by James Daily
nominal consideration, 142n5, 143n7
noneconomic damages, 128
non-human intelligences, 56n4, 79, 279–86
nonprofit organizations, 154, 158, 161, 165
non-testimonial evidence, 8, 12
Nothing But the Truth Part Two (Nicieza et al.), 109
Nyssa, 58–59
Oath of Renunciation, 228–29
Obama, Barack, 185
objective standards, 146
Office of National Emergency, 184n7
Office of Scientific Research and Development, 181n2
Old Times Now are Not Forgotten! (Claremont et al.), 205
ordinary person standard, 115n11
organized crime, 151, 260
Outsiders, 42
pacifism, 56n3
Panama Canal Zone, 53n117
parallel universes, 233
Parker, Peter
and the confrontation clause, 7, 10
and intellectual property issues, 201–4, 201n13, 211
and privacy rights, 116, 117
See also Spider-Man
parole, 36
partnerships, 154–57, 154n4, 162
passwords, 13n23
patents, 165, 195–96, 195n1, 196–201, 196n2, 201–4, 213–14
Payne, Britton, xiv
pedophiles, 41
Penguin, 139
People v. Bland, 72n19
perjury, 91
personal liability, 151–53
pharmaceutical regulations, 187–90
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 275
Phillips v. Smalley Maintenance Services, Inc., 113–14
Piercing the Corporate Veil (Thompson), 158n15
piracy, 242
Pixie, 26
plaintiffs, 175–76, 175n47
plant genetics, 208n32
Poison Ivy, 73, 78
police officers, 56, 100–101, 106–7
politics, 183–85
Posner, Richard, xiii
premeditated murder, 73n21
presidential powers, 35, 36n87, 50, 52–53
press rights, 117–18
Pride and Prejudice (Austen), 267
prisons, 35–36, 39–41
privacy, 47, 96, 97, 103, 112–22, 112n3
See also masked identities
private actors, 95
private clubs, 34
Private Law 104-4, 225n9
probable cause, 97, 106
probate, 272–77
probative value of testimony, 86
product endorsements, 119
Professor Pyg, 187
Professor Xavier
and the Fifth Amendment, 12
and the Fourth Amendment, 99
and immigration issues, 228
and mind control, 71
and privacy issues, 112, 114
and psychic testimony, 13–14, 87
Project Bluebird, 188
promissory estoppel, 142n6
property damage, 131–36
property rights, 67–69, 119–21, 262–63, 274
psychiatry, 13, 74
psychic powers
and assault, 66–67
and court testimony, 12, 13–14, 85–88
and criminal law, 55
and the Fifth Amendment, 12–14
and the Fourth Amendment, 97, 99
and police searches, 100–101
and searches incident to arrest, 101
and state-actor doctrine, 4–6
Psychobabble—Part Two: Mind Over Morals (Andreyko et al.), 70
psychology, 74
public domain, 213
public figures, 121–22
publicity rights, 116–17, 118, 118–21
Punisher, 124n23
punitive damages, 176, 176n48
Pym, Hank, 111
Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L’anza Research Int’l, Inc., 210n34
quasi-suspect classifications, 27, 28
R. v. Dudley & Stephens, 242
racial discrimination, 27n57
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 151
rape cases, 43
Ra’s al Ghul, 58, 262, 265
Rasputin, Piotr, 222, 228
rational basis review, 27, 28, 29
R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 32n78
Reagan, Ronald, 74
reasonable accommodation, 172–73
reckless acts, 57, 121
Red, White, Black and Blue (Waid, Rivera et al.), 105
Reddington v. Thomas, 154n6
refugees, 245
registration of superpowers. See Superhuman Registration Act (SHRA)
regulating superpowers, 47–48, 49–50
reliance damages, 144
religious beliefs, 22, 27n57, 56n3
removal of superpowers, 41–44, 49–50
renouncing citizenship, 228–33, 228n18
research and development, 198
residual markets, 134–35
respondeat superior, 163–65, 163n25, 164n28
restatements of the law, 113n4, 119–20
resurrection, 59, 272–77
The Resurrection of Ra’s Al Ghul (Morrison et al.), 58, 58–59
Revenge (Guggenheim et al.), 64
revolution, 133
Rhode Island, 77
Richards, Reed, 124–27, 129, 156–57, 165, 188, 195, 197
Riddler, 73, 76, 78, 78n29
risk, 132, 144
robbery, 122
Robin, 153, 156
Roe v. Harvey, 103n26
Rogers, Steve, 185
Rogue, 24, 67–68, 170, 172
rogue states, 236
Roman Empire, 266
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 181n2
Rorschach, 19
Rosenthal, Bernie, 110
Rule Against Perpetuities (RAP), 263–64
rule of lenity, 56
Russia, 250, 251–53, 252
S Corporations, 159
Sabbac, 41–42
Sandman (Gaiman), 255, 256, 258
Sasquatch, 245
Saverin, Eduardo, 232n20
Scarecrow, 73
Schick v. Reed, 36n87
schizophrenia, 76
searches, 97–103
Second Amendment, 44–50, 66n13
Second Circuit Court of Appeals, xiv, 19, 103
secret identities. See masked identities
Secretary of Defense, 182
Secretary of State, 229–32, 254
Secretary of the Interior, 283
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 269
segregation, 33
seizures, 71–72, 72n16
Selective Service, 22n52
self-defense, 55–56, 56n3, 72–73
self-incrimination, 10–11, 88, 95, 107, 107n38
self-sacrifice, 149
sentencing of supervillains, 35–44
sentinel robots, 24
sex offenders, 41
sexual harassment, 114
shape-shifters, 88–91
She-Hulk, 6–7, 82–83, 83, 116, 127, 129, 233
Shi’ar, 279
S.H.I.E.L.D.
