by Naomi Klein
24. Wendell Berry, The Way of Ignorance: And Other Essays (Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2005), 54.
25. Petra Tschakert, “Whose Hands Are Allowed at the Thermostat? Voices from Africa,” presentation at “The Ethics of Geoengineering: Investigating the Moral Challenges of Solar Radiation Management,” University of Montana, Missoula, October 18, 2010.
26. Alan Robock, Martin Bunzl, Ben Kravitz, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, “A Test for Geoengineering?” Science 327 (2010): 530; Alan Robock, Luke Oman, and Georgiy L. Stenchikov, “Regional Climate Responses to Geoengineering with Tropical and Arctic SO2 Injections,” Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (2008): D16101.
27. Robock, Bunzl, Kravitz, and Stenchikov, “A Test for Geoengineering?” 530.
28. Martin Bunzl, “Geoengineering Research Reservations,” presentation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 20, 2010; Fleming, Fixing the Sky, 2.
29. Robock, Oman, and Stenchikov, “Regional Climate Responses to Geoengineering with Tropical and Arctic SO2 Injections”; K. Niranjan Kumar et al., “On the Observed Variability of Monsoon Droughts over India,” Weather and Climate Extremes 1 (2013): 42.
30. Numerous papers have reproduced Robock’s results and found that SRM could have other potentially harmful impacts on the global water cycle and regional precipitation patterns. Notable recent examples include: Simone Tilmes et al., “The Hydrological Impact of Geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP),” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118 (2013): 11,036–11,058; Angus J. Ferraro, Eleanor J. Highwood, and Andrew J. Charlton-Perez, “Weakened Tropical Circulation and Reduced Precipitation in Response to Geoengineering,” Environmental Research Letters 9 (2014): 014001. The 2012 study is: H. Schmidt et al., “Solar Irradiance Reduction to Counteract Radiative Forcing from a Quadrupling of CO2: Climate Responses Simulated by Four Earth System Models,” Earth System Dynamics 3 (2012): 73. An earlier study by the U.K. Met Office Hadley Centre had found that brightening clouds off the coast of southern Africa would cause an even greater, 30 percent reduction in precipitation in the Amazon that, according to the study press release, “could accelerate die-back of the forest.” See: Andy Jones, Jim Haywood, and Olivier Boucher, “Climate Impacts of Geoengineering Marine Stratocumulus Clouds,” Journal of Geophysical Research 114 (2009): D10106; “Geoengineering Could Damage Earth’s Eco-systems,” UK Met Office, press release, September 8, 2009. The 2013 study is: Jim M. Haywood et al., “Asymmetric Forcing from Stratospheric Aerosols Impacts Sahelian Rainfall,” Nature Climate Change 3 (2013): 663.
31. Climate models “appear to underestimate the magnitude of precipitation changes over the 20th century,” which according to some researchers carries special relevance for the risks of SRM: Gabriele C. Hegerl and Susan Solomon, “Risks of Climate Engineering,” Science 325 (2009): 955–956. ARCTIC SEA ICE LOSS AND GLOBAL SEA LEVEL RISE: Julienne Stroeve et al., “Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Faster than Forecast,” Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007): L09501; Julienne C. Stroeve et al., “Trends in Arctic Sea Ice Extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and Observations,” Geophysical Research Letters 39 (2012): L16502; Stefan Rahmstorf et al., “Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections,” Science 316 (2007): 709; Ian Allison et al., “The Copenhagen Diagnosis, 2009: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science,” University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre, 2009, p. 38.
32. Ken Caldeira, “Can Solar Radiation Management Be Tested?” email to the Google Group listserv “Geoengineering,” September 27, 2010; Levitt and Dubner, SuperFreakonomics, 197.
33. Ibid., 176.
34. Personal interview with Aiguo Dai, June 6, 2012; Kevin E. Trenberth and Aiguo Dai, “Effects of Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption on the Hydrological Cycle as an Analog of Geoengineering,” Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2007): L15702; “Climate Change and Variability in Southern Africa: Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Agricultural Sector,” United Nations Environment Programme, 2006, p. 2; Donatella Lorch, “In Southern Africa, Rains’ Return Averts Famine,” New York Times, April 23, 1993; Scott Kraft, “30 Million May Feel Impact of Southern Africa Drought,” Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1992.
35. Dai interview, June 6, 2012; Trenberth and Dai, “Effects of Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption on the Hydrological Cycle as an Analog of Geoengineering.”
36. Volney’s full name was Constantin-François de Chasseboeuf, count de Volney. “WEAKER THAN NORMAL”: Personal interview with Alan Robock, October 19, 2010; “ALL HAD PERISHED”: Constantin-François Volney, Travels Through Syria and Egypt, in the Years 1783, 1784, and 1785, Vol. 1 (London: G. and J. Robinson, 1805), 180-181.
