22 – Ibid.
23 – Marianne Sophia Rice to Louisa Rice, 1853, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/65.
24 – Caroline Cassandra Rice to Louisa Rice, 1853, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/184.
25 – FCK to Miss Chapman, 30 June 1853, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C109/54.
26 – Ibid.
27 – Godmersham Park was let to Carnegie Jervis,‘who succeeded his grandfather as 3rd Viscount St Vincent in 1859’. Nigel Nicolson, Godmersham Park, Kent: Before, During and Since Jane Austen’s Day (Chawton, Hants: The Jane Austen Society, 1996), 27.
28 – John Knight to CBK, 1 September 1853, HRO, Knight Archive, 39M89/F125/1. Apart from his entry in the Gweedore Hotel Book in 1847, only two letters from John have survived, each characterised by his own particular style of spelling, grammar and punctuation, The second was written after Charles Knight died in 1867.
29 – ‘Release of Miss Knight’s Annuity’, Godmersham House Book, HRO, Knight Archive, 18M61/Box A/Bundle 5.
30 – The Garden Book of Marianne Knight, HRO, Knight Archive, 18M61/Box 88/46.
31 – Paul Kerr, The Crimean War (London: Channel Four, Boxtree, 1997), 10.
32 – ‘The conflict certainly had a religious spark, a fight between rival Latin and Greek Orthodox priests inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on Good Friday 1846, which left 40 dead. And it is abundantly true that Russian Orthodoxy saw the Holy Lands as an extension of their spiritual motherland and the French Catholics had a religious heritage they were prepared to defend militarily.’ David Hearst, review of Orlando Figes, Crimea: The Last Crusade (London: Allen Lane, 2010), Guardian, 30 October 2010, 9.
33 – Ibid.
34 – Ibid.
35 – Cecil Rice to Louisa Rice, November 1854, from Hammond, Relating to Jane, 356.
36 – George Moyle Billington to Rev. and Mrs John Billington, 28 March 1856, CKS, Billington Archive, U1045/F9. See Kerr, The Crimean War, 40, and David Murphy, Ireland and the Crimean War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2002).
37 – Ibid.
38 – The New Annual Army List for 1861 (London: John Murray, 1861), 351.
39 – Murphy, Ireland and the Crimean War, 230.
40 – Hammond, Relating to Jane, 362.
41 – Louisa Hill to FCK, 27 January 1858, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C113/8.
42 – Norah Hill to Louisa Rice, 20 January 1858, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued) , Hammond no. 1/84.
43 – Figes, Crimea: The Last Crusade, 454.
44 – Cecil Rice, December 1856, quoted in Hammond, Relating to Jane, 366–7.
45 – Ibid., 367.
46 – 25 February 1851, Marriages Bill, House of Lords, debates. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1851/feb/25/marriages-bill.
47 – Pamela Fitzgerald was born at Hamburg in 1796, to Lord Edward Fitzgerald and his wife Pamela (née Sims). She married Sir Guy Campbell on 21 November 1820. The youngest of their eleven children, Madeline, became the mother of George Wyndham (1863–1913), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1900–1905). See Papers of Pamela, Lady Campbell and Her Family, National Library of Ireland, Dublin, Collection List no. 88 (MSS 40, 024-40, 021, Accession no. 6048).
48 – William Austen Leigh, Richard Arthur Austen Leigh and Deirdre Le Faye, Jane Austen: A Family Record (London: The British Library, 1989), 247. See also Edward, 1st Lord Brabourne, ed., Letters of Jane Austen, 2 vols. (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1884), 1: 79–80.
49 – Ibid., 248.
50 – Ibid.
51 – Ibid.
52 – See George Moore, A Drama in Muslin (London: Vizetelly, 1886).
53 – Louisa Hill to FCK, 27 January 1858, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C113/8.
54 – Norah Hill to Louisa Rice, 20 January 1858, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/84.
55 – William Knight to FCK, 27 March 1858, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C113/2.
56 – Louisa Hill to FCK, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C113/9.
57 – Ibid.
58 – Lord Carlisle to Lady Campbell, 21 June 1858, Dublin, National Library of Ireland (Manuscripts), MS 40, 028/6.
59 – Hammond, Relating to Jane, 263, 310.
60 – Isle O’Valla is at Ballyculter, south of Strangford at Cloghy, in County Down. The house, which is now a ruin, was opened in 1817 as a Charter School.
61 – Edward Knight to FCK, 1 January 1858, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C113/1.
62 – Hammond, Relating to Jane, 308. Margaret Hammond suggests these references are to Edward Knight’s children Elizabeth Adela, born 1841, and Charles, then twelve. Elizabeth, another Lizzy, was later to be a particular favourite of Marianne’s. ‘Derby’ was the pet name of Emilius Bayley, husband of Marianne Sophia Rice.
