Shays, Daniel, 37
Shell Oil, 268, 294, 310
Sheridan, Gen. Philip, 107
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 133, 149
Shurleff, Robert, 34
Silkwood, Karen, 268
Silver Shirts, 225
Simeon, Domingo, 166
Simmons, William, 180
Sindicato Industrial de Café (El Salvador), 290
Sing for Your Supper (Federal Theatre Project), 218
Sitting Bull, 114
sixties, the, 246–73
Skidmore, Thomas, 51
slavery, 46, 50, 53–59, 72–75, 77–79, 78, 79, 84, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92
American Revolution and, 30, 31, 32–34
Civil War and, 85–88, 89, 90–91
colonial, 3, 4–6, 9–13, 16–19
emancipation, 36, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91
of Native Americans, 4, 5–6, 10, 18
slave trade, 9–11, 36, 53, 77, 84
See also abolitionism
Slavic immigrant workers, 117, 119, 131, 169
Sloan, Alfred, Jr., 207
Slovak Workers’ Society, 213
Smith, Alfred, 178
Smith Act (Alien Registration Act) (1940), 217, 219, 223, 235, 240
Smith-Connolly Act (War Labor Disputes Act)(1943), 228, 232
Social Security Act, 201
Socialist Party of America (SP), 145, 149, 150–51, 156–57, 160, 163, 167, 172, 196, 239
Socialist Workers Party (SWP), 223
Society for Encouraging Industry and Employing the Poor (Boston), 14
Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment, 66
Society of Professional Engineering Employees in Aerospace, 324
Society of Ribbonmen, 71
Sojourner Truth Housing Project, 226
Sons of Liberty, 26, 27, 39
South Africa, 289, 292–93
South Carolina, 55, 85, 87, 102, 104–5, 140, 187, 198, 260
colonial, 13, 17, 19, 27, 30, 36, 47
Reconstruction, 94, 96
South Carolina Gazette, 22
South Hampton University (Long Island), 316
South Korea, 309
Southeast Asia, 245
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 248, 251, 252, 260, 269
Southern Negro Youth Congress, 212
Southern Pacific Railroad, 76
Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, 195
Soviet Union, 222, 224, 230, 234
Spain, 1, 2, 4–5, 16–17, 19–20, 138–39, 219, 273
Spanish Labor Committee, 266
Spanish-American War, 138, 140, 141, 145
Spies, August, 126, 127
Spokane, Washington, 159
Sprigs, Elizabeth, 7
St. Louis, Missouri, 107, 130, 194, 226
Staley Manufacturing strike, 307, 308, 329
Stamford, Connecticut, 232
Stamp Act (1765), 25–26, 29
Standard Oil, 178, 200
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 100
Starkku, John, 117
State Department, U.S., 178, 236
Statler Hotels, 200
Stechi, Ledcie, 178
steel industry, 272, 284–85
Steel Valley Authority (SVA), 297
Steel Workers Fight Back, 274
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 203, 205–6, 213, 214, 222
Steele, Walter, 217
Stephen F. Austin University (Texas), 297
Stephens, Uriah, 122
Stevenson, Adlai, 241
Stewardesses for Women’s Rights (SFWR), 266
Stewart, Maria W., 51
stock market of twenties, 174, 175, 181, 187
Stonewall Inn, 259
Stove Molders’ Union, 99
Strategic Air Command, 234
strikes AFL, 128
agricultural, 189, 195, 196, 199, 260–61
air-traffic controllers (PATCO), 276–77
Black Hills gold strike of 1875, 114
Boeing strike, 324
Bread and Roses strike, 158
CIO and, 203–4, 207, 213, 214, 222
of Civil War, 88, 97
in Clinton era, 308, 319, 324, 325–26
colonial, 20, 22
in Depression, 189–90
General Motors, 206–7, 208–11, 231–32, 270
in Gilded Age, 111, 112, 121, 125–27, 130, 131–33, 135
Great Railroad Strike, 105–8, 112
Great Shoemakers Strike (1860), 69
for health and safety, 268
Homestead strike, 131–32, 136
immigrants, 62, 72, 101–2, 104, 158, 189, 214
IWW and, 158–59, 164
mill workers, 45–46, 158, 175, 198
miners, 104, 107, 147, 150, 153–55, 169, 189, 229, 230, 231, 232, 282–83, 294, 295
