muffin men, 185
Munby, Arthur: on building of Embankment, 226–8; on building Holborn Viaduct, 62; diary, 63n; on girl crossing-sweeper, 50n; on May day chimney sweeps, 319; on milkmen, 145; and prostitute, 400–1, 411n; sees cross-dressers, 416; sees Landseer’s Trafalgar Square lions, 273; sees Tooley Street fire, 113, 115; travels by train, 62, 113; visits Thieves’ Kitchen, 186; watches Ethiopian singers, 255; on wedding preparations for Princess Alexandra, 308
music hall: and popular phrases, 251
musicians: street, 252–6, 253
Mystery of Edwin Drood, The (CD), 32, 423
naked: definition, 184n
Nancy (character, Oliver Twist), 30, 420
Nandy, Old (character, Little Dorrit), 169, 274
Napier, Sir Charles, 272n
Naples, Joseph, 374
Nash, John, 264–6, 268–9, 271
National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, 271, 367
Neckinger, river, 201
Neild, John Camden: leaves money to Queen Victoria, 312
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, Viscount: funeral, 336; Trafalgar Square monument, 271–4
Nelson’s Column: transport of granite, 46
Nemo (character, Bleak House), 49–50, 187, 222
New Bunhill Fields burial grounds, 220
New Cut market, Bermondsey, 134
New England Coffee-House, 295
New Oxford Street: built, 189
New Pye Street, 182
New Swell’s Night Guide to the Bowers of Venus, The, 189n
Newgate market, 133
Newgate prison, 173–4, 176, 291, 383–5, 384, 388, 392
Newport market, 132
newsboys, 154–6, 247
newspapers: in chophouses, 300–1; sale and rental, 154
Nichol Street, Whitechapel, 194
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 321–2n
Nicholas Nickleby (CD), 5, 29, 75, 99, 136, 177, 246, 288, 356, 377
Nicholson, Renton (‘the Lord Chief Baron’), 361 & n, 413
Nickleby, Nicholas (character, Nicholas Nickleby), 90
Nickleby, Ralph (character, Nicholas Nickleby), 219
night life and entertainments, 347
Night Refuges, 197
‘Nightly Scene in London, A’ (CD; article), 180
nightsoil, 207
Nine Elms: gas explosion (1865), 325; railway station, 106
Nobby Songster, The (songbook), 359
Noggs, Newman (character, Nicholas Nickleby), 185, 208
North London Railway, 106
Northumberland House, 268, 269
Northumberland, Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of: funeral, 323
Notting Dale, 182, 208
Nubbles, Kit (character, Old Curiosity Shop), 156
offal: as food, 291
office workers: walk to and from work, 25–6
Old Coachman’s Chatter, An, 98
Old Curiosity Shop, The (CD), 8, 252
Old Fleece (chophouse), 297
Old Mint, Bermondsey, 183
Old Nichol, Shoreditch, 182
Old Pye Street, 182
Old Swan Stairs, 65, 66
Old Welsh Harp, Hendon, 275
Oliver Twist (CD): and death sentence, 386n; instalment delayed by death of Mary Hogarth, 222–3; on Jacob’s Island, 190–1; officialdom satirized, 378; on pauper burial, 219; pedlar in, 152; on Poor Laws, 168; pub landlord in, 356; slum districts in, 183; writing, 5
omnibuses: carry advertisements, 245; design, 71–2; drivers and conductors, 72–3; employees’ working hours, 29; extra horses for, 74–5, 74; introduced, 70–1; popularity, 69, 72; service and operation, 72–65; stop on either side of road, 44
open spaces see parks
ordinaries (eating houses), 301
Ordnance Office, Pall Mall, 367
organ grinders, 253–4
Osborne, Isle of Wight, 313n, 314
Our Mutual Friend (CD): on Billingsgate workers, 127; on churchyard, 222; on colour of fog, 204; describes Thames, 10, 200, 423; on men’s dress, 146n; on steamer accident on Thames, 69
out of doors clerks, 356 & n
Oxford Circus, 265
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 55n
Oxford English Dictionary, 55
Oxford market, 131
Oyster day, 320
oyster houses, 289–90
oysters: as poor man’s food, 282 & n
Paddington railway station, 106 & n
Paine, Thomas: The Age of Reason, 382
Pall Mall East, 270
Pall Mall Gazette, 198
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 43, 77, 276; funeral, 324
Panizzi, (Sir) Anthony, 317
Pantechnicon, Belgrave Square, 263
Pantheon, the (bazaar), 237
Panton Square, 261–3
Paris, Peace of (1814), 308
parishes: beating bounds, 318; and fire control, 326; given right to demolish insanitary buildings, 191; responsibility for street maintenance, 56–8; and sewage, 215
Park, Frederick see Boulton, Ernest and Frederick Park
Park Lane, 47, 48n
Parkman, Francis, 12
parks and open spaces: designs and facilities, 267; leisure walks, 274; public access, 260–1, 266–7; see also individual parks
Parliament: burnt down and rebuilt, 104n, 330–1; calendar, 238; and Great Stink (1858), 224; sewers, 214–15
Parliamentary Select Committees see Select Committees
‘Passage in the Life of Mr Watkins Tottle, A’ (CD; story), 175
pastry-cooks, 290
Pate, Robert, 314n
Paternoster Row: as one-way street, 44
paupers see poor, the
pawnbrokers, 163, 239–42
‘Pawnbroker’s Shop, The’ (CD; article), 399
pea soup, 292–3
Peck, river, 201
Pecksniff (character, Martin Chuzzlewit), 94
Peel, Sir Robert: on design of Nelson memorial, 271; fatally injured in fall from horse, 306, 306; forms Metropolitan Police, 373
peep-shows see raree- or peep-shows
Penny Company (steam boats), 68
Penny Magazine, 72
Pentonville prison, 178, 383
periwinkles, 283
Petticoat Lane, 137
‘Phiz’ see Browne, Hablot Knight
Piccadilly: widening postponed, 57
Piccadilly Circus (formerly Regent’s Circus), 264
Pickford’s Removals, 138
Pickwick, Mr (character, Pickwick Papers): falls through ice, 231; in Fleet prison, 175–6; at the Golden Cross Hotel, 268, 354; hand gesture in, 252; journeys, 354; takes chaise, 91; travels by coach, 99
Pickwick Papers (CD): on coach passengers, 97; on coaching inns, 96; on London, 9–10; on piemen tossing coins, 286; published, 5; pubs in, 354, 356; on short-stagecoach, 69; on street lighting, 53
piemen, 285–6
pillories, 381–3
Pimlico, 182
pimps (bullies), 395
Pinch, Tom (character, Martin Chuzzlewit), 86, 125, 349
Pip (character, Great Expectations), 173, 176, 212, 247, 275, 403
Pius IX, Pope, 321n
Place, Francis, 411
playbills, 243
pockets, 40n
Podsnap, Mr (character, Our Mutual Friend), 190
police: and control of mob violence, 373–4, 377; empowