by Elaine Weiss
INDEX
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abolition movement: and Anthony, 45, 52, 54, 191; Antis’ opposition to, 191; civil rights movements born of, 132; and Lincoln, 54, 55; schisms in, 62; and Women’s National Loyal League, 54–56; and women’s rights movement, 5, 45–47, 53, 55–56, 138, 191
Adams, Abigail, 2, 61
Addams, Jane, 122, 123, 333
American Constitutional League, 41, 124, 172–73, 182, 189–91, 203, 247, 320
American Equal Rights Association, 133
American Woman Suffrage Association, 90, 136
Anthony, Susan B.: and abolition movement, 45, 52, 54, 191; amendment fight in Congress, 90–91; and American Equal Rights Association, 134; and Antis’ museum exhibit, 182; arrest and trial of, 88–89; and attitudes toward suffrage, 145; and black voting rights, 132; campaigning of, 23; and Catt, 7, 23, 26, 53, 91; celebrity of, 145; central role in woman’s rights movement, 53; at Chicago World’s Fair, 1893, 144–45; and Clay, 208; death of, 27; defiant activism of, 88–89, 160; and Douglass, 136–37, 266; and elections of 2016, 337; and Fifteenth Amendment, 135; and Fourteenth Amendment, 133–34; and Gordon, 208; and National Woman Suffrage Association, 135; and New Departure strategy, 87–90; optimism of, 145; and racial dimensions of suffrage conflict, 132, 133–34, 135, 266; and Stanton, 52–53; tax protests advocated by, 109; and Upton, 200; vote cast in 1872 election, 88–89, 160; and White, 160; and Woman’s Party, 160
Antis: anti-abolition sentiments of, 191; and anti-suffrage newspapers, 271; arrival in Nashville, 202–3; “biology is destiny” trope of, 118; and Bond’s resolution, 236, 245; bribery and influence peddling of, 272–73; and Burn, 309, 312, 315; and Burn’s mother, 313; and campaign donors, 99; campaign materials of, 239–40, 249–50; campaign motto of, 116; and Candler’s arguments, 261, 266; and Catt’s “outsiders” accusations, 191, 201; and Catt’s tirade, 190–91; Confederacy connections of, 199; and Constitutional League pressure, 247, 281; corporate support of, 273; and Cox, 223–24; Delaware win of, 16; depictions of Suffs, 151; diversity in coalition of, 116; and eve of special session, 213; fear as common denominator of, 116; financial backing of, 119, 229; focus on federal amendment, 124; former Suffs turned, 43 (see also Clay, Laura; Gordon, Kate); and garden party of Washington, 208–10; and Harding, 113, 114, 126–27; headquarters of, 43; and house debate/votes on ratification, 299–300, 303; and Jack Daniel’s Suite, 214, 228; and liquor interests complicity, 228–29; male supporters of, 203; and museum exhibit, 181–82; and news of Nineteenth Amendment, 320; and “oath of office” argument, 172–73, 190; petitions to recall ratification, 95; and “petticoat government” argument, 260–61, 262, 263, 265; and Pinckard’s open letter to Catt, 131–32, 140–41, 152; and pledges for ratification opposition, 276–77; and political hostilities in Nashville, 271; power and influence of, in later decades, 332–33; “proper sphere” argument of, 121–22, 224; and public debate, 251, 253, 254–55; and racial dimensions of suffrage conflict, 131–32, 319; racist propaganda of, 249–50, 278, 299–300; rallies and meetings after ratification victory, 316, 318–19, 323; and “Red Rose Brigade,” 317–18; and Roberts, 124, 125, 168, 262; rose colors of, 198; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 263, 267; and southern manhood, 250; and Stanton’s Woman’s Bible, 204–5, 270; and states granting suffrage, 42–43; states’ rights emphasis of, 44, 124, 125, 199, 224; and Vertrees, 39; and vote on ratification, 248; and Walker, 226, 232, 309–10, 314; welcoming reception, 204–6; white supremacy, 44. See also Pearson, Josephine; Pinckard, Nina; Rowe, Charlotte
