Americans, 125, 133, 398, 687
and Northwest Ordinance, 122
and religion, 597
and settlers, 361
and slavery, 200–201, 359, 361, 523, 528–29
and social structure, 364–66, 530
and Spain, 15, 113, 186
and the War of 1812, 687
sovereignty: and Democratic-Republican Societies, 163
and Hamilton, 145
and impressment conflict, 641–42, 643–44
and international commerce, 630
and judicial review, 450
legislative, 406–8
parliamentary, 406
and states’ rights, 467
and trade disputes, 667–68
and the War of 1812, 697
Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 444
Spain: and the Embargo Act, 654
and the Floridas, 648
and international commerce, 639
and Mississippi River trade, 15
and Native Americans, 131
and neutral shipping, 622
and the Nootka Sound controversy, 366–67
and the Southwest, 15, 113, 186
and territorial disputes, 112–13, 113–14
and trade and commerce, 623
and the trans-Appalachian West, 112
and the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 201
and U.S. expansionism, 358
Spanish Conspiracy, 113–14
special interests, 329–30
specie, 294, 295
Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 159
spoils system, 110n33
squatters, 120–21, 126, 359
St. Albans, Vermont, 655
St. Clair, Arthur, 129
St. Louis, 358
St. Méry, Médéric Louis Elie Moreau de, 260
Stamp Act of 1765, 136
standing armies: and the Constitutional Convention, 111
and the Federalist Party, 419
Gallatin on, 246
Hamilton on, 195, 265
Jefferson on, 292
Madison on, 138, 196–97
and monarchical power, 189, 277
and the Northwest, 130
Randolph on, 423
and the Republican Party, 653
and republicanism, 7, 172
Taylor on, 267
and the Third Amendment, 70
and the Whigs, 94, 149
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 263
Staples, Seth, 454
“The Star-Spangled Banner,” 691
state banks, 293–94, 295–96, 297, 692
state constitutions, 47, 401, 408, 460, 471
state debts, 141, 143, 156
state law, 417–18
state legislatures: and Burr, 282
and common law, 431
and the Constitution, 31, 32, 33–34
and the Embargo Act, 657
and the federal judiciary, 401–2
and the judiciary, 403, 415, 429–30, 443, 455
and legal reforms, 405
and local interests, 17
Madison on, 269
and partisan conflict, 269
and republican idealism, 16–19
state militias, 293, 680, 693
state sovereignty, 414
states’ debts, 95–97
states’ rights: and the Bill of Rights, 69–70
and the federal judiciary, 409n25
and Findley, 223
and the Jeffersonian revolution, 291
and the Louisiana Purchase, 371
and Native American policy, 127, 129
and nullification, 269–70
and republicanism, 467–68
States’ Rights Principles of 1798, 375
Statute for Religious Freedom, 578
steam engines, 729
steamboats, 483
Steele, John, 110
Steele, Richard, 550
Stiles, Ezra, 17, 45, 394, 547
Stoddard, Benjamin, 245–46, 273
Stone, Barton, 608, 610
Story, Joseph, 432, 434, 437–38, 454, 456, 463
The Stranger in America (Janson), 321
Strickland, William, 722–23
strikes, 348–49
Stuart, Gilbert, 569
Stuart v. Laird, 440
student protests, 343–45
Sturgis, Stokely, 599
submarines, 631–32, 651
suffrage, 302–5, 330
sugar cultivation, 367–68, 622
suicide rates, 335
Sullivan, James, 355–56, 431, 461, 463
Sullivan, John, 392
supremacy clause, 415, 456
Supreme Court of Errors, 501
Supreme Court Reports (Cranch), 454
Svinin, Pavel, 572
Swanwick, John, 297, 715
Sweden, 192
Swift, Jonathan, 93
Swift, Zephaniah, 457
Swift v. Tyson, 432
Swiss cantons, 8
Switzerland, 246
“Syllabus of an Estimate on the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, compared with Those of Others” (Jefferson), 587
Symmes, John Cleves, 117, 120, 362
syncretic cultures, 512, 600
Tableau du climat et du sol des états-Unis d’Amérique (A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America) (Volney), 394
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, prince de Bénévent, 89, 241–42, 247, 374
Tammany Societies, 306
Tappan, Benjamin, 54, 431
Tappan, David, 244–45
Tarhe (Wyandot Indian leader), 131
tariffs, 18, 101–2, 170, 193, 735
task system of labor, 513
taxes and duties: and Articles of Confederation, 15–16
and the Compens
ation Act, 719
and customs duties, 134, 191, 193, 650, 665, 684
and the Embargo Act, 653
and excise taxes, 170–71
and Findley, 223
and Gallatin, 246
and industrial development, 103
and Jefferson presidency, 293
and military power, 263
and national debt, 141–42
and the Non-Intercourse Act, 665
and political parties, 172
and public education, 474
and Revolutionary War debt, 96
and state taxes, 18
and support of education, 460
and war debts, 201–2
and the War of 1812, 660, 671, 672–73, 684, 692
and the Whiskey Rebellion, 134–39
Taylor, John, 267–68, 291, 659, 671
Taylor, Nathaniel William, 593
technological advance, 618–19, 728–30
Tecumseh, 675–76, 679, 686
telegraph, 564
temperance movements, 340, 475, 717
Tennessee: and distilling, 339
and electoral representation, 530
and Mississippi River trade, 15
and population growth, 316
and presidential elections, 210
and religion, 597
and roads, 481
and separatism, 385
and slavery, 524, 526
and statehood, 701
and the War of 1812, 661
and western settlement, 115
Tennessee volunteers, 687
Tenskwatawa, 675–76
Tenth Amendment, 70–71, 144
tenure of judges, 420–22
Terrett v. Taylor, 463, 465
Territory of New Orleans, 376
Territory of Orleans, 372–73
Teton Sioux, 378
Tevis, Julia Anne Hieronymus, 691
Texas, 371, 372
textiles, 702–4, 705–6, 728–29
theater, 179, 255–56, 559, 561, 570–71
theology, 603. See also religion
Third Amendment, 70
Third Coalition, 621
Thomson, Charles, 14, 555
Thoughts on Government (Adams), 165–66, 213
three-fifths clause, 532, 694
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 381n56
Tidewater region, 526, 530, 734
titles, 82, 84, 85
tobacco cultivation, 165, 509, 513, 528
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 214, 251, 576, 614, 710, 717
toll roads, 481–82
Tompkins, Daniel, 331, 677, 680
Tories, 10, 19, 93, 146
Torpedo War and Submarine Explosions (Fulton), 632
torpedoes, 631–32
trade and commerce: and American diplomacy, 622–26
and American manufacturing, 702–6
and balance of foreign trade, 707
and Canada, 676
and carrying trade, 622–26, 639–46, 654, 706
and competition, 325–29
and corporate charters, 459–66
and domestic trade, 706–8
and the federal judiciary, 421, 431
and international affairs, 626–29
international commerce, 101–2, 189–92, 192–200, 202, 626–29
and Jefferson-Madison relationship, 148
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