63 – Ibid., 310.
Notes: Chapter 7
1 – The ‘Big House’ in Ireland, usually the home of a member of the landed gentry, was not the same as a Great House, belonging to a member of the aristocracy. ‘The paradox of these big houses’, as the novelist Elizabeth Bowen (1899–1973), herself the daughter of one of the finest examples, Bowen’s Court in Cork, wrote in 1940, ‘is that often they are not big at all … [They] would be only called “big” in Ireland – in England they would be country houses, no more.’ See Elizabeth Bowen, ‘The Big House’, in The Mulberry Tree: Writings of Elizabeth Bowen, ed. Hermione Lee (London: Virago, 1986), 25–30.
2 – Brendan Mac Suibhne, ‘Soggarth Aroon and Gombeen-Priest: Canon James MacFadden (1842–1917)’, in Radical Irish Priests 1660–1970, ed. Gerard Moran (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998), 152–3.
3 – Ibid.
4 – Thomas Carlyle, Reminiscences of my Irish Journey in 1849 (London: Sampson Low, Marston Searle and Rivington, 1882), 246
5 – Peter Gray, Famine, Land and Politics: British Government and Irish Society 1843– 1850 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999), 140.
6 – Brendan Mac Suibhne, ‘Agrarian Improvement and Social Unrest: Lord George Hill and the Gaoth Dobhair Sheep War’, in W. Nolan, L. Ronayne and M. Dunleavy, eds., Donegal History and Society (Dublin: 1995), 557.
7 – See C.W.P. MacArthur, ed. ‘Memoirs of a Land Agent, Part 2,’ Donegal Annual 47 (1995): 62–3, for one first-hand account by a Donegal land agent, Daniel Swiney, of Lord George’s protecting his interests.
8 – W.E. Vaughan, Landlords and Tenants in Mid-Victorian Ireland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 221.
9 – ‘A question of general interests which arises is the apparent anomaly of the existence in this depressed area of the Ulster custom of tenant right, which is believed to have originated in the special circumstances of the Ulster plantation, when protestant settlers build their houses and improved their holdings at their own expense. The Ulster Custom not only gave tenants some security of tenure, but, it is generally held “promoted a spirit of manliness and independence and encouraged industry and respect for the law”.’ Estyn Evans, introduction to Facts from Gweedore, Compiled from the Notes of Lord George Hill, M.R.I.A., A facsimile Reprint of the Fifth Edition, 1887 (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1971), xvi.
10 – Mac Suibhne, ‘Agrarian Improvement and Social Unrest’, 565.
11 – W.E. Vaughan, ‘The Derryveagh Evictions, 1861’, in Donegal: The Making of a Northern County (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), 229.
12 – Mac Suibhne, ‘Agrarian Improvement and Social Unrest’ n. 47, 579.
13 – Ibid., 576.
14 – Ibid., 231.
15 – Louisa Hill to Henry Knight, 20 August 1863, HRO, Knight Archive, 39M89/F121/13. According to the Ordnance Survey Memoirs, ‘The Fort Stewart ferry, the property of Sir James Stewart, is well-conducted and worth 400 pounds per annum. Laden carts, carriages, horses, cattle and passengers are passed over with the greatest expedition. The tolls are collected on the Tully side, 3d for a man, 5d for a horse. Good cattle and other boats are constantly ready on each side [of] the water.’ Angélique Da
y and Patrick McWilliams, eds., Ordnance Survey Memoirs of Ireland, 38 (Belfast: The Institute of Irish Studies, 1997), 90.
16 – M.C. Hammond, Relating to Jane: Studies on the Life and Novels of Jane Austen with a Life of her Niece Elizabeth Austen/Knight. (London; Minerva Press, 1998), 320.
17 – Her niece Elizabeth (Lizzie) Bradford, née Knight, was then living in India. Like her brother Montagu, she remained close to Marianne after she left Chawton for Ireland, and may have sent this recipe, if it was not brought back by one of the nephews who served in India during the Mutiny.
18 – Godmersham House Book, HRO, Knight Archive, ‘Release of Miss Knight’s Annuity’, 18M61/Box A, Bundle 5.
19 – The Garden Book of Marianne Knight, HRO, Knight Archive, 18M61/Box 88/46.
20 – Margaret Knight to EKR, with postscript by John Knight, 18 October 1867, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/131.
21 – Ibid.
22 – Ibid.
23 – FCK to Miss Chapman, 2 May 1853, CKS, Knatchbull Archive, U951/C109/53.