Arkansas, 95
Astor, Nancy, 201–2
Atlantic Coast Line, 275, 282
attitudes toward suffrage, 4–5, 38–39, 42, 144–46
Baker, Abby, 187, 225, 233–34, 247–48, 276
Baltimore Afro-American, 321–22
Belmont, Alva, 58, 192–93, 209, 321, 325, 331
black citizens: and Black Codes, 132–33; and black suffrage clubs, 187–88; and black women voters, 71, 125, 139, 234; and Bond’s call for mass meetings, 243; challenges faced by, 137; and Crump, 166–67; and demands for equality, 129; disenfranchisement of, 181–82, 204, 321–22, 325, 327–28, 329; and elections of 1920, 327–28; and Fifteenth Amendment, 134–35; and Fourteenth Amendment, 67; and Great Migration, 129, 234; and interracial marriage, 265–66; and Jim Crow, 11, 90, 125, 129, 140; and limited suffrage in Tennessee, 34; in political office, 261–62, 300; and Vertrees’ objections to suffrage, 39–40; violence against, 66, 129, 133, 140, 327–28; voting power of, 184, 234, 248; and Voting Rights Act of 1965, 328; wartime service of, 129; and white suffragists, 5, 187–88, 328. See also racial dimensions of suffrage conflict
Blackwell, Henry, 90, 136
Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 108, 192
Bloch, Jesse, 95
Bond, William, 235–36, 242, 245–46
Boyer, C. Fulton, 169, 226, 285–86
Brandegee, Frank, 97, 98, 126, 275, 282, 327
Brandeis, Louis, 320
Brooks, Charles Wesley, 287, 291–92, 299, 316, 318
Brown, Foster V., 172–73
Brownlow, William “Parson,” 235
Bryan, William Jennings, 41
Burn, Harry: ambivalence of, 288; Antis’ attacks on, 309, 312, 314, 318; background of, 169–70; and Bond’s resolution, 245; and campaigning of suffragists, 164, 170; and Candler, 217–18, 305, 315; and elections of 1920, 327; and Hays’s push for ratification, 244; and house debate/votes on ratification, 288, 299, 301, 305, 306, 307; mother’s letter to, 305–6, 313, 315–16; opposition to ratification, 226; post-ratification career of, 338; statement offered by, 315; and Walker’s reconsideration motion, 314, 317
Burn, Phoebe (Febb) Ensminger, 306, 312–13, 315–16
Burns, Lucy, 62, 82–83, 92, 158, 193
Bush, Paul, 279
Calhoun, Martin Lee, 203
California, 42, 124, 289, 291
Cameron, Walter, 205
Canale, George, 286–87, 306
Candler, Herschel: and Burn, 217–18, 305, 315; and campaigning of suffragists, 164, 169, 177, 180–81; on Catt, 261, 265–66; opposition to ratification, 164, 177, 181, 225; and pre-session caucus, 217–18, 238; and referral of amendment to committee, 238, 243; and RNC’s push for ratification, 244; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 260–61
Carter, Finney, 225
Cates, Charles, 253
Catt, Carrie: and amendment fight in Congress, 92–93; and amendment’s ratification, 308; and Anthony, 7, 23, 26, 53, 91; Antis’ portrayal of, 44; arrival in Tennessee, 1, 7, 20–21, 31–32; and attitudes toward suffrage, 144, 145; background of, 16–17, 24–26; blue ratification dress of, 87, 93–94, 96, 264; and Burn’s mother, 316; campaigning of, 165, 170–71, 182; and Candler’s arguments, 261, 265–66, 270; and celebration at Poli’s Theatre, 321; charge to women voters, 323–24; and church bells celebrating enfranchisement, 323; and Cox, 77; and Crump, 