and arms control regulations, 221
and the Fourth Amendment, 97
as international organization, 248–51, 248n13
and mutant civil rights, 34–35
and political influences, 184n7
and state-actor doctrine, 2
and the Superhuman Registration Act, 21
shielding witnesses, 8–9
Silver Age comics, 179
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 103n27
Simpson, Crash, 145, 149
Sixth Amendment, 4–6, 82, 84
Sixth Circuit, 218
Skrull, 279
slavery, 22, 31
Social Security, 16, 180
sole proprietorships, 153
Somalia, 238n2, 242
Some Words Can Never Be Taken Back (Straczynski, Lee et al.), 40
Sotom
ayor, Sonia, 19
Southern Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co. v. Burney, 273–74, 274n22
special needs searches, 100, 102–3
speed limits, 16
Spencer, Kate, 173, 174
Spider-Man
and the confrontation clause, 7–8, 10
and contract law, 144
and defamation suits, 121–22
and excessive force, 122, 123
and gene patents, 201–4
and intellectual property issues, 211
and libel case, 111
and masked testimony, 82–84
and merchandising, 213, 214
and patents, 196
and privacy issues, 116–17
as sole proprietorship, 153
standing of plaintiffs, 42n97
Stark, Tony
and arms control regulations, 221–22
and business structures, 161
and corporate liability, 163, 165
and the corporate veil, 165–67
and FDA regulations, 187
and mind control, 72
and political influences, 184–85
and the Superhuman Registration Act, 20
and time shifting, 262
See also Iron Man; Stark Industries
Stark Industries, 165–68, 187, 195–96
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 176
state interests, 24
state legislatures, 168
state-actor doctrine, 1–6, 95, 112n3
statehood, 53
statelessness, 232
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 257–59, 259n3
stock markets, 268–69
stop and frisk searches, 100–101
Storm, 243, 246
See also Munroe, Ororo
Storm, Jonathan, 126
Storm, Susan, 124, 126
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Stevenson), 257–59, 259n3
strict liability, 57
strict scrutiny, 25, 27, 30
The Stronghold of Doctor Strange! (Lee, Kirby et al.), 71–72, 72n18
subjective standards, 146
subornation of perjury, 91
substantial capacity test, 76
substantive due process, 23, 29n68, 30–32
suicide, 56, 60, 60n9
superhearing, 99
Superhuman Registration Act (SHRA), 14, 19–23, 152, 160, 183–85, 244, 246
Superman
and animal cruelty laws, 281, 282
and business structures, 162
and citizenship issues, 222–23, 223, 224, 224n6, 226, 228–32
and contract law, 141
and criminal procedure, 93–95, 94
and excessive force, 122, 123
and immortality, 262
and intellectual property issues, 211
and merchandising, 213, 214
and mind control, 73
and non-human intelligences, 279
and property damage, 133, 134
and psychic powers, 55
and renunciation of citizenship, 229
and taxes, 179, 190–93, 230–31
and trademarks, 217
and travel regulations, 219
Superman: Grounded (Straczynski et al.), 93–95, 94
Superman III (1983), 190, 191
Superman in Chains (Morrison et al.), 282
Superman Owes a Billion Dollars! (Bernstein et al.), 180
superpowers, 170–71
supervillains, 35–44, 173–77, 214, 243
See also specific characters
supplemental jurisdiction, 175
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 76
suspect classes, 25, 27–29, 27n57, 33
symbiote suit, 73
Tales of Suspense #41, 72, 72n18
taxes
and business structures, 151, 153, 155, 157, 158n16, 160–61, 162
and citizenship issues, 232
and immortality, 269–72
loopholes, 193
and money laundering, 260–61
and multiple incarnations, 60n8
and resurrection, 276–77, 276n25
and Superman, 179, 190–93, 230–31
taxable income, 190
taxation powers of Congress, 15–16, 15n29
tax-exempt entities, 33
and value of powers, 69
T’Challa, 238, 243–47
technology, 97, 99, 124n23, 195–96, 196–201, 220
telekinesis, 66–67, 67
telepathy
and contracts, 148
and court testimony, 85–88
and cross-examinations, 90
and evidence, 81
and privacy rights, 114, 114n10
and state-actor doctrine, 4–6
teleportation, 220
“Ten Commandments of Cross Examination” (Younger), 90
Tennessee Valley Authority, 180
Tenth Amendment, 14
territorial waters, 239, 239n3
territories of the U.S., 53–54
terrorism, 103, 133–34, 183, 186
testimony
and the confrontation clause, 6–10
and cross-examinations, 7, 89–90
of defendants, 109n41
masked, 10, 10n16, 11, 82–84
probative value of, 86
and psychiatry, 13
