20. Ibid.; McAlister, Spain and Portugal, 81.
21. Cristoforo Colombo, Selected Letters of Christopher Columbus, with Other Original Documents, Relating to His Four Voyages to the New World, translated and edited by R. H. Major, The Hakluyt Society, 1870, 203.
22. Christopher Columbus, “The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery (1493),” Historic Documents, www.ushistory.org/documents/columbus.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).
23. Mouat, Adventures and Researches Among the Andaman Islanders, 7; Peter Foster, “Stone Age Tribe Kills Fishermen Who Strayed on to Island,” Telegraph, February 8, 2006, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1509987/Stone-Age-tribe-kills-fishermen-who-strayed-on-to-island.html (accessed June 16, 2014).
24. Thomas, Skull Wars, 9.
25. Michener, Caribbean.
26. Paul Halsall, ed., “Christopher Columbus: Extracts from Journal,” Fordham University: The Jesuit University of New York, www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.asp (accessed June 15, 2014). This article is part of the “Internet Medieval Sourcebook” in the History Sourcebooks Project.
27. Christopher Columbus, “The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery (1493),” Historic Documents, www.ushistory.org/documents/columbus.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).
28. Morgan, “Columbus’ Confusion.”
29. Zinn, People’s History, 3.
30. Morison, Journals and Other Documents, 212. Cited in Wade Frazier, “Columbus, The Original American Hero,” The Home Page of Wade Frazier, www.ahealedplanet.net/columbus.htm (accessed June 13, 2014).
31. Teacher, Christopher Columbus, 433.
32. Morgan, “Columbus’ Confusion.”
33. Wikipedia, “Christopher Columbus,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus#Later_life (accessed June 16, 2014). See the “Later Life” section.
34. Wikipedia, “Book of Prophecies,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Prophecies (accessed June 13, 2014).
35. Las Casas, Brevisima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. See chapter 16 illustration captioned “Depiction of Spanish atrocities committed in the conquest of Cuba,” by the Flemish artist Theodor de Bry.
36. Zhenja La Rosa, “Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija,” Loyola University, New Orleans, www.loyno.edu/~history/journal/1995-6/rosa.htm (accessed June 16, 2014). The quote is from Nebrija, Gramatica Castellana, 11.
37. Morgan, “Columbus’ Confusion.”
CHAPTER 2. AMERICAN HISTORY ABC
1. Books by Joseph Corey Ayoob include Ancient Inscriptions in the New World or Were the Phoenicians the First to Discover America? (1964) and Book in Arabic about the Phoenicians in America?
2. Gordon, Before Columbus.
3. Encyclopedia Phoeniciana. “Phoenician Settlements Outside the Motherland,” phoenicia.org/colonies.html (accessed June 16, 2014). Refer to map.
4. Fell, America B.C., 7.
5. Waddell, Phoenician Origin, 32.
6. Fell, America B.C., 160.
7. Ibid., 57–58.
8. Eric Williams, “Bourne Stone Continues to Baffle Experts,” Cape Cod Times, April 6, 2013, www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101020/NEWS/10200327/-1/rss02 (accessed June 13, 2014).
9. Cook, “Crespi Collection.”
10. Michael Palomino, “Cuenca: Father Crespi, Chronology,” from South America Index site, www.am-sur.com/am-sur/ecuador/Cuenca/padre-Crespi-chronology-ENGL.html (accessed June 15, 2014).
11. Fell, Saga America, 68–69.
12. Cook, “Crespi Collection,” 2. See also David Icke, “Coincidence? Not a Chance,” www.davidicke.com/headlines/71626-coincidence (accessed June 16, 2014). A video on this web page shows Crespi and many of his artifacts that have Old World similarities.
13. Wingate, Lost Outpost of Atlantis, 108.
14. Glen Chapman, “The Crespi Ancient Artifact Collection of Cuenca, Ecuador,” November 1998, The Chapman Research Group, chapmanresearch.org/PDF/Crespi%20Ancient%20Artifact%20Collection%20of%20Cuenca%20%20 Ecuador.pdf (accessed June 13, 2014).
15. Fell, Saga America, 79.
16. Ibid., 65.
17. Ibid., 5–6.
18. Waddell, Phoenician Origin, chap. 4.
19. Fell, Bronze Age America, 1982.
20. Fell, Saga America, 34–35.
21. McKusick, The Davenport Conspiracy.
22. Ibid., 65–66.
23. McKusick, Davenport Conspiracy.
24. Thomas, “Davenport Tablet, 188–90.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Guthrie, Blind Men and the Elephants.