167; and data on legislators, 143–44; death of, 338; departure from Nashville, 319; and Douglass’s funeral, 138; and drunk legislators, 247; and Du Bois, 139; and elections of 1920, 325, 326; and elections of 2016, 337; and Emergency Corps, 97; and Equal Rights Amendment, 330; exclusive emphasis on suffrage, 139–40; government monitoring of, 10, 338; and Hanover, 258; and Harding, 77, 126–27, 186–87, 257; and Hay (Mollie), 27; and Hays’s push for ratification, 244, 293; headstone of, 335; heart problems of, 184, 185, 242; and house debate/votes on ratification, 286, 293, 297, 304, 308; international suffrage work of, 15, 24, 330; at Kiwanis Club, 146–47, 149–50; and Lea, 37; and League of Women Voters, 244, 264, 311, 330, 335; and Leslie estate, 193–95; and liquor bottle incident, 271–72; and McKellar, 216; mission of, 7, 17
, 18; and monument to suffragists, 336; mother of, 17, 313; and NAWSA/NWP rift, 23–24; and New Jersey referendum, 81; and newspaper attack on Roberts, 29; and New York, 146; optimism of, 142, 145–46, 150, 311; outlook on ratification vote, 16, 21, 73, 277, 295; on outsiders’ influence, 186, 189–91, 196, 201; pacifism of, 84, 123, 333, 338; and parade of 1913, 80; and parade of 1920, 322; and Paul’s NWP, 20, 73; and Pearson, 21–22, 191, 196–97; Pinckard’s open letter addressing, 131–32, 140–41, 152; and pledge changes of legislators, 281; and political hostilities in Nashville, 270–71; and political party participation, 331; on politics, 225, 305; and polls of legislators, 34–35, 142–43, 150, 151, 171, 227, 295–96; post-ratification career of, 338; as president of NAWSA, 17, 23, 26, 27, 82, 91, 92; and press release on assured victory in Tennessee, 150, 151, 152, 164; and proclamation-signing ceremony, 319–20; and Prohibition, 9; racial politics of, 21, 34, 131–32, 138–41, 265–66, 277; and ratification dance, 310, 319; on rifts and rivalries, 218; and Roberts, 65, 71–73, 327; and Rowe, 117, 120, 123; and rumors of plots against ratification, 182, 183; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 263–64, 265; and “southern strategy,” 138, 209; and special session of legislature, 242–43; and Stanton’s Woman’s Bible, 182, 204–5, 270, 287; and state ratification campaigns, 95, 96–97; strategy sessions in room of, 211–12, 213, 214, 242, 295; and Tarbell, 122; tirade on Consitutional League, 189–90; and Tumulty, 268, 269; and Upton, 200–201; and victory brooch, 264; and victory in Nashville, 310, 317; victory statement of, 310–11; and “Wake Up America” tour, 96–97; and Walker, 176, 225, 227; and White, 61; and Wilson, 83, 84–85, 92, 321; and Wilson burned in effigy by NWP, 160; “Winning Plan” strategy of, 27, 61, 142, 195; and World War I, 84, 92, 140. See also National American Woman Suffrage Association
Chattanooga Times, 12–13, 269–70, 271, 279
Chicago World’s Fair, 1893, 144
Christian, George, 126
Church, Robert, Jr., 167
civil rights movements, 5, 62, 132, 335
Civil War: Confederate veterans of, 199, 243; cultural impact of, 2, 5; and Forrest’s Fort Pillow Massacre, 199; and Fourteenth Amendment, 133; and Pearson, 18; and Reconstruction, 39, 204, 250; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 263; and states’ rights, 329; and Union loyalists in Tennessee, 30; and Vertrees’ objections to suffrage, 39–40; and women’s rights work, 53
Clay, Laura, 43, 203, 208–10, 251, 277
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 336–37