24 – Margaret Wilson, Almost Another Sister: The Family Life of Fanny Knight, Jane Austen’s Favourite Niece (Kent: Kent Arts & Libraries, 1990), 106.
25 – John Knight to EKR, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/131.
26 – MK to FCK, 31 October 1867, HRO, Knight Archive, 39M89/C113/7.
27 – James Edward had become James Edward Austen Leigh on his inheritance of the Leigh Perrot estate in 1836.
28 – Anna Lefroy to JEAL, December 1864, HRO, Austen Leigh Archive, 23M93/97/4.
29 – MAAL, James Edward Austen Leigh: A Memoir by his Daughter, privately printed, 1911, 261–2.
30 – Louisa Knatchbull-Hugessen to JEAL, 12 July 1869, ‘Letters re Memoir’, National Portrait Gallery, London.
31 – Ibid. Fanny’s letters from Jane Austen remained unpublished until after her death in 1882, when her eldest son, Lord Brabourne, found them, publishing them in two volumes in 1884.
32 – Wilson, Almost Another Sister, 112.
33 – FCK to MK, 23 August 1869, first published in Cornhill Magazine, vol. 163, numbers 973–8, Winter 1947/8–Spring 1949, 72–3. Marcia Rice, daughter of Cecil and granddaughter of Lizzy, thought this letter might have been occasioned by family discussion about Jane Austen. Wilson, Almost Another Sister, 111. The identification of Marianne as the recipient was first made by Margaret Wilson.
34 – Hammond, Relating to Jane, 428.
35 – Nigel Nicolson, Godmersham Park, Kent: Before, During and Since Jane Austen’s Day (Chawton, Hants: The Jane Austen Society, 1996), 27–8.
36 – Wilson, Almost Another Sister, 116.
37 – EKR to Louisa Rice, 24 July 1874, quoted in Hammond, Relating to Jane, 428–9.
38 – Caroline Cassandra Rice to Louisa Rice, July 1874, CKS, Rice Archive, EKU116/(uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/144, quoted in Hammond, Relating to Jane, 430.
39 – EKR to Louisa Rice, 29 July 1874, quoted in Hammond, Relating to Jane, 429.
40 – EKR to Louisa Rice, July 1874, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116/(uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/144. Lizzy did eventually forgive her brother. See Hammond, Relating to Jane, 432. A letter to Edward Royds Rice from J.F. Harvey, one of the staff on the Godmersham Estate, describes Mr Harvey’s buying from the auction, which took place in the spring of 1875, a clock and dressing table which he thought the Rices would like to have. ‘The sale of the Estate is regarded by myself and I may say by every Tenant and Labourer on the property with deep regret, a feeling in which I am sure you and Mrs Rice deeply sympathise.’ J.F. Harvey to Edward Royds Rice, 4 May 1875, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116 (uncatalogued), Hammond no.1/145.
41 – The second edition of JEAL’s Memoir included not only Lady Susan, The Watsons and a summary of Sanditon but also the cancelled chapter of Persuasion. See Deirdre Le Faye, A Chronology of Jane Austen and her Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 691.
42 – Wilson, Almost Another Sister, 116–7.
43 – EKR to Walter Rice, 1878, CKS, Rice Archive, EK-U116/(uncatalogued), Hammond no. 1/312.
44 – J.C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), 335.
45 – See Donnchadh Ó Corráin and Tomás Ó Riordan (eds), Ireland 1815–1870: Emancipation, Famine and Religion (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2011), 30: ‘The failed uprising of 1848 seemed to mark the end of the radical politics of Young Ireland, but some had escaped to France and America … In 1858, James Stephens returned from Paris to Ireland where he established a new revolutionary organisation known as the Fenian Brotherhood (or IRB). A parallel branch was formed in America by John O’Mahony. From the outset, the Fenians were opposed to constitutional tactics, believing that British rule could only be ended by armed insurrection. The Catholic bishops, led by Archbishop Paul Cullen, were implacably opposed to the Fenians.’
46 – Robert Kee, The Laurel and the Ivy; The Story of Charles Stewart Parnell and Irish Nationalism (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993), 30–1; Max Egremont, The Cousins: The Friendship, Opinions and Activities of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and George Wyndham (London: Collins, 1977), 95.
47 – See Liam O’Raghallaigh, ‘Captain Boycott: Man and Myth’, in History Ireland 19, no.1 (January/February, 2011): 28–31.
48 – A.P.W. Malcomson, Virtues of a Wicked Earl: The Life and Legend of William Sydney Clements, 3rd Earl of Leitrim (1806-78) (Dublin: The Four Courts Press, 2008), 341.
49 – Ibid., 217.