37. John Grattan, Sabina Michnowicz, and Roland Rabartin, “The Long Shadow: Understanding the Influence of the Laki Fissure Eruption on Human Mortality in Europe,” Living Under the Shadow: Cultural Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions, ed. John Grattan and Robin Torrence (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2010), 156; Clive Oppenheimer, Eruptions That Shook the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 293; Rudolf Brázdil et al., “European Floods During the Winter 1783/1784: Scenarios of an Extreme Event During the ‘Little Ice Age,’ ” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 100 (2010): 179–185; Anja Schmidt et al., “Climatic Impact of the Long-lasting 1783 Laki Eruption: Inapplicability of Mass-independent Sulfur Isotopic Composition Measurements,” Journal of Geophysical Research 117 (2012): D23116; Alexandra Witze and Jeff Kanipe, Island on Fire: The Extraordinary Story of Laki, the Volcano That Turned Eighteenth-century Europe Dark (London: Profile Books, 2014), 141–45.
38. Luke Oman et al., “High-Latitude Eruptions Cast Shadow over the African Monsoon and the Flow of the Nile,” Geophysical Research Letters 33 (2006): L18711; Michael Watts, Silent Violence: Food, Famine and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 286, 289–290; Stephen Devereux, “Famine in the Twentieth Century,” Institute of Development Studies, IDS Working Paper 105, 2000, pp. 6, 30–31.
39. Oman et al., “High-Latitude Eruptions Cast Shadow over the African Monsoon and the Flow of the Nile”; personal interview with Alan Robock, May 29, 2012.
40. David Keith, A Case for Climate Engineering (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013), 10, 54.
41. Trenberth and Dai, “Effects of Mount Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption on the Hydrological Cycle as an Analog of Geoengineering.”
42. Ed King, “Scientists Warn Earth Cooling Proposals Are No Climate ‘Silver Bullet,’ ” Responding to Climate Change, July 14, 2013; Haywood et al., “Asymmetric Forcing from Stratospheric Aerosols Impacts Sahelian Rainfall,” 663–64.
43. “Why We Oppose the Copenhagen Accord,” Pan African Climate Justice Alliance, June 3, 2010; “Filipina Climate Chief: ‘It Feels Like We Are Negotiating on Who Is to Live and Who Is to Die,’ ” Democracy Now!, November 20, 2013; Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
44. “Bill Gates: Innovating to Zero!” TED Talk, February 12, 2010, http://www.ted.com; Levitt and Dubner, SuperFreakonomics, 199.
45. Bruno Latour, “Love Your Monsters: Why We Must Care for Our Technologies as We Do Our Children,” in Love Your Monsters: Postenvironmentalism and the Anthropocene, ed. Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus (Oakland: Breakthrough Institute, 2011); Mark Lynas, The God Species: How the Planet Can Survive the Age of Humans (London: Fourth Estate, 2011).
46. Keith, A Case for Climate Engineering, 111.
47. Italics in original. Ed Ayres, God’s Last Offer (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1999), 195.
48. Levitt and Dubner, SuperFreakonomics, 195; “About CE,” Carbon Engineering, http://carbon engineering.com; Nathan Vardi, “The Most Important Billionaire In Canada,” Forbes, December 10, 2012.
49. “Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base,” National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medici
ne, 1992, 458, 472.
50. Dan Fagin, “Tinkering with the Environment,” Newsday, April 13, 1992.
51. Jason J. Blackstock et al., “Climate Engineering Responses to Climate Emergencies,” Novim, 2009, pp. i–ii, 30.
52. “Factsheet: American Enterprise Institute,” ExxonSecrets.org, http://www.exxonsecrets.org; Robert J. Brulle, “Institutionalizing Delay: Foundation Funding and the Creation of U.S. Climate Change Counter-Movement Organizations,” Climatic Change, December 21, 2013, p. 8; 2008 Annual Report, American Enterprise Institute, pp. 2, 10; Lee Lane, “Plan B: Climate Engineering to Cope with Global Warming,” The Milken Institute Review, Third Quarter 2010, p. 53.
53. Juliet Eilperin, “AEI Critiques of Warming Questioned,” Washington Post, February 5, 2007; “Factsheet: American Enterprise Institute,” ExxonSecrets.org; Kenneth Green, “Bright Idea? CFL Bulbs Have Issues of Their Own,” Journal Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana), January 28, 2011.
54. Rob Hopkins, “An Interview with Kevin Anderson: ‘Rapid and Deep Emissions Reductions May Not Be Easy, but 4°C to 6°C Will Be Much Worse,’ ” Transition Culture, November 2, 2012, http://transitionculture.org.
55. “A Debate on Geoengineering: Vandana Shiva vs. Gwynne Dyer,” Democracy Now!, July 8, 2010.