Colby, Bainbridge, 319–20
Collins, C. C., 263
Colorado, 91
Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, 81–82, 108, 209. See also National Woman’s Party
Connecticut, 43, 97, 98, 100, 103, 126, 263, 275, 320
Coolidge, Calvin, 13, 78, 326
Cox, James: and Antis’ campaigns, 124, 125, 168–69, 191, 209–10, 223–24; and black votes, 248; Catt’s pressuring of, 186; and conspiracy theory, 282; and Constitutional League pressure, 189–90; and DNC’s push for ratification, 183; earnestness of, 144; and faltering of amendment, 233–34; and house debate/votes on ratification, 298; lack of influence, 216; and League of Nations, 86, 223, 298, 310; optimism of, 247–48; and Paul, 233–34; and Pearson’s Anti campaign, 191; and plans to travel to Nashville, 241, 251; post-ratification career of, 338; presidential candidacy of, 10, 13, 74, 76–78, 86, 98, 186; and Roberts, 19, 77, 206, 222, 234, 241, 248, 251, 282, 298; and special session of legislature, 222; and Stahlman’s opposition to ratification, 255; statements supporting suffrage, 19, 100; and Upton, 201; and Walker, 176, 211, 225; and Woman’s Party, 76–77
Crump, Edward Hull, 166–68, 215, 219
Crutcher, William Absalom, 199
Daugherty, Harry, 276
Delaware, 8, 15–16, 97, 116, 267
Democratic National Committee (DNC), 99–100, 244, 281
Dodson, Tom, 316–17
Douglass, Frederick, 4, 50–52, 133–34, 136–38, 182, 191, 266
Du Bois, W. E. B., 139
Dudley, Anne Dallas: and Bond’s resolution, 237; and Catt’s arrival in Nashville, 29; and Catt’s outlook on Tennessee, 21; and eve of special session, 211; and house debate/votes on ratification, 289–90, 307; influence of, 39, 151; and introduction of amendment, 177; and joint resolution, 225; and McFarland’s resolution on outsiders, 249; and monument to suffragists, 336; and pledge changes of legislators, 281; post-ratification career of, 338; and public debate, 249, 251–52; and rumors of plots against ratification, 212; and victory in Nashville, 310; and Walker, 176; and White, 60–61, 62–63; and Wilson, 83
Dudley, Guilford, 237
elections of 1920, 244, 325–28
elections of 2016, 336–37
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 330–31, 334, 338, 339, 340
Fairchild, Charles S., 172
Fawcett, Millicent, 27, 62
feminism: and American Equal Rights Association, 136; and Antis’ campaigns, 127; Pearson’s view of, 18, 44; and Rowe, 118, 120; second wave, 334–35; and Stanton’s Woman’s Bible, 204–5; and Tarbell, 121–22
Fifteenth Amendment, 134–35, 204, 239, 250
Flanagan, Catherine, 154, 179–80, 213, 215, 297
Florida, 43, 327–28
Forbes, Edwin, 216
force bills, 181–82, 204
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 199
Founding Fathers, 2, 4, 8
Fourteenth Amendment: and “force bills,” 181, 204; imposed on Tennessee, 67, 235, 238–39; reactions of suffragists to, 133–34; and woman suffrage strategies, 87, 89, 90
French, Lizzie Crozier, 58, 107
Frick, George Arnold, 221, 226
Frierson, William L., 68
Frothingham, Harriet, 202–3
Gardener, Helen, 93, 268
Garrett, Finis, 252–53
Garrison, William Lloyd, 46, 47, 52, 55–56, 133, 134
Georgia, 8, 289, 325
Gordon, Kate, 43, 203, 208–10, 251, 277
Gram, Alice, 174
Gram, Betty: arrival in Tennessee, 215; assigned to Memphis and West Division, 154, 174–76; background of, 173–75; and Burn, 288, 299, 306; campaigning of, 178–79; fund-raising efforts of, 192; and house debate/votes on ratification, 288, 297, 299, 306; post-ratification career of, 338; trepidation of, 179; and Walker confrontation, 227, 230–31, 258, 290; and Walker’s defection, 225, 227; and White’s strategy for special session, 213