29. Ibid., 1.
30. McGlone et al. Ancient American Inscriptions.
31. Guthrie, Blind Men and the Elephants, 1.
32. Pinsky, “The Davenport Conspiracy: Revisited and Revised,” PseudoArchaeology Research Archive, www.pseudoarchaeology.org/a05/a05-pinsky.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).
33. Personal communications with William McGlone, Phillip Leonard, and Kean Monahan, among others.
34. Personal communications with William McGlone.
35. Kelley, “Proto-Tifinagh and Proto-Ogham.”
CHAPTER 3. THE STARS AND THE STONES
1. Wikipedia, “Astrology and Astronomy,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_ astronomy (accessed June 13, 2014).
2. Brennan, “31 Percent of Americans ‘Believe’ in Astrology,” The Horoscopic Astrology Blog, horoscopicastrologyblog.com/2008/12/11/31-percent-of-americans-believe-in-astrology (accessed June 15, 2014).
3. William James Bookstore, “Astrology,” www.williamjames.com/Folklore/ASTROLOG.htm (accessed June 16, 2014).
4. Mitchell E. Gibson, MD, Signs of Mental Illness, 1995; Kevin Williams, “Scientific Evidence Suggestive of Astrology,” www.near-death.com/experiences/articles012.html (accessed June 16, 2014).
5. Tiverton and Mid Devon Astronomy Society, “Astro-Archaeology at Stonehenge,” www.tivas.org.uk/stonehenge/stone_ast.html (accessed June 16, 2014).
6. Wikipedia, “Stonehenge,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge (accessed June 15, 2014).
7. Brennan, The Stars and the Stones.
8. Wikipedia, “Imbolc,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc (accessed June 15, 2014).
9. Brennan, The Stones of Time, 40.
10. Russell, “A Dream of Angus Oge,” Read Book Online, www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/50665 (accessed June 15, 2014).
11. Brennan, The Stones of Time.
12. Ibid., 9.
13. Brennan, Stones of Time. See also Ancient Wisdom Foundation, “Light Boxes,” Ancient Wisdom, www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/lightboxes.htm (accessed June 16, 2014).
14. Alan Betson, “Irishtimes.com: Winter Solstice at Newgrange,” Irish Times, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xriRUDU9kwI (accessed June 15, 2014).
15. Brennan, Boyne Valley Vision.
16. Ibid., 15.
17. Ibid.
18. MacKillop, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, 366.
19. Godlike Productions, “Tuatha de Danann & Tribe of Dan,” forum discussion, March 21, 2009, www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message753925/pg1 (accessed June 15, 2014).
CHAPTER 4. CELTIC NEW ENGLAND
1. Gilmore and McElroy, Across Before Columbus?
2. Mavor and Dix, Manitou.
3. Brennan, Stars and the Stones.
4. Mavor and Dix, Manitou, 106.
5. Goodwin, Ruins of Greater Ireland.
6. America’s Stonehenge Tour Guide Map. America’s Stonehenge, P.O. Box 84, North Salem, NH 03073.
CHAPTER 5. THEY SETTLED IN MESOAMERICA
1. Wikipedia. “Mesoamerican Ballgames.” wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame (accessed June 15, 2014).
2. Quotes are from Goetz and Griswold, Book of the People.
3. Tedlock, Popol Vuh.
4. Erdoes and Oritz, American Indian Myths and Legends; Bierhorst, Tales of the American Indians; Hall, Cultural Background of Mississippian Symbolism;
Galloway, The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, 239–78.
5. The Haab, the Tzolkin, and the Long Count are fully explained in Brennan, Stones of Time, and Jenkins, Maya Cosmogenesis 2012.
6. Jenkins, “Alignment 2012,” The Official Graham Hancock Website, www.grahamhancock.com/forum/JenkinsJM1-p1.htm (accessed June 16, 2014).
7. Tedlock, Popol Vuh.
8. Jenkins, Maya Cosmogenesis 2012. See also the Center for 2012 Studies web-site (www.thecenterfor2012studies.com; accessed June 16, 2014) and Jenkins’s books Galactic Alignment and The 2012 Story.
9. Brennan, Hidden Maya, 11.
10. Phylameana Lila Desy, “Healing Mudras Poster,” Holistic Healing, healing.about.com/od/spirituality/ss/Healing-Mudras-Poster.htm (accessed June 16, 2014).
11. For Christian hand signs, see “What Does This Hand Gesture Mean in Icons?” Reader’s Guide to Orthodox Icons, iconreader.wordpress.com/2011/05/26/what-does-this-hand-gesture-mean-in-icons (accessed June 16, 2014).
12. Brennan, Hidden Maya, 16–17, 248–52.
13. Information on Le Plongeon from Lawrence G. Desmond, “Augustus Le Plongeon (1826–1908): Early Mayanist, Archaeologist, and Photographer,” White Bone Dragon, http://maya.csueastbay.edu/archaeoplanet/LgdPage/LepOxf.htm (accessed June 13, 2014).