and psychic powers, 12, 13–14, 85–88
relevance of, 85–86
and state-actor doctrine, 4–6
theft, 67–69, 122–23
thermal imaging, 97
Thing, 126, 188, 189
Thirteenth Amendment, 2, 27n57, 136
Thor, 216
thought manipulation, 67
See also psychic powers
time, place, and manner restrictions, 18
time travelers, 204, 233n23
Timebroker, 204
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 18
Torrijos-Carter Treaty, 53n117
tort law, 111–36
and accidental superpowers, 123–31
and assumption of risk, 124–27
described, 111–12
and excessive force, 122–23
and privacy, 112–22
and property damage, 131–36
and respondeat superior, 163–65
and superheroes’ business structures, 153
trademarks, 119n17, 215–18
transferred intent, 72, 72n19
travel and immigration, 219–33
treason, 228
treaties, 206
Trial by Fire, Part 2: Witness for the Prosecution (Andreyko et al.), 5
The Trial of Captain America Part 2 (Brubaker et al.), 110
The Trial of Captain America Part 5 (Brubaker et al.), 252
trials in absentia, 252, 253, 253n18
Trust Issues (David, et al.), 61
Twelfth Amendment (actual), 84
Twelfth Amendment (DC Universe), 6, 6n8, 10, 84, 85
Twenty-First Amendment, 16
Two-Face, 73
Ultimate Spider-Man Universe, 201n13
Ultron, 285, 286
Umayyad Caliphate, 266
unavailability exceptions, 7
The Uncanny Threat of…Unus, the Untouchable! (Lee, Kirby et al.), 67
Uncanny X-Men #390, 272n19
unconscionability, 146–49
uncontrolled superpowers, 49–50
underwater nations, 238–39, 239–40
undue hardship, 172–73
undue influence, 146, 147–48
unfairness in contracts, 148
Uniform Commercial Code, 140n1
Uniform Partnership Act, 154n5
unilateral mistakes, 147n15
unincorporated territory, 54
uninsurable risks, 132
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), 249
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 239n3, 241
United Nations
(UN), 248–49
United States Attorney, 222
United States Congress
and the Americans with Disabilities Act, 168, 169
and animal rights, 283n8, 284, 284n12
and arms control regulations, 222
and citizenship issues, 232
and conscription powers, 21n48, 22n52
and the Keene Act, 15–16
and limits of government power, 50
and military operations, 182
and the New Deal, 181
and No Man’s Land, 50–53
and patents, 196
and presidential powers, 52–53
and private grants of citizenship, 225–27, 225nn9–10
and Social Security, 271
and the Superhuman Registration Act, 20–21, 184
taxing and spending powers, 15–16, 15n29
United States Constitution, 95, 168, 196, 253, 283
See also Constitutional Law; specific amendments and articles
United States Customs and Border Protection, 220
United States Department of Defense, 129, 182, 196, 201, 221
United States Department of Homeland Security, 184n7
United States Department of Labor, 174
United States Department of State, 221, 228–29, 237, 247, 250
United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 187
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 182, 184, 185
United States ex rel. Gerald Mayo v. Satan and His Staff, 144n11
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 187
United States House of Representatives, 21
United States Munitions List (USML), 220–21
United States Patent and Trademark Office, 198–99, 215
United States Reports, xiv
United States Supreme Court
case citation formats, xiv
and chemical sterilization cases, 43
and citizenship issues, 222–23, 223
and civil rights protections, 28, 29
and class action lawsuits, 175n46
and the confrontation clause, 8–9
and copyright issues, 212
and death penalty cases, 37
and the equal protection clause, 23–24
and psychiatric testimony, 13
and right to bear arms, 44–45
and right to privacy, 112n3
and sentencing issues, 35–36
and standing of plaintiffs, 42n97
and state-actor doctrine, 2, 3
and unconstitutional searches, 97
United States v. Agapito, 99n11
United States v. Carroll Towing Co., xiii–xiv
United States v. Comstock, 49
United States v. Taborda, 99n11
unreasonable search and seizure, 97
unusual sovereignties, 237–40
usury, 267
vehicles of superheroes, 119, 120–21, 213–14
Venom, 73
Verlinden BV v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 175n46
Vesetech, 173–74, 174, 176–77
Veterans Affairs Administration (VA), 130–31
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 246
vigilantism, 14–19
Violence Against Women Act of 1994, 32