in New Deal, 196–98, 199–200
in 19th century, 45–46, 53, 54, 61–62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74–75
for pay, 62, 69, 72, 121
post-Civil War, 100, 104
post-World War I, 166, 168–69
post-World War II, 231, 232
pre-World War II, 222
in prisons, 256, 317
in Progressive Era, 150, 158, 159
by public sector employees, 269
Pullman strike, 133–34, 136, 151
racial divisions, 74, 101–2, 104
railroads and, 104, 105–8, 132–33, 183, 185, 313
during Reagan years, 276–77, 282–83, 286, 287, 294
River Rouge strike, 229
scabs, 101–2, 104, 131, 159, 197, 238
Staley Manufacturing strike, 307, 308, 329
strike wave of 1968–1977, 259, 268, 269–70, 273, 274
strikebreaking, 71, 106, 108, 197, 198, 204, 214
sympathy strikes, 128, 147, 197, 229
Teamsters, 197, 231, 273, 274, 319
textile industry, 158, 175, 198
in twenties, 175, 184, 185
UPS, 319
“wildcat” strikes, 207, 229, 239, 244, 261, 269, 273–74
for workday, 61–62, 68, 102, 125–27, 128
World War I, in U.S., 161, 162
World War II, 222, 226, 227, 229–30
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 248, 249, 251
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 252
Subversive Activities Control Board, 235
suffrage, women’s, 86, 100, 103, 123, 151, 168
Sumner, Charles, 78
Sumner, William Graham, 112
Sunbelt Alliance, 268
Superior Fireplace strike (1974), 273
Supreme Court, U.S., 79, 111, 134, 140, 144, 148, 178, 200, 207, 236, 247, 258, 276, 287, 288–89, 329
Sutter, John, 76
Sutter’s Mill, 76
Sutton, James, 297
sweatshops, 120, 316
Sweeney, John, 290, 307, 308, 311, 312, 314, 328, 329
Swift Company, 285–86
Swift meatpacking plant, Chicago, Illinois, 185, 229
Swinton, John, 119, 126
Sylvania Association, 64
Sylvis, William, 99
syndicalism, 157, 160, 167, 184, 189, 199, 217
Taft, William Howard, 149, 150
Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act), 233, 237–39, 240, 243, 244
Tailoresses Society (New York City), 67
Tammany Hall, 143
Tampa, Florida, 189
Tampa Morning Tribune, 169
Taney, Roger, 79
taxes, business interests and, 270–71, 275, 277
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 147–48
Teamsters, 214, 223, 237, 243, 252, 272, 285
in Clinton era, 311, 312, 317, 319, 326, 328, 329
Minneapolis Local 544, 223
during Reagan years, 285, 287, 288, 294
strikes, 197, 231, 273, 274, 319
Teamsters for a Democratic Union, 274
Teapot Dome scandal
, 178
temperance societies, 63
Tenayuca, Emma, 196
ten-hour campaign (workday reduction), 61–62, 65–66, 68, 71, 120
Tennessee, 93, 96, 168
Tennessee Coal and Iron, 200
Texaco Corporation, 219, 310
Texas, 75, 78, 96, 97, 108, 114, 119, 147, 156, 187, 196, 214, 232, 297
Texas State Employees Union (TSEU), 297
textile industry, 54, 55, 56, 71, 113, 115
labor organizing, 65, 128, 158, 175, 183, 198, 203
women and, 45–46, 60
third-party initiatives, New Deal era, 205
Third World Gay Liberation, 259
Thomas, R.J., 226
Tillmon, Johnnie, 258
timber companies, union support of, 317
Tobacco Stemmers’ and Laborers’ Industrial Union, 213
Tobin, Daniel, 199, 214, 223
Toledo, Ohio, 196–97
Tonkawa Indians, 114
Townshend Duties, 26, 27, 38
Trade Union Educational League (TUEL), 184
Trade Union Unity League (TUUL), 184, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196, 199, 213
“Trail of Broken Treaties,” 256
Transport Workers Union (New York City), 219
Transportation Employees Union, 267
“Treaty of Detroit,” 239
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 76, 77
Treaty of Paris (1783), 35
“Tri State Conference on Steel,” 297
Troop, Alexander, 101
truck drivers, 325–26
