by Naomi Klein
23. “Statement of Dr. James Hansen, Director, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies,” presented to United States Senate, June 23, 1988; Philip Shabecoff, “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate,” New York Times, June 24, 1988; Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming, 150–51.
24. Thomas Sancton, “Planet of the Year: What on EARTH Are We Doing?,” Time, January 2, 1989.
25. Ibid.
26. President R. Venkataraman, “Towards a Greener World,” speech at WWF-India, New Delhi, November 3, 1989, in Selected Speeches, Volume I: July 1987–December 1989 (New Delhi: Government of India, 1991), 612.
27. Daniel Indiviglio, “How Americans’ Love Affair with Debt Has Grown,” The Atlantic, September 26, 2010.
28. One bold proposal imagines future restrictions on trade in all goods produced with fossil fuels, arguing that once the green transition is underway and industries have begun to decarbonize, such measures could be introduced and ramped up gradually: Tilman Santarius, “Climate and Trade: Why Climate Change Calls for Fundamental Reforms in World Trade Policies,” German NGO Forum on Environment and Development, Heinrich Böll Foundation, pp. 21–23. U.N. CLIMATE AGREEMENT: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, 1992, Article 3, Principle 5; “PIVOTAL MOMENT”: Robyn Eckersley, “Understanding the Interplay Between the Climate and Trade Regimes,” in Climate and Trade Policies in a Post-2012 World, United Nations Environment Programme, p. 17.
29. Martin Khor, “Disappointment and Hope as Rio Summit Ends,” in Earth Summit Briefings (Penang: Third World Network, 1992), p. 83.
30. Steven Shrybman, “Trade, Agriculture, and Climate Change: How Agricultural Trade Policies Fuel Climate Change,” Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, November 2000, p. 1.
31. Sonja J. Vermeulen, Bruce M. Campbell, and John S.I. Ingram, “Climate Change and Food Systems,” Annual Review of Environment 37 (2012): 195; personal email communication with Steven Shrybman, April 23, 2014.
32. “Secret Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)—Environment Consolidated Text,” WikiLeaks, January 15, 2014, https://wikileaks.org; “Summary of U.S. Counterproposal to Consolidated Text of the Environment Chapter,” released by RedGE, February 17, 2014, http://www .redge.org.pe.
33. Traffic refers to containerized port traffic, measured by twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs). From 1994 to 2013 global containerized port traffic increased from 128,320,326 to an estimated 627,930,960 TEUs, an increase of 389.4 percent: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Review of Maritime Transport,” various years, available at http://unctad.org. For years 2012 and 2013, port traffic was projected based on industry estimates from Drewry: “Container Market Annual Review and Forecast 2013/14,” Drewry, October 2013. NOT ATTRIBUTED: “Emissions from Fuel Used for International Aviation and Maritime Transport (International Bunker Fuels),” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int; SHIPPING EMMISSIONS: Øyvind Buhaug et al., “Second IMO GHG Study 2009,” International Maritime Organization, 2009, p. 1.
34. “European Union CO2 Emissions: Different Accounting Perspectives,” European Environmental Agency Technical Report No. 20/2013, 2013, pp. 7–8.
35. Glen P. Peters et al., “Growth in Emission Transfers via International Trade from 1990 to 2008,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 8903-4.
36. Corrine Le Quéré et al., “Global Budget 2013,” Earth System Science Data 6 (2014): 252; Corrine Le Quéré et al., “Trends in the Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide,” Nature Geoscience 2 (2009): 831; Ross Garnaut et al., “Emissions in the Platinum Age: The Implications of Rapid Development for Climate-Change Mitigation,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24 (2008): 392; Glen P. Peters et al., “Rapid Growth in CO2 Emissions After the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis,” Nature Climate Change 2 (2012): 2; “Technical Summary,” in O. Edenhofer et al., ed., Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 15.
37. Andreas Malm, “China as Chimney of the World: The Fossil Capital Hypothesis,” Organization & Environment 25 (2012): 146, 165; Yan Yunfeng and Yang Laike, “China’s Foreign Trade and Climate Change: A Case Study of CO2 Emissions,” Energy Policy 38 (2010): 351; Ming Xu et al., “CO2 Emissions Embodied in China’s Exports from 2002 to 2008: A Structural Decomposition Analysis,” Energy Policy 39 (2011): 7383.
