by Elaine Weiss
Stahlman, Annie Laurie, 267
Stahlman, Edward B.: background of, 147–49; and Burn, 312; and Catt’s arrival in Nashville, 35; influence of, 273–74; and Men’s Ratification Committee, 33–34, 149; and Pinckard’s open letter to Catt, 152; and post-ratification rallies, 316, 319; and public debate, 251, 254–55, 267; and railroads, 274–75, 319; support for amendment, 150
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady: amendment fight in Congress, 90–91; and American Equal Rights Association, 134; and Anthony, 52–53; and Antis’ museum exhibit, 182; and black voting rights, 132; central role in woman’s rights movement, 53; at Chicago World’s Fair, 1893, 144; and Douglass, 137; and elections of 2016, 337; and Fifteenth Amendment, 135; and Fourteenth Amendment, 133–34; and Loyal League, 56; and National Woman Suffrage Association, 135; and New Departure strategy, 87–90; and racial dimensions of suffrage conflict, 132, 133–34, 135; Seneca Falls Convention, 47–52, 136; Woman’s Bible, 182, 204–5, 270, 287; at World’s Anti-Slavery Convention, 46–47, 48
Stanton, Henry Brewster, 46–47, 49, 54
states’ rights: Antis’ focus on, 44, 124, 125, 199, 224; and Calhoun, 128; and call to arms issued by Antis, 203; and Pearson’s Anti campaign, 130; pledge refusals based on, 184; as rationale in policy issues, 329; and Wilson, 79
Stevens, Thaddeus, 191
Stone, Lucy: and abolition movement, 45–46, 52; and American Woman Suffrage Association, 90, 136; and black suffrage, 132, 133–34; and racist rhetoric of suffragists, 135; and women’s rights movement, 52, 53
Story, W. F., 246, 248, 249
Suffrage Map, 17–18, 94
Sumner, Charles, 54, 55
Tarbell, Ida, 43, 121–22, 123
tax protests, 109
Taylor, Alf, 197, 206, 215, 217
Taylor, J. William, 215, 262
temperance movement, 52, 62, 139
Tennessee: Black Codes in, 132–33; Capitol building of, 140–41, 216, 238, 283; challenges faced by Suffs in, 32–33; changing attitudes toward suffrage in, 38–39, 42; and church bells celebrating enfranchisement, 323; crucial role of, 1, 8–9, 220, 226, 232; and Equal Rights Amendment, 331; and federal constitutional amendments, 67–68, 235, 239; and Fifteenth Amendment, 239; and Fourteenth Amendment, 235, 238–39; governor (see Roberts, Albert); Grand Divisions in, 29–30, 57; limited suffrage in, 30, 41, 42, 64, 70, 176, 205; monument to suffragists, 335–36, 337; and Prohibition, 228
Tennessee Bar Association, 147
Tennessee Constitutional League, 185–86, 189–90, 233, 281, 310, 318
Tennessee Equal Franchise Association, 38
Tennessee Equal Rights Association, 23
Tennessee League of Women Voters, 35, 142, 177, 187–88, 323
Tennessee State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 40–41
Tennessee Suffrage League, 151
Tennessee Suffs: and black suffragists, 243–44; and Bond’s resolution, 236, 245; and Candler’s arguments, 261; capitulation to senators, 231–32; and Catt’s coaching, 20–21; and elections of 1920, 325, 326–27; entertaining legislators over weekend, 267–68; and eve of special session, 213; and Gram’s confrontation of Walker, 230–31, 258; and house debate/votes on ratification, 297; and Liberty Bell replica, 286, 318; and news of Nineteenth Amendment, 320; and Pierce, 243–44; and political hostilities in Nashville, 271; political inexperience of, 73; and public debate, 252; and racial dimensions of suffrage conflict, 132; rifts and rivalries among, 218–19; and Roberts, 262; rose colors of, 198; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 259, 260, 265; and stereotypes of suffragists, 231; victory celebrations of, 310; and Walker’s defection, 224–25; and Walker’s reconsideration motion, 309, 313–14, 318; and Wilson burned in effigy by NWP, 160
Terrell, Mary Church, 139
Texas, 95
Thirteenth Amendment, 55
Tilden-Hayes affair, 252–53