14. See also Wikipedia, “Pre-Columbian Trans-Oceanic Contacts,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact#Africans (accessed June 15, 2014). See “Africans” section.
15. Van Stertima, They Came Before Columbus, 125.
16. “Studies of Science,” Basictell.com, www.basictell.com/general-knowledge/study-of-science.php.
17. Wikipedia, “Olmec Alternative Origin Speculations,” wikipedia.org/wiki/ Olmec_alternative_origin_speculations (accessed June 15, 2014).
18. Thompson, Nu Sun.
19. Mackenzie, Myths of Pre-Columbian America; cited by David Pratt, “2012 and the Mayan Calendar: Facts and Fantasies,” Exploring Theosophy: The Synthesis of Science, Religion, and Philosophy. www.davidpratt.info/2012.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).
20. Kausalya Santhanam, “The Cultural Connection,” The Hindu, www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-cultural-connection/article3606162.ece; Wikipedia, “Sanskrit,” wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit#Origin_ and_development (accessed June 16, 2014). See the “Origin and Development” section.
21. Sthapati, Sthapati’s Visit to Maayan Land. See also “The Loyal Inheritor of a Royal Tradition: Dr. V. Ganapati Sthapati,” Vaastu Shastra, www.vastu-design.com/ganapati-php (accessed June 16, 2014).
22. Padmanabhan, “Impact of Dravidian Culture.”
23. http://veden-akademie.de/index.php?article_id=135&clang=1.There are many other Vedic sites throughout the world that are listed at this website.
CHAPTER 6. SACRED SEXUALITY AT THE PATHFINDER SITE
1. McGlone and Leonard, Ancient Celtic America.
2. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions; McGlone et al., Petroglyphs of Southeast Colorado; McGlone et al., Archaeoastronomy of Southeast Colorado.
3. Keyser and Klassen, Plains Indian Rock Art, 188.
4. Brennan, Stones of Time, 144.
5. For discussion of Changing Woman’s alternative names to the Yavapai-Apache name Widapokwi, see “Changing Woman [Asdzaa nádleehé],” Welcome to Hanksville, www.hanksville.org/voyage/navajo/ChangingWoman.php3 (accessed June 16, 2014), which references Wyman, Blessingway; she is also called Estsanatlehi (Es-tan-aht’-lu-hee) by the Apache tribes, as described in “Changing Woman/Estsanatlehi,” Hrana Janto: Illustration and Illumination, www.hranajanto.com/goddessgallery/changing.html (accessed June 16, 2014).
6. Gill and Sullivan, Dictionary of Native American Mythology, 290.
7. Chaline, Book of Gods and Goddesses.
8. Steve Eddy and Claire Hamilton, “Native American Myths in Brief,” Living Myths, www.livingmyths.com/Nativesum.htm (accessed June 13, 2014).
9. Frazer, New Golden Bough, 586.
10. Brennan, Boyne Valley Vision, 15.
CHAPTER 7. EQUINOX SUNRISE: CELTIC SUN DEITIES IN COLORADO
1. One such debate occurred in 1985 between John Gooding, a Colorado archaeologist and Phillip Leonard and Bill McGlone. See http://onter.net/video3.html to view segments along with additional material on the “Old News” documentary by Kean Scott Monahan, which can be obtained at http://onter.net/dvd.
2. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions.
3. Ibid., 330.
4. Ibid., xv.
5. Kelley, “Proto-Tifinagh and Proto-Ogham.”
6. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 186–87.
7. Ibid., 185.
8. Ibid., 185, 187.
9. Ibid., 232.
10. Ibid., table XII, “Summary of Repeated Markings,” 232.
11. MacKillop, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, 92.
12. See video of the Crack Cave equinox alignment, “Crack Cave,” Kean (Scott) Monahan, Onter.net at http://onter.net/video4.html; and “CBS News Report” from March 23, 1987 broadcast, onter.net/videos.html.
13. The central Colorado Ogham inscription is detailed in McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 215–17; and McGlone and Leonard, Ancient Celtic America, 113–16.
CHAPTER 8. OLD WORLD COSMOLOGIES AT THE ANUBIS CAVES
1. These works coauthored by Leonard include McGlone and Leonard, Ancient Celtic America; McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions; McGlone et al., Petroglyphs of Southeast Colorado; and McGlone et al., Archaeoastronomy of Southeast Colorado.