Grayson, Cary, 82, 268
Great Britain, 62, 120, 198
Green, John, 305
Grimké, Angelina, 52
Gwinn, Lambert Estes, 251, 255, 259
Hall, Frank, 236
Hanover, Joseph: and Bond’s resolution, 242; and bribery and influence peddling, 273; and Brooks’s family emergency, 287–88, 292, 299, 316; and Burn, 312, 314; and Dodson’s family emergency, 316–17; as floor leader for ratification, 258; and house committee deliberation, 282; and house debate/votes on ratification, 287–88, 291–92, 299, 301, 302, 304–5, 306, 307; outlook on ratification vote, 277; police protection for, 279; and political hostilities in Nashville, 271; post-ratification career of, 338–39; reelection of, 215, 219; and removal of spectators, 284; support for ratification, 179, 242, 258, 267, 294; threats against, 279, 314; and Walker’s reconsideration motion, 314, 317
Harding, Florence, 104–5, 107, 111, 268, 276
Harding, Warren G.: ambivalence of, 178, 275; and Antis’ campaigns, 113, 114, 124, 126–27; background of, 104–5; and Baker, 276; and Candler, 261; and Catt, 77, 126–27, 186–87; constitutionality argument, 293; and Constitutional League pressure, 185–87, 189–90; extramarital entanglements of, 110–12; and house debate/votes on ratification, 289, 293; and Notification Day, 19, 102–7, 109–10, 112–14, 201; and Paul, 103, 126–27, 187; presidential candidacy of, 10, 13, 98; presidential term of, 326; and public debate, 2
54; and railroad interests, 275; refusals of pleas for intervention, 77, 97, 185–87; and Republican caucus, 217; and RNC’s push for ratification, 244; statements opposing ratification, 254, 255, 257, 268, 276, 281, 289, 293; statements supporting suffrage, 100–101, 113, 127, 310; and Upton, 201
Harding-Coolidge Republican League, 178, 187
Haston, Ernest, 260
Havemeyer, Louisine, 106, 107–10, 112, 156–59, 192, 201
Hay, Mary “Mollie” Garrett: and Catt, 27, 322; and elections of 1920, 325; and elections of 2016, 337; headstone of, 335; and labor reform, 119; and New York, 27, 146; and passage of amendment, 93; personality of, 27–28; and victory in Nashville, 310; and Wadsworth, 275; and Wilson burned in effigy by NWP, 159–60
Hays, Will: and Candler, 238; and Harding’s extramarital entanglements, 110–12; and Harding’s letter of opposition, 257, 268, 293; and pressure on Harding, 186; and RNC’s push for ratification, 183, 244; suffragists’ requests for help from, 222, 226, 274, 293; and Upton, 200
Hepburn, Katharine Houghton, 179–80
Hicks, Frederick, 92
Higgins, Joseph, 233, 310
Hill, Albert, 263
Holcomb, Marcus, 97, 104
Hooper, Ben, 215, 217, 244, 254, 311
Hoover, J. Edgar, 10, 334
Hotel Hermitage: as central meeting place, 21, 23, 29, 181, 202; hostilities in, 278; and Jack Daniel’s Suite, 214, 228, 247, 273, 279, 314
Houk, John, 127, 244, 254, 262, 265, 274
Howe, Julia Ward, 136
Hughes, Charles Evans, 147, 171–72
Hull, Cordell, 150
Hunt, Ward, 89
Hyde, Clara, 97, 197
Illinois, 94, 124
imprisonment of suffragists: for bonfire protests, 155–56; for burning Wilson in effigy, 13–14, 157–59; and hunger strikes, 155, 159, 174; for picketing, 174, 179
International Alliance of Women, 330
International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 15, 17, 24, 27, 84, 330
Iowa Woman Suffrage Association, 24–26
Jim Crow, 11, 90, 125, 129, 140