56. Jeremy Lovell, “Branson Offers $25 mln Global Warming Prize,” Reuters, February 9, 2007.
57. Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 15; FOOTNOTE: Robert Poole, Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 92–93; Al Reinert, “The Blue Marble Shot: Our First Complete Photograph of Earth,” The Atlantic, April 12, 2011; Andrew Chaikin, “The Last Men on the Moon,” Popular Science, September 1994; Eugene Cernan and Don Davis, The Last Man on the Moon (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 324.
58. Kurt Vonnegut Jr., “Excelsior! We’re Going to the Moon! Excelsior!” New York Times Magazine, July 13, 1969, SM10.
59. Poole, Earthrise, 144–145, 162; Peder Anker, “The Ecological Colonization of Space,” Environmental History 10 (2005): 249–254; Andrew G. Kirk, Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 170–172; Stewart Brand, Whole Earth Discipline: Why Dense Cities, Nuclear Power, Transgenic Crops, Restored Wildlands, and Geoengineering Are Necessary (New York: Penguin, 2009).
60. Leonard David, “People to Become Martians This Century?” NBC News, June 25, 2007.
61. “Richard Branson on Space Travel: ‘I’m Determined to Start a Population on Mars,’ ” CBS This Morning, September 18, 2012; “Branson’s Invasion of Mars,” New York Post, September 20, 2012; “Branson: Armstrong ‘Extraordinary Individual’ ” (video), Sky News, August 26, 2012.
62. The three Virgin-branded airlines together emitted roughly 8.8 million metric tons of CO2 in 2011, greater than the nearly 8 million metric tons emitted by Honduras that year: “Sustainability Report: Autumn 2012,” Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd., p. 11; “Annual Report 2011,” Virgin Blue Holdings Ltd., p. 28; 2011 emissions information submitted to the Climate Registry, Virgin America, Inc., p. 2, https://www.crisreport.org; “International Energy Statistics,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov.
63. Kenneth Brower, “The Danger of Cosmic Genius,” The Atlantic, October 27, 2010.
64. Christopher Borick and Barry Rabe, “Americans Cool on Geoengineering Approaches to Addressing Climate Change,” Brookings Institution, Issues in Governance Studies No. 46, May 2012, p. 3-4; Malcolm J. Wright, Damon A. H. Teagle, and Pamela M. Feetham, “A Quantitative Evaluation of the Public Response to Climate Engineering,” Nature Climate Change 4 (2014): 106–110; “Climate Engineering—What Do the Public Think?” Massey University, press release, January 13, 2014.
PART III: STARTING ANYWAY
1. Arundhati Roy, “The Trickledown Revolution,” Outlook, September 20, 2010.
2. Translation provided by Mitchell Anderson, field consultant at Amazon Watch. Gerald Amos, Greg Brown, and Twyla Roscovich, “Coastal First Nations from BC Travel to Witness the Gulf Oil Spill” (video), 2010.
CHAPTER 9: BLOCKADIA
1. “United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,” International Legal Materials 31 (1992): 879, http://www.un.org.
2. Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The First Thousand Days, 1933–1936 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), 646.
3. Scott Parkin, “Harnessing Rebel Energy: Making Green a Threat Again,” CounterPunch, January 18–20, 2013.
4. “Greece Sees Gold Boom, but at a Price,” New York Times, January 13, 2013; Patrick Forward, David J. F. Smith, and Antony Francis, Skouries Cu/Au Project, Greece, NI 43-101 Technical Report, European Goldfields, July 14, 2011, p. 96; “Skouries,” Eldorado Gold Corp., http://www.eldoradogold.com; Costas Kantouris, “Greek Gold Mine Savior to Some, Curse to Others,” Associated Press, January 11, 2013.
5. Personal interview with Theodoros Karyotis, Greek political activist and writer, January 16, 2014.
6. Deepa Babington, “Insight: Gold Mine Stirs Hope and Anger in Shattered Greece,” Reuters, January 13, 2014; Alkman Granitsas, “Greece to Approve Gold Project,” Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2013; Jonathan Stearns, “Mountain of Gold Sparks Battles in Greek Recovery Test,” Bloomberg, April 9, 2013.
7. Karyotis interview, January 16, 2014.
8. Nick Meynen, “A Canadian Company, the Police in Greece and Democracy in the Country That Invented It,” EJOLT, June 13, 2013; “A Law Unto Themselves: A Culture of Abuse and Impunity in the Greek Police,” Amnesty International, 2014, p. 11; Karyotis interview, January 16, 2014.