2. Leonard, A New World Monument to Mithras.
3. One of the earliest and best-written presentations of the Anubis Caves is McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions. The Anubis Caves are presented in the 1985 documentary Old News, produced by Kean (Scott) Monahan and available at http://onter.net/dvd.html, along with an interview of Martin Brennan at Anubis Cave in 2007 at http://onter.net/video5.html.
4. Fell, America B.C., 159.
5. Farley, In Plain Sight, chap. 9, 217–39; see also Farley, “Heavener Runestone.”
6. Farley, “Mythology of the Petroglyphs,” 347.
7. Farley, In Plain Sight.
8. Ibid., 275. The source of translation is Barry Fell.
9. Cooper, Mithras. Relevant excerpt at www.iranian.com/History/Sept97/Mitra/index.html (accessed June 13, 2014).
10. Gordon, “Franz Cumont,” 215–48; Gordon quotes Porphyry on page 66.
11. Leonard, A New World Monument to Mithras, 23–27.
12. Ibid., 28.
13. There are many references to the similarities between Jesus and Mithras, including Kevin Williams, “Jesus as the Reincarnation of Mithra,” Near-Death Experiences and the Afterlife, www.near-death.com/experiences/jesus08.html (accessed November 1, 2014).
14. Barry Fell provided translations to some of the inscriptions based on Farley’s photographs; see Fell, “Parietal Inscriptions,” 342.
15. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 139.
16. Cation ratio dating, also known as indirect carbon-14 dating, for the inscriptions was completed by Professor of Geography Ron Dorn from Arizona State University. Dorn and Whitley, “Chronometric and Relative Age Determination of Petroglyphs in the Western United States,” 1984, and Dorn et al., “Age Determination of Petroglyphs in Southeast Colorado,” 1990. See McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 355–64.
17. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 160.
18. Leonard, A New World Monument to Mithras, 45.
19. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, fig. 73, 165.
20. Leonard, A New World Monument to Mithras, 11.
21. Ibid., 11–12.
22. Fell, “Parietal Inscriptions,” 342; cited and referenced in McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 153.
23. Fell, “Ogham Consaine Coinage,” 384; cited and referenced in McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 47, 148.
24. Leonar
d, A New World Monument to Mithras, 20–21.
25. For a video clip of the Silent Opera, see “Old News” trailer, Kean Scott Monahan, http://onter.net/video1.html and “Beyond Old News,” Kean Scott Monahan, http://onter.net/video5.html.
26. Stern, “What Happened to the Cult Figurines?”
27. Ulansey, Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries, 8; also see Hyeongsu Park, “Mithraism in the Roman Empire,” section 2-b. Mithra vs. Perseus, www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0607/hyeongsu/hyeongsu.html, 2006 (accessed June 16, 2014).
28. Porphyry, De antro nympharum, chap. 6; cited in Leonard, A New World Monument to Mithras, 8. See also Hyeongsu Park, “Mithraism in the Roman Empire,” www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0607/hyeongsu/hyeongsu.html (accessed June 16, 2014).
29. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 168.
CHAPTER 9. MORE CELTIC AMERICA
1. Lehrburger and Monahan, “Evidence of Old World Travelers in Colorado.”
2. Schmidt, “Lugh,” Equinox Project, www.equinox-project.com/lughx.htm (accessed June 15, 2014).
3. Nemeton: The Sacred Grove, “Lugas,” www.celtnet.org.uk/gods_l/lugus.html (accessed June 15, 2014).
4. Aedui, “The Nuptials of Lugh: A Brief History of Lughnasadh,” Celtia, November 12, 2007, www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/1007508 (accessed June 13, 2014).
5. Ibid.
6. McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 92.
7. See Lehrburger and Monahan, “Evidence of Old World Travelers in Colorado.”
8. Dorn, McGlone, and Leonard, “Age Determination of Petroglyphs”; see also McGlone et al., Ancient American Inscriptions, 199–201.
9. For a video clip of Sun Temple see Kean Scott Monahan, “Beyond Old News: Expedition to Colorado’s Sun Temple at Beltanee dawn, 5 May 2007,” http://onter.net/video6.html. Monahan’s video documentaries showing solar phenomena at the Anubis Caves, Sun Temple, and Crack Cave, are available at http://onter.net/videos.html.
10. Gallagher and Dexter, Contact with Ancient America.
11. Jennifer Viegas, “Kansas ‘Mystery Stone’ and Enormous Underground Irish Temple,” Discovery News, from s8int.com website, http://s8int.com/page20.html, Page 20; also “Kansas Mystery Stone,” Lincoln Sentinel-Republican, December 12, 1996, www.forbiddenhistory.info/?q=node/25.
Secrets of Ancient America: Archaeoastronomy and the Legacy of the Phoenicians, Celts, and Other Forgotten Explorers Page 35