38. Personal interview with Margrete Strand Rangnes, March 18, 2013.
39. Malm, “China as Chimney of the World,” 147, 162.
40. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Europe Turns Back to Coal, Raising Climate Fears,” New York Times, April 23, 2008; Personal email communication with IEA Clean Coal Centre, March 19, 2014.
41. Jonathan Watts, “Foxconn offers pay rises and suicide nets as fears grow over wave of deaths,” Guardian, May 28, 2010; Shahnaz Parveen, “Rana Plaza factory collapse survivors struggle one year on,” BBC News, April 23, 2014.
42. Mark Dowie, Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 185-86; Keith Schneider, “Environment Groups Are Split on Support for Free-Trade Pact,” New York Times, September 16, 1993.
43. Dowie, Losing Ground, 186–87; Gilbert A. Lewthwaite, “Gephardt Declares Against NAFTA; Democrat Cites Threat to U.S. Jobs,” Baltimore Sun, September 22, 1993; John Dillin, “NAFTA Opponents Dig In Despite Lobbying Effort,” Christian Science Monitor, October 12, 1993; Mark Dowie, “The Selling (Out) of the Greens; Friends of Earth–or Bill?” The Nation, April 18, 1994.
44. Bill Clinton, “Remarks on the Signing of NAFTA (December 8, 1993),” Miller Center, University of Virginia.
45. Stan Cox, “Does It Really Matter Whether Your Food Was Produced Locally?” Alternet, February 19, 2010.
46. Solomon interview, August 27, 2013.
47. Kevin Anderson, “Climate Change Going Beyond Dangerous—Brutal Numbers and Tenuous Hope,” Development Dialogue no. 61, September 2012, pp. 16-40.
48. The “8 to 10 percent” range relies on interviews with Anderson and Bows-Larkin as well as their published work. For the underlying emissions scenarios, refer to pathways C+1, C+3, C+5, and B6 3 in: Kevin Anderson and Alice Bows, “Beyond ‘Dangerous’ Climate Change: Emission Scenarios for a New World,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369 (2011): 35. See also: Kevin Anderson, “EU 2030 Decarbonisation Targets and UK Carbon Budgets: Why So Little Science?” KevinAnderson.info, June 14, 2013, http://kevinanderson.info. HUGELY DAMAGING: Anderson, “Climate Change Going Beyond Dangerous,” pp. 18–21; DE BOER: Alex Morales, “Kyoto Veterans Say Global Warming Goal Slipping Away,” Bloomberg, November 4, 2013.
49. Stern, The Economics of Climate Change, 231–32.
50. Ibid., 231; Global Carbon Project emissions data, 2013 Budget v2.4 (July 2014), available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center emissions data, available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov.
51. Kevin Anderson and Alice Bows, “A 2°C Target? Get Real, Because 4°C Is on Its Way,” Parliamentary Brief 13 (2010): 19; FOOTNOTE: Anderson and Bows, “Beyond ‘Dangerous’ Climate Change,” 35; Kevin Anderson, “Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Demands De-growth Strategies from Wealthier Nations,” KevinAnderson.info, November 25, 2013, http://kevinanderson.info.
52. Anderson and Bows-Larkin have based their analysis on the commitment made by governments at the 2009 U.N. climate summit in Copenhagen that emission cuts should be done on the basis “of equity” (meaning rich countries must lead so that poor countries have room to develop). Some argue that rich countries don’t have to cut quite so much. Even if that were true, however, the basic global picture still suggests that the necessary reductions are incompatible with economic growth as we have known it. As Tim Jackson shows in Prosperity Without Growth, global annual emission cuts of as little as 4.9 percent cannot be ac
hieved simply with green tech and greater efficiencies. Indeed he writes that to meet that target, with the world population and income per capita continuing to grow at current rates, the carbon intensity of economic activity would need to go down “almost ten times faster than it is doing right now.” And by 2050, we would need to be twenty-one times more efficient than we are today. So, even if Anderson and Bows-Larkin have vastly overshot, they are still right on their fundamental point: we need to change our current model of growth. See: Tim Jackson, Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet (London: Earthscan, 2009): 80, 86.
53. Anderson and Bows, “A New Paradigm for Climate Change,” 640.
54. Kevin Anderson, “Romm Misunderstands Klein’s and My View of Climate Change and Economic Growth,” KevinAnderson.info, September 24, 2013.
