Pericles, 10–11
Peril, 46
Persia, 3, 4, 7
pertussis (whooping cough), xii
adverse effects of vaccine, 206, 210, 213–214, 219
cause of, 200–201
fatalities from, 202
outbreaks of, 217–218
vaccine, 201–211, 216–219, 277
Petri, Julius Richard, 77
Pfeiffer, Richard Friedrich Johannes, 108
PFLP External Operations Group (PFLP-EOG), 247–248
phage-based therapy, 123–126
phagocytes, 67, 73, 83–84
pharmaceutical industry, 212, 241, 261–262, 265, 268–269
phenol, 97–98, 179
phenotypes, 14
Philadelphia, 251–252
Philip IV, 58–59
Phillip II, 3
Phipps, James, 27–28
Picquart, Ferdinand Georges, 189
Pirquet, Clemens von, 165–167, 172–173
Pitcairn, John, Jr., 44–45, 47
Pitcairn, Raymond, 47
Pizarro, Francisco, 18
plague, 60, 108, 193–195
Plague of Athens, 10–11, 18, 29–30, 61
Plague of Justinian, 193
plasmids, 62
Player, John, 35–36
Plett, Peter, 34–36
Plotkin, Stanley, 231
pneumococcal vaccine, 266–267
pneumonia, 74
poliomyelitis, xii, 53, 227
polymerase, 142
Pompey, 7
Pontiac’s war, 31
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 247–248
PPG Industries, 44, 45
Preston, Richard, 257
Price, Winston Harvey, 129–131
Procter and Gamble (P&G), 109–110
Project BioShield Act, 262
prokaryotic cells, 65
protists, 94–95
proviruses, 145
Prussia, 174–176
puerperal fever, 98–101
Pulitzer, Joseph, 161, 162, 163
Pure Food and Drug Act, 46
pus, 60–61
pushback against, 57–58
Q
Qing Dynasty, 194
quinine, 153
R
rabies, 185–188
Rain Man, 234
Ramon, Gaston, 188–192
Ramses V, 10
randomized clinical trials, 99
Ransdell Act, 164
Ravold, Armand, 159–162
Rayer, Pierre Francois Olive, 177–178
Reade, Mary, 33
Reagan, Ronald, 209, 216
recessive traits, 13
red blood cells, 71
Reed, Walter, 253
Reed-Frost model, 244
Rely tampon, 109–110, 111
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 170
restriction enzymes, 63
retroviruses, 145
reverse transcriptase, 140–142
Rhazes, Abubakr-e Mohammad ibn Zakariyya, 220–221
rhinovirus, 131
ribonucleic acid (RNA), 142
ricin, 78–80
rinderpest, 221
ring vaccination, 51
Robbins, Frederick Chapman, 226–227
Robert Koch Institute, 78
Robinson, Marion C., 258, 259, 260
Rockefeller Institute, 254–255
Roman Empire, 1–9, 90
Roman Republic, 1, 5, 6, 89
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 204, 264
Roosevelt, Theodore, 46, 164
Rosen, William, 193
Ross, Ronald, 196
rotavirus, 262
Roux, Emile, 108, 154, 156, 180–182, 186–190
royal families, 174
Royal Society of London, 20, 23–24, 28, 36, 37, 91
rubella, 220, 227, 228, 231
Rush, Benjamin, 257
Russia, 94, 273
S
Salem witch trials, 23
SARS, 262
Sauer, Louis, 201
sausages, 101–103
Scarpa, Antonio, 102
Schick, Bela, 166–167, 172–173
scientific community, xiv
scientific method, 233, 235
Second Punic War, 5, 6
Second World War, 93, 104–106, 124, 138, 167, 192, 199
Seeck, Otto, 9
Seleucia, 2–3, 6–8
Seleucid Empire, 4–7
Seleucus, 4
Semmelweis, Ignaz, 98–102
septic procedures, 100–101
septic shock, 109–111
Septra, 237
serum, 155
serum sickness, 165–172
sexually transmitted diseases, 132–135
Shakespeare, William, 26
Shawnee Indians, 31
Sheen, Charlie, 242, 277
Shibasaburo, Kitasato, 154–155, 194
Shigella bacteria, 123–124
shingles, 132, 139, 145–146
shock, 167–168, 257
Shooter Report, 55
Silk Road, 19
Silverstone, Alicia, 242