50 – Ibid., 255.
51 – Ibid., 271.
52 – Lord George had not given up all hope of making a difference in a distant land. In 1878, just months before his death, he encouraged a group from Donegal to join a party of settlers setting out for Katikati on the shore of Tauranga Harbour in New Zealand, where his neighbour, George Vesey Stewart of Martray, Co. Tyrone, had arranged with the government that land would be granted ‘on conditions of occupation and improvement’. Part of the plan seems to have been that a new depot for the Donegal Knitting Company should be set up at Katikati, to the benefit of Lord George’s tenants in Gweedore. The scheme does not appear to have been continued by Arthur Hill after his father’s death. See Donald Harman Akenson, Half the World from Home: Perspectives on the Irish in New Zealand 1860–1950, (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1990); Alan Mulgan, ‘George Vesey Stewart’, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/stewart-george-vesey/1/ and Kay Carter, ‘Lord and Lady George Hill’, 2 February 2001, http://boards.ancestry.com/surnames.hill/4160/mb.ashx.
53 – Death Certificate of Lord George Hill, 17 April 1879, transcribed from Death Register no. 4, 9, Donegal Ancestry, Ramelton, County Donegal.
54 – The Land League was founded in Dublin on 21 October 1879, with Charles Stewart Parnell, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, as its president. Its secretaries were Michael Davitt, Thomas Brennan and Andrew Joseph Kettle, its treasurers Patrick Egan, Joseph Gillis Biggar and William Henry O’Sullivan. See T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin, F.J. Byrne, eds., A New History of Ireland, 8: A Chronology of Irish History to 1976 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 351.
55 – Maria Edgeworth, in her novel Castle Rackrent (1800) has her narrator Thady, steward to the reckless and profligate Rackrent family, say of his own son, an attorney, ‘Jason Quirk, though he be my son, I must say was a good scholar from his birth and a very ’cute lad – I thought to make him a priest, but he did better for himself.’ Edgeworth adds in a note: ‘It was customary amongst those of Thady’s rank, in Ireland, whenever they could get a little money, to send their sons abroad to St Omer’s, or to Spain, to be educated as priests. Now they are educated at Maynooth.’ Maria Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent, (1800: reprint, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 22, 108.
56 – Michael Logue, Bishop of Raphoe in Donegal (1879–1887) and Cardinal and Archbishop of Armagh (1887–1923) was his cousin: Daniel McGettigan, Bishop of Raphoe (1861–1870) and Archbishop of Armagh (1870–1887) was an uncle.
&nbs
p; 57 – Terence Dooley, The Big Houses and Landed Estates of Ireland: A Research Guide (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007), 43–4. Donegal was one of the nine counties of the historic province of Ulster, as were Cavan and Monaghan.
58 – W.E. Vaughan, Landlords and Tenants in Ireland, 1848–1904 (Dundalk: Dun Dalgan Press, 1984, revised 1994), 33.
59 – James S. Donnelly, Jr, ‘Landlords and Tenants,’ in A New History of Ireland, 5: Ireland Under the Union I: 1801–1870, 332–49.
60 – R.F. Foster, Paddy and Mr Punch: Connections in Irish and English History (London: Allen Lane and Penguin, 1993), 65–6.
61 – Ibid., 66.
62 – Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent, 20.
63 – Griffith’s valuation, set by Sir Richard John Griffith (1784–1878) was carried out between 1852 and 1865, following the Valuation (Ireland) Act of 1852. Replacing the Poor Law Valuation, it set the assessment of rates for administration of the Poor Law, but was not intended to set the letting value of land. The Land League’s instruction to its members was that rent above Griffith’s Valuation should be withheld if not acceptable. See D.J. Hickey and J.E. Doherty, A New Dictionary of Irish History from 1800 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 2003), 194.
64 – Somerset Ward, G.F. Ward, J.E.A. Ward, Henry Lyle Mulholland, GHB, 2, 23–25 May 1881. An Chúirt, the Gweedore Court Hotel, Gweedore, County Donegal. Written below, without a signature, are the words: ‘What about the three loaves the above truculent scribe begged & received from the … [scored out] … when undergoing ...’ No entries appear to have been made between 1 August 1878 and 30 August 1880, suggesting that the hotel may have been out of operation for some time, not only after boycotting was adopted, but also during the period of Lord George’s final illness in 1878–9.
65 – The 1881 Land Act, introduced under Gladstone and passed in August, ‘virtually conceded the basic demands of the Land League agitation, popularly known as the “three Fs”: fair rent, to be assessed by arbitration; fixity of tenure, while the rent was paid; freedom for the tenant to sell his right of occupancy at the best market price.’ Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland, 390.
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