55. Clive Hamilton, “What History Can Teach Us About Climate Change Denial,” in Engaging with Climate Change: Psychoanalytic and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Sally Weintrobe (East Sussex: Routledge, 2013), 18.
56. For the foundational scenario modeling work on a “Great Transition” to global sustainability, led by researchers at the Tellus Institute and the Stockholm Environment Institute, see: Paul Raskin et al., “Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead,” Report of the Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute and Tellus Institute, 2002. This research has continued as part of Tellus’ Great Transition Initiative, available at: “Great Transition Initiative: Toward a Transformative Vision and Praxis,” Tellus Institute, http://www.greattransition.org. For parallel work at the U.K.’s New Economics Foundation, see: Stephen Spratt, Andrew Simms, Eva Neitzert, and Josh Ryan-Collins, “The Great Transition,” The New Economics Foundation, June 2010.
57. Bows interview, January 14, 2013.
58. Rebecca Willis and Nick Eyre, “Demanding Less: Why We Need a New Politics of Energy,” Green Alliance, October 2011, pp. 9, 26.
59. FOOTNOTE: “EP Opens Option for a Common Charger for Mobile Phones,” European Commission, press release, March 13, 2014; Adam Minter, Junkyard Planet (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), 6–7, 67, 70.
60. This quote has been clarified slightly at Anderson’s request. Paul Moseley and Patrick Byrne, “Climate Expert Targets the Affluent,” BBC, November 13, 2009.
61. Phaedra Ellis-Lamkins, “How Climate Change Affects People of Color,” The Root, March 3, 2013.
62. Tim Jackson, “Let’s Be Less Productive,” New York Times, May 26, 2012.
63. John Stutz, “Climate Change, Development and the Three-Day Week,” Tellus Institute, January 2, 2008, pp. 4-5. See also: Juliet B. Schor, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth (New York: Penguin Press, 2010); Kyle W. Knight, Eugene A. Rosa, and Juliet B. Schor, “Could Working Less Reduce Pressures on the Environment? A Cross-National Panel Analysis of OECD Countries, 1970–2007,” Global Environmental Change 23 (2013): 691-700.
64. Alyssa Battistoni, “Alive in the Sunshine,” Jacobin 13 (2014): 25.
CHAPTER 3: PUBLIC AND PAID FOR
1. Sunita Narain, “Come Out and Claim the Road,” Business Standard, November 10, 2013.
2. George Orwell, The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius (London: Secker & Warburg, [1941] 1962), 64.
3. Anna Leidreiter, “Hamburg Citizens Vote to Buy Back Energy Grid,” World Future Council Climate and Energy Commission, September 25, 2013; personal email communication with Hans Thie, economic policy advisor, German Bundestag (Left Party), March 14, 2014.
4. Personal email communication with Wiebke Hansen, 20 March 2014.
5. The German data, measuring renewable electricity supply as a share of gross electricity consumption, differs slightly from the U.S. data, which measures the wind and solar share of net electricity generation: “Renewable Energy Sources in Germany—Key Information 2013 at a Glance,” German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics (AGEE-Stat), http://www.bmwi.de; “Table 1.1.A. Net Generation from Renewable Sources: Total (All Sectors), 2004–April 2014,” Electric Power Monthly, U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov; “Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 2004–April 2014,” Electric Power Monthly, U.S. Energy Information Administration. FRANKFURT AND MUNICH: “City of Frankfurt 100% by 2050,” Go 100% Renewable Energy, http://www.go100percent.org; “City of Munich,” Go 100% Renewable Energy.
6. “Factbox—German Coalition Agrees on Energy Reforms,” Reuters, November 27, 2013.
7. Leidreiter, “Hamburg Citizens Vote to Buy Back Energy Grid.”
8. Nicholas Brautlecht, “Hamburg Backs EU2 Billion Buyback of Power Grids in Plebiscite,” Bloomberg, September 23, 2013; personal interview with Elisabeth Mader, spokesperson, German Association of Utilities, March 20, 2014.
9. “Energy Referendum: Public Buy-Back of Berlin Grid Fails,” Spiegel Online, November 4, 2013; personal email communication with Arwen Colell, cofounder, BürgerEnergie Berlin (Citizen Energy Berlin), March 20, 2014.
10. Personal interview with Steve Fenberg, March 19, 2014.
11. “Campaign for Local Power” (video), New Era Colorado, YouTube, September 1, 2013; “Boulder and Broomfield Counties’ Final 2011 Election Results,” Daily Camera, November 1, 2011.