Simpson, William John Ritchie, 184–185
Sinclair, Upton, 46
single-cell organisms, 64–65
Six Day War, 247
skin, 66, 72
slaves, 18, 23–24, 251
smallpox
anti-vaccine campaign and, 44–47
biology of, 49
discovery of vaccine for, 26–28, 29–37
eradication of, 48–56
evolution of, 14
history of, xii–xiii, 3–4, 9–11
human adaptation to, 14
in New World, 18–20, 30–31, 222
outbreaks of, 162–163
possible reemergence of, 271–273
resurgence of, 47–48
during Roman Empire, 8–9
spread of vaccination for, 38–45
stigma of, 26
vaccination against, 48–56
variolation, 19–25, 30–34, 37, 38
sniper attacks, xv
social immunity, xvii
social impact bonds, 270–271
Somalia, 51–52, 53
Somali community, in U.S., 242–243
Sommer, Herman, 104
South America, 51
South Asia, 51
Soviet Union, 49–50, 56, 125, 271–272
Spain, 48, 175
Spanish flu, 107
Sparta, 10, 11
specialization, 66, 67
spontaneous generation, 96
spores, 178
Stalin, Josef, 125
Stanley, Wendell Meredith, 118
Staphylococcus aureus, 111
Stewart, Gordon T., 211–214
Stewart, William H., 50
St. Louis, 159–162, 198
Stonehenge, 17
Strau, Isidore, 182
streptomycin, 112
sulfa-based medications, 125
superantigens, 108, 131
superbugs, 147, 264
superorganism, 113, 114
Sutton, Robert, 30
Suttonian technique, 30
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 44–45
Swedenborgian church, 45
syphilis, 90, 133
T
T4, 126–127
tampons, 109–111
Taoism, 19
Taylor, Frances, 258–260
Taylor, Henry, 161–162
T cell receptor (TCR) complex, 83–84, 85, 87
T cells, 80–87, 148, 150
Tebb, William, 44
Tectitethya crypta, 134–135
terrorists, 247–249, 262
tetanus, 155, 161–164, 192, 195–196
Theiler, Max, 254–255
Theosophy, 44
Thirty Years’ War, 199
Thompson, Lea, 207, 208
thrombin, 168
Thucydides, 11, 18, 29�
��30, 61
Thullier, Louis, 182
thymidine kinase, 139
thymus, 80–81, 85, 86, 169–170
Tierney, Gene, 227–228
Times, 236
tobacco mosaic disease, 117–118
Toland, John, 105
Toussaint, Jean Joseph Henri, 179–180
toxic shock syndrome, 110–111
toxin-antitoxin system, 62–64, 151
toxoids, 188–192
tragedy of the commons, 13
Treaty of Amiens, 39
Treaty of Ryswick, 251
trench warfare, 123–124
Treves, Frederick, 61
tropical medicine, 185
Trousseau, Armand, 252
Trump, Donald, xiii, 242, 277
Truth Teller, 46
tuberculosis, 78, 142, 156, 172, 190, 264, 265
Twort, Frederick, 121
typhoid fever, 11, 96, 253
typhus, 11, 92–94, 225
U
Uganda, 247–249, 254
Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), 249, 254
United Kingdom
DTP vaccine in, 206–207
smallpox in, 55
smallpox vaccination in, 38–39
United States
anti-vaccinator movement in, 198, 207–211, 238–246
smallpox eradication efforts by, 49–50
smallpox vaccination in, 39–45
vaccine research in, 198, 201, 202–206
yellow fever in, 251–254
University of Bologna, 58
University of Pennsylvania, 40
urbanization, 263
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 50, 51
U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, 104
V
vaccination
see also vaccines
of children, 43
decrease in rates of, 218–219, 236, 243
delay and avoidance of, x–xi, xiv
exemptions from mandatory, 243
laws requiring, 162–163
ring, 51
success of, xi–xiii
Vaccine Polk Institute, 37
vaccines, 146
see also specific vaccines
acellular, 216–219