Tillman, G. N., 254, 257, 268, 276, 289, 293
Todd, Andrew: and Antis’ post-ratification rallies, 319; and Candler’s arguments, 261–62; introduction of amendment to senate, 177, 213, 220, 221, 227; referral of amendment to committee, 238, 243; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 247, 259, 261–62, 265; in special session, 207, 219, 226–27, 237; and vote on ratification, 255–56
Train, George Francis, 135
Truth, Sojourner, 52, 88
Tumulty, Joseph, 76, 85, 158, 268
Turner, Banks, 282, 298, 302–7, 314, 317
Tyson, John, 203
Underwood, Oscar, 98
United Kingdom, 84
Upton, Harriet: background of, 200–201; and bribery and influence peddling, 273; and Catt’s heart problems, 242; and Clay and Gordon, 251; departure from Nashville, 319; and eavesdroppers, 270–71; on entertaining legislators over weekend, 267–68; and eve of special session, 211, 213; and Harding’s letter of opposition, 257, 293; and house debate/votes on ratification, 293, 308; and liquor bottle incident, 272; and new generation of suffragists, 208; and policing of legislators, 295, 314; Pollitzer on, 226; post-ratification career of, 340; and Republican caucus, 217; and senate debate/vote on ratification, 263–64, 265; telegrams intercepted, 271; and victory parade, 322
US Congress: amendment fight in, 90–93; and bipartisan agreement to block amendment, 98–99; and campaigning of suffragists, 145; passage of amendment, 8; stalling on amendment, 90–92, 140; and voting rights violations, 328
US Constitution, process of amending, 176–77. See also special session
US Declaration of Independence, 285
US Supreme Court, 89, 235, 320
Utah, 91, 94, 96
Vanderbilt University, 39
Vermont, 43, 96, 98, 100, 103, 126, 275
Vertrees, John Jacob: and American Constitutional League, 172–73; industry allies of, 41–42; and limited suffrage in Tennessee, 41; manifesto of, 39, 41; objections of, 39–40; and Pearson, 38, 40–41; on women lobbying in statehouse, 41, 128, 239
Vertrees, Virginia, 38, 40
Virginia, 97
voter participation of women, 332
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 328
Wadsworth, James, 98, 126, 275, 327
Wage Earning Women Opposed to Suffrage, 118–19
Walker, Seth: and Antis, 226, 232, 288, 316; background of, 175–76; and Bond’s resolution, 235–36, 238–39, 246; and committee deliberation, 256, 257; defection of, 207, 210, 213, 219, 221–22, 224–25, 230; defense of reversal, 232–33; and Democratic state convention, 242; Gram’s confrontation of, 227, 230–31, 258, 290; and house committee deliberation, 282; and house debate/votes on ratification, 288–91, 294, 300, 301, 302–4, 305, 306, 307–8; and introduction of amendment to house, 177, 207, 213, 224, 226–27; leading opposition to ratification, 226, 269–70; and North Carolina’s postponement, 295; nullification measure, 320; and “oath of office” argument, 289; outlook on ratification vote, 277, 282, 294; and Paul, 234; and pledges of legislators, 290; post-ratification career of, 340; and post-ratification rallies, 316, 319; racist arguments of, 289, 291; and railroads, 233, 274–75, 276, 282, 289, 340; reconsideration motion of, 307, 309, 310, 313–15, 317; and “Red Rose Brigade,” 318, 320; referral of amendment to committee, 246; removal of spectators, 284; in special session, 220–21, 226–27; support for amendment, 30–31, 35, 175–76, 177, 207, 276; Wilson’s exchange with, 268–69, 276, 289–90
Warner, Kate Burch, 28, 29, 71, 72, 143, 259
Washington, Queenie, 38, 43, 44, 125, 208–10
Wells, Ida B., 136, 138–39
West Virginia, 95
Wheeler, Everett P., 124, 172
Whitaker, L. M., 183–84
White, George, 183, 244, 281
White, Sue Shelton: arrival in Tennessee, 1, 13, 19–20; background of, 13–15, 63; campaigning of, 165; and Catt’s majority press release, 153; and Catt’s NAWSA, 13, 1