12. “Campaign for Local Power” (video), YouTube.
13. NETHERLANDS: International Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries: The Netherlands; 2008 Review (Paris: International Energy Agency and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2009), 9–11, 62–64; AUSTRIA: International Energy Agency, Energy Policies of IEA Countries; Austria: 2007 Review (Paris: International Energy Agency and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008), 11–16; NORWAY: International Energy Agency, Renewable Energy: Medium-Term Market Report 2012; Market Trends and Projections to 2017 (Paris: International Energy Agency and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012), 71–76; AUSTIN: “Climate Protection Resolution No. 20070215-023,” 2013 Update, Office of Sustainability, City of Austin, p. 3, http://www.austin texas.gov; SACRAMENTO: “Our Renewable Energy Portfolio,” Sacramento Municipal Utility District, https://www.smud.org; “Greenhouse Gas Reduction,” Sacramento Municipal Utility District, https://www.smud.org.; “LOBBY AS HARD AS WE CAN”: Personal interview with John Farrell, March 19, 2014.
14. Translation provided by Tadzio Mueller. “Unser Hamburg, Unser Netz,” Hamburger Energienetze in die öffentliche Hand!, http://unser-netz-hamburg.de.
15. “Energy Technology Perspectives 2012: Pathways to a Clean Energy System,” International Energy Agency, 2012, p. 149.
16. David Hall et al., “Renewable Energy Depends on the Public Not Private Sector,” Public Services International Research Unit, University of Greenwich, June 2013, p. 2.
17. Ibid., pp. 2, 3–5.
18. Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi, “A Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables,” Scientific American, November 2009, pp. 58-59; Mark Z. Jacobson and Mark A. Delucchi, “Providing All Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials,” Energy Policy 39 (2011): 1154–69, 1170–90.
19. Matthew Wright and Patrick Hearps, “Zero Carbon Australia 2020: Stationary Energy Sector Report—Executive Summary” (2nd ed.), University of Melbourne Energy Research Institute and Beyond Zero Emissions, August 2011, pp. 2, 6.
20. As of July 2014, the NOAA researchers had presented the results of their 5-year study and expected to publish in the near future. Alexander MacDonald and Christopher Clack, “Low Cost and Low Carbon Emission Wind and Solar Energy Systems are Feasible for Large Geographic Domains,” presentation at Sustainable Energy and Atmospheric Sciences seminar, Earth System Research Laboratory, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, May 27, 2014; personal email communication with Alexander MacDonald, director, ESRL, and Christopher Clack, research scientist, ESRL,
July 28, 2014.
21. M. M. Hand et al., “Renewable Electricity Futures Study—Volume 1: Exploration of High-Penetration Renewable Electricity Futures,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2012, pp. xvii–xviii.
22. Mark Z. Jacobson et al., “Examining the Feasibility of Converting New York State’s All-Purpose Energy Infrastructure to One Using Wind, Water, and Sunlight,” Energy Policy 57 (2013): 585; Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Life After Oil and Gas,” New York Times, March 23, 2013.
23. Louis Bergeron, “The World Can Be Powered by Alternative Energy, Using Today’s Technology, in 20–40 Years, Says Stanford Researcher Mark Z. Jacobson,” Stanford Report, January 26, 2011; Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Life After Oil and Gas,” New York Times, March 23, 2013.
24. Personal interview with Nastaran Mohit, November 10, 2012.
25. Steve Kastenbaum, “Relief from Hurricane Sandy Slow for Some,” CNN, November 3, 2012.
26. Johnathan Mahler, “How the Coastline Became a Place to Put the Poor,” New York Times, December 3, 2012; personal interview with Aria Doe, executive director, Action Center for Education and Community Development, February 3, 2013.
27. Sarah Maslin Nir, “Down to One Hospital, Rockaway Braces for Summer Crowds,” New York Times, May 20, 2012; personal email communication with Nastaran Mohit, March 28, 2014; Mohit interview, November 10, 2012.
28. Ibid.; FOOTNOTE: Greg B. Smith, “NYCHA Under Fire for Abandoning Tenants in Hurricane Sandy Aftermath,” New York Daily News, November 19, 2012.
29. Mohit interview, November 10, 2012.
30. Ibid.
31. Andrew P. Wilper et. al., “Health Insurance and Mortality in U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Public Health 99 (2009): 2289–95; Mohit, November 10, 2012.