activism against. see anti-vaccinator movement
adjuvants and, 205–206
adverse effects of, 47, 206, 210, 213–214, 219
anthrax, 179–180
autism and, xiii–xiv, xvi–xvii, 209, 235, 238–242, 277
booster shots, 217–218
cervical cancer, 267
cholera, 183–185
decline in effectiveness of, xvii, 217–218
development of, 155–159, 178–183, 190–191, 201, 216–217, 225–227, 230–231, 261–262, 264–265, 268–271
diphtheria, 190–192
DTaP, 217–218
DTP, 206, 207–211, 218–219, 237
hemorrhagic fevers and, 260–263
HIV, 237–238
impact of, xii
influenza, 267, 275–276
lawsuits on, 211, 213–216, 237
makers of, 47, 162, 215–216, 261–262, 268–269
MMR, 220, 231–246
mumps, 230–231, 267–268
Pasteur and, 97–98
pertussis (whooping cough), 199, 201–211, 216–219, 277
plague, 194–197
pneumococcal, 266–267
polio, 53, 227
quality of, 47
rabies, 186–188
regulation of production of, 163–165
rubella, 231
serum sickness and, 165–172
smallpox, xii–xiii, 26–45, 48–56, 162–163
success of, 148, 275–276
tetanus, 192
tuberculosis, 264, 265
whole cell, 204, 205–207, 210, 216–219
yellow fever, 254–255
Vallee, Henri, 189–190
vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal aureus, 262
Van Ermengem, Pierre Maria, 103–104
Van Leeuwenhoek Medal, 95
varicella zoster virus, xvii
variolation, 19–25, 30–34, 37, 38
Varro, Gaius Terentius, 5
Varro, Marcus Tarentius, 89–90
Vatican, 59
Vaxxed, 241
Vermeer, Johannes, 32
Verrucosus, Quintua Fabius Maximus, 5
vertebrates, 69
viral DNA, 63–64
viral hemorrhagic fever, 256–263
viral infections, 147
challenges of treating, 131–132
symptoms of, 131–132
Virchow, Rudolf Ludwig Carl, 74
virology, 126–128
viruses, xiii, 115–116
see also specific viruses
battle against, 141–146
beneficial, 119–120
danger of, 116
discovery of, 117–126
diversity of, 119, 128
drugs to treat, 137–141
embedded, 63–64
evolution of, 141–143
flaviviruses, 249–260
latent, 145–146
protection against, 63–64
replication by, 126–128, 142–143
spread of, 38
Vogel, William, 73
W
Wakefield, Andrew, xi, 232–233, 235, 238–243, 269, 278
Wakley, Thomas, 231–232
Wallis, John, 31
Ward, Hugh Kingsley, 224–225
War of 1812, 43
War of the Grand Alliance, 251
wars, 11, 123–124, 153
see also specific wars
Washington, George, 5, 40, 251
waterborne diseases, 120–121
Waterhouse, Benjamin, 40–43
Watson, James, 139
Way, Mark, 259
Weigert, Carl, 73–74
Wellcome, Henry, 237
Weller, Thomas H., 225–227
Whitcomb, Fredrick, 56
white blood cells, 71, 72–73
whole cell vaccines, 204, 205–207, 210, 216–219
whooping cough. See pertussis
Wilhelm I, 174, 175
Williams, Gareth, 29
Wilson, John, 206, 215
Winter, Greg, 171–172
witchcraft, 22–23
World Health Organization (WHO), smallpox eradication efforts by, 49–54
World War I. See First World War
World War II. See Second World War
Wortley-Montague, Edward, 20
Y
Yale University, 135
yellow fever, 249–255
Yersin, Alexandre, 108, 154, 155, 189, 194
Young, Cy, 203
Z
Zahorsky, John, 201
Zhikov, Todor, 79
Zicam, 132
zidovudine, 141
Zika virus, xiii, 249–250
Zinsser, Hans, 202, 225, 226
Zoeller, Christian, 192
Zola, Emile, 189
Zovirax, 139–140
BETWEEN HOPE AND FEAR
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Copyright © 2018 Michael Kinch
First Pegasus Books edition July 2018
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