trucking deregulation, 275
Truman, Harry, 228, 230–37
Trumka, Richard, 294, 308, 312, 314, 315
Truth, Sojourner, 218
Tubman, Harriet, 73–74, 87, 89, 91
Turkey, 234
Turner, Doris, 296
Turner, Nat, 59
Tuscarora War (1711–15), 6
twenties, the, 174–86
business and, 175–84
labor organizing, 175, 181, 182, 183–86
workers’ prosperity, 174, 181–83
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), 188
Tyler, Elizabeth, 180
Tyler, Gus, 242
typesetters unions, 100, 147
Typographical Union, International, 147, 149, 156, 203, 237
Uganda, 310
UHURU, 253
Underground Railroad, 73–74, 87
undocumented workers, 169, 314–15, 321
Unemployed Citizens Leagues, 190
Unemployed Councils (Communist Party), 190, 194
unemployment, 182, 187–89, 190, 196, 201, 245, 253, 271–72, 274, 280, 292, 310
Unicor, 317
Unidad Para Siempre, 274
Union army, Civil War, 86, 87, 88–90, 91
Union Democracy Review, 295
Union Obrera Democratica (Philippines), 141
Union Summer program (AFL-CIO), 315–16
unions, labor. See labor movements/labor
organizing; strikes
Uniroyal, 281
UNITE (Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees), 313, 317–18, 325
United Auto Workers (UAW), 203, 204, 207, 214, 222, 238, 252, 273, 293, 302, 324
in Clinton era, 307, 308, 317, 319, 324, 325, 326, 329
General Motors and, 206–7, 208–11, 231, 270, 319, 324
post-World War II, 231, 237, 239
during Reagan years, 283–84, 287, 304, 305
in sixties, 247, 261, 267, 272
strikes, 206–7, 208–11, 226, 229, 231, 237, 244, 261, 270, 273
women members, 206, 212, 225, 227
World War II, 225, 226, 229
United Black Brotherhood, 261
United Brewery Workers, 149
United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), 212, 213, 227
United Council of Working-Class Women, 196
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers (UE), 227, 229, 231, 238, 239, 267
United Electrical Workers (UE), 252, 293, 311, 328
United Farm Workers (UFW), 260–61, 262, 272, 273, 315, 326, 329
United Federation of Teachers (New York City), 267, 272
United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 294, 302, 305, 313, 315, 325, 329
United Fruit, 240, 244
United Furniture Workers, 238
United Garment Workers, 128
United Hebrew Trades, 151
United Labor Unions (ULU), 303
United Mine Workers (UMW), 150, 203, 317
AFL and, 128–29, 146, 149, 161, 164, 172, 183, 195, 199, 202, 237
African Americans and, 129, 146
radical activity, 157, 184
strikes, 147, 153–55, 189, 232, 268, 274
in twenties, 183, 184
United Office and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA), 238
United Packinghouse Workers, 252, 285
United Paperworkers, 287, 307, 313, 317
United Parcel Service (UPS), 319
United Public Workers (UPW), 238
United Rubber Workers (URW), 203–4, 207, 214, 307, 312
United Steel Workers of America (USWA), 203, 227, 238, 243, 261, 272, 273, 282, 285, 288, 293, 295, 297, 312, 317, 324, 329
United Students Against Sweatshops, 316
United Textile Workers (UTW), 146, 195, 198, 199, 203, 243, 299
United Tradeswomen, 289
United Transportation Union (UTU), 304, 313, 315
United Women’s Alliance to Gain Equality (Union WAGE), 266–67
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 167
University of California clerical workers, 312
University of Hawaii Professional Association, 314
U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation, 282
U.S. Rubber, 176, 189
U.S. Steel, 132, 141, 158, 168–69, 198, 200, 205, 223, 271, 285, 297
US Air, 326
Ushijima, Kinji, 117
USWest, 324
Utah, 77, 159
Valdez, Antonio, 151
Valesh, Eva McDonald, 129
Van Buren, Martin, 63
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 167–68, 185