4, 15, 59–61; and Catt’s stay in Tennessee, 98; and Cox, 13, 76, 282; defiant activism of, 160–61; and Democratic resistance, 184; and eve of special session, 211, 212–13; fund-raising efforts of, 192; and Gram, 174; and Harding’s Notification Day, 105–6, 107, 109, 201; and Havemeyer, 109; and house debate/votes on ratification, 288, 297, 302, 306; imprisonment of, 13–14, 158–59, 161; leadership of, 19–20, 57–58, 191, 230, 258–59, 302; and monument to suffragists, 336; and officer assignments, 153–54; outlook of, 19, 277; as Paul’s disciple, 211; and pledge changes of legislators, 274, 281; political instincts of, 63; and poll of the Tennessee legislature, 225; post-ratification activism of, 321, 340; and public debate, 249, 252; radicalization of, 14; and Republican caucus, 218; and Roberts, 63–64, 154–55, 197, 241; and state ratification campaigns, 96; strategy for special session, 213; switch to Woman’s Party, 13, 15, 61; and victory in Nashville, 311; victory message to headquarters, 310; and Walker, 175–76, 225, 230; Wilson burned in effigy by, 13, 155–59; and Woman’s Party’s antiwar stance, 59–61; women’s rights work of, 330
Williams, Albert, 206, 207, 210, 218, 262, 317
Williams, Charl Ormond: capitulation to senators, 231–32; departure from Nashville, 319; inexperience of, 219; and policing of legislators, 294; and public debate, 252; and Roberts on outside influences, 210–11; and Roberts’s certification of ratification, 319; and victory parade, 322
Williams, Frances, 202
Wilson, Edith: background of, 81, 82; and Catt, 321; “stewardship” of executive office, 76, 85; on suffrage movement, 79, 82, 83, 325; and Wilson’s health issues, 74, 75–76; and Wilson’s perspective on suffrage, 83–84; and World War I, 83–84
Wilson, Woodrow: amendment supported by, 92; attitudes toward suffrage, 79–81, 83–84; burned in effigy, 13, 155–60; and Catt, 83, 84–85, 92, 321; and elections of 1920, 325; health issues of, 74–76, 85, 268; and League of Nations, 268, 321; and New Jersey referendum, 81–82; and New York’s referendum, 146; and Paul, 15, 79–80, 81–82, 83, 85, 92, 156–60, 269; and Roberts, 34, 68; and suffrage demonstrators, 83; Walker’s exchange with, 268–69, 276, 289–90; and wife’s “stewardship” of executive office, 76, 85; and Woman’s Committee of the Council of National Defense, 122; and World War I, 60, 83–84
Wisconsin, 94
Wold, Emma, 191, 251
Woman Citizen magazine, 195
Woman’s Bible (Stanton), 182, 204–5, 270, 287
Woman’s Committee of the Council of National Defense, 122
Woman’s Party. See National Woman’s Party
Woman’s Peace Party, 84, 123
“woman’s sphere” argument, 121–22, 224
Woman Suffrage Publishing Company, 144
Women’s Joint Congressional Committee, 332
Women’s National Loyal League, 54–56
Women’s Political Union, 108, 192
Women Voters Anti-Suffrage Party, 119, 127
World War I: black citizens’ service in, 129; and Catt’s compromise, 140; and Catt’s NAWSA, 84; and changing women’s roles, 43–44, 118, 122; and democracy in the US, 15; and pacifists, 123; and social unrest, 9; and Stahlman, 148–49; and war work of suffragists, 84, 92, 122, 132; and Wilson’s health issues, 74–75; and Wilson’s perspective on suffrage, 83–84; and Women’s Party’s antiwar stance, 59–61
Wyoming, 124
Wyse, Winifred, 202
Younger, Maud, 59–60
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Elaine Weiss is an award-winning journalist and writer whose work has appeared in The Atlantic, Harper’s, The New York Times, and The Christian Science Monitor, as well as in reports and documentaries for National Public Radio and Voice of America. A MacDowell Colony Fellow and Pushcart Prize Editor’s Choice honoree, she is also the author of Fruits of Victory: The Woman’s Land Army in the Great War. She lives in Baltimore.
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