9. Luiza Ilie, “Romanian Farmers Choose Subsistence over Shale Gas,” Reuters, October 27, 2013.
10. “Romania Riot Police Clear Shale Gas Protesters,” Agence France-Presse, December 2, 2013; Alex Summerchild, “Pungesti, Romania: People Versus Chevron and Riot Police,” The Ecologist, December 12, 2013; Antoine Simon and David Heller, “From the Frontline of Anti-Shale Gas Struggles: Solidarity with Pungesti,” Friends of the Earth Europe, December 7, 2013, https://www.foeeurope.org; Razvan Chiruta and Petrica Rachita, “Goal of Chevron Scandal in Vaslui County: Church Wants Land Leased to US Company Back,” Romania Libera, October 18, 2013.
11. “First Nations Chief Issues Eviction Notice to SWN Resources,” CBC News, October 1, 2013; “SWN Resources Wraps Up Shale Gas Testing in New Brunswick,” CBC News, December 6, 2013; Daniel Schwartz and Mark Gollom, “N.B. Fracking Protests and the Fight for Aboriginal Rights,” CBC News, October 21, 2013.
12. “Shale Gas Clash: Explosives, Firearms, Seized in Rexton,” CBC News, October 18, 2013; “First Nations Clash with Police at Anti-Fracking Protest,” Al Jazeera, October 17, 2013; “RCMP Says Firearms, Improvised Explosives Seized at New Brunswick Protest,” Canadian Press, October 18, 2013; Gloria Galloway and Jane Taber, “Native Shale-Gas Protest Erupts in Violence,” Globe and Mail, October 18, 2013; “Police Cars Ablaze: Social Media Captures Scene of Violent New Brunswick Protest,” Globe and Mail, October 17, 2013.
13. William Shakespeare, King Henry IV: Part 1, in The Arden Shakespeare, ed. David Scott Kastan (London: Thompson Learning, 2002), 246; James Ball, “EDF Drops Lawsuit Against Environmental Activists After Backlash,” Guardian, March 13, 2013.
14. John Vidal, “Russian Military Storm Greenpeace Arctic Oil Protest Ship,” Guardian, September 19, 2013; “Greenpeace Activists Being Given Russian Exit Visas After Amnesty,” UPI, December 26, 2013.
15. David Pierson, “Coal Mining in China’s Inner Mongolia Fuel Tensions,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2011; Jonathan Watts, “Herder’s Death Deepens Tensions in Inner Mongolia,” Guardian, May 27, 2011.
16. “About,” Front Line Action on Coal, http://frontlineaction.wordpress.com; Oliver Laughland, “Maules Creek Coal Mine Divides Local Families and Communities,” Guardian, April 9, 2014; “Maules Creek Coal Project Environmental As
sessment,” Section 7: Impacts, Management and Mitigation, Whitehaven Coal Limited, Hansen Bailey, July 2011, pp. 90–91; Ian Lowe, “Maules Creek Proposed Coal Mine: Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” submission to the Maules Creek Community Council, 2012, http://www.maulescreek.org; “Quarterly Update of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: December 2013,” Australia’s National Greenhouse Accounts, Department of the Environment, Australian Government, 2014, p. 6.
17. “Dredging, Dumping and the Great Barrier Reef,” Australian Marine Conservation Society, May 2014, p. 3.
18. “Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project,” U.S. Department of State, August 2011, Table 3.13.1-4: Reported Incidents for Existing Keystone Oil Pipeline, section 3.13, pp. 11–14; Nathan Vanderklippe, “Oil Spills Intensify Focus on New Pipeline Proposals,” Globe and Mail, May 9, 2011; Carrie Tait, “Pump Station Spill Shuts Keystone Pipeline,” Globe and Mail, May 31, 2011; Art Hovey, “TransCanada Cleaning Up Spill at N.D. Pump Station,” Lincoln Journal Star (Nebraska), May 10, 2011.
19. Jamie Henn, “40,000+ Join ‘Forward on Climate” Rally in Washington, DC,” Huffington Post, February 17, 2013; personal email communications with Ramsey Sprague, Tar Sands Blockade, January 22–23, 2014.
20. “Oil Sands Export Ban: BC First Nations Unite to Declare Province-Wide Opposition to Crude Oil Pipeline,” Yinka Dene Alliance, press release, December 1, 2011.
21. Ian Ewing, “Pipe Piling Up,” CIM Magazine, October 2013; Shawn McCarthy, “Keystone Pipeline Approval ‘Complete No-Brainer,’ Harper Says,” Globe and Mail, September 21, 2011.
22. Ossie Michelin, “Amanda Polchies, the Woman in Iconic Photo, Says Image Represents ‘Wisp of Hope,’ ” APTN, October 24, 2013; “Greek Granny Goads Riot Police at Gold Mining Protest with Wartime Song,” (video) Keep Talking Greece, March 8, 2013; David Herron, “Government Still Ensuring Hydraulic Fracturing Happens in Pungesti, Romania, Despite Protests by Villagers,” The Long Tail Pipe, January 5, 2014.