Vega, Bernando, 111, 187
Venezuela, 309
Vermont, 32, 36, 50, 298
Vesey, Denmark, 47, 58
veterans, 190–91, 206, 230, 258, 273
Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), 258
Vietnam War, 252, 258, 266, 267, 272, 273
Vietnamese Confederation of Labor, 272
Vietnamese immigrants, 291, 303
Village Voice, 302
Virgin Islands, 144
Virginia, 6–7, 8, 10, 18–19, 29, 30, 33, 36, 46–47, 50, 59, 94, 96, 104, 124
Voice of America, 236
Voice of Industry (LFLRA), 66, 67
Volcker, Paul, 282
voting rights, 45, 50, 91–92, 93, 94, 96, 143, 219, 232, 236, 248, 249. See also suffrage, women’s
Voting Rights Act (1965), 249
wages. See minimum wage
Wagner, Robert, 201
Wagner Act (1935), 201–2, 203, 207, 215, 232, 260, 311, 325
Waiters Protective Association, 74
Walker, David, 50–51
Walker, Edwin, 133
Walker, William, 89–90
walkouts, 125, 198, 269. See also strikes
Wall Street Journal, 284
Wallace, George, 257
Wallace, Henry, 228, 237
Wal-Mart, 316
War Labor Board (WWI), 164, 168, 177
War Labor Disputes Act (“Smith-Connolly”) (1943), 228, 232
War Manpower Commission (WMC), 224, 226
“War on Poverty” (Johnson administration), 244, 249, 270
War Production Board, 224
Ward’s Cove decision, 288–89, 303
Warner, Lucy, 118
Warsaw Pact
, 234
Washington, George, 29, 30, 34, 37, 43, 44
Washington state, 114, 159, 160, 166, 168, 328
Washington Temperance Benevolent Society, 63
Watson, Thomas J., 135, 216
Watsonville Canning, 294
Webb, Sheyann, 248
Weber, Brian, 288
Weber, John, 26
Welch, Jack, 310, 332
welfare capitalism, 176–77
welfare rights movement, 258
Wells-Barnett, Ida, 120, 124
West Virginia, 104, 106
Western Federation of Miners (WFM), 157, 161
Western Union Telegraph Company, 110
Westinghouse Electric, 174, 200, 227, 238, 239
westward expansion, 53, 75–77, 113
Wharton, A.O., 215
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, 285
Whig Party, 43, 63, 77, 78
White Citizens Council, 242
white collar unions, 203
white supremacy, 151
Whiteboys (Irish secret association), 71
Whitman, Walt, 111
Wilkie, Wendell, 220
Williams, Lynn, 290, 294
Wilson, Dick, 256
Wilson, Woodrow, 150, 155, 160, 161, 164
Winn, William, 286
Winpisinger, William, 292
Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
women
in AFL, 128, 129, 146, 164–65
AFL-CIO and, 242, 289, 302, 314
African American, 73–74, 87, 89, 91, 120, 225, 266
auxiliaries, 206, 212, 283
in CIO, 212, 228–29, 238
in colonial America, 5, 6, 14, 16, 20, 21, 26–27, 34
feminism, 180, 255, 259, 266–67
gender issues and, 227, 300–301, 314
in Gilded Age, 117, 118, 120–21, 123, 128, 129
immigrants, 117, 157, 291, 303
industrialization and, 45
low-paying jobs, 291
National Labor Union and, 99–101
in New Deal, 194
pre-Civil War, 51, 53, 60, 62, 66–69
in Progressive Era, 146, 157
during Reagan years, 291, 303
rights of, 45, 53, 151, 258–59
in sixties, 258–59, 262–65, 266–67, 269–70
Socialist Party and, 151, 156, 157
strikes and labor protests of, 45–46, 66–69, 72, 99, 100–101, 107, 120–21, 123, 156, 157, 164–65, 194, 206, 210, 262–65, 266–67, 269–70
suffrage campaigns, 86, 101, 103, 123, 151, 168
in twenties, 180, 181, 182–83
World War II labor force, 225, 227–28, 230
Women of All Red Nations, 259
Women Office Workers, 266
Women Organized for Employment, 266
Women’s Committee of the Black United Front, 259
Women’s Emergency Brigade (1937 Flint strike), 206
Women’s Peace Party (WWI), 161
Women’s Political Caucus, 275
Women’s Suffrage Association, 100
Women’s Trade Union League, 146
Woodbey, George Washington, 151
From the Folks Who Brought You the Weekend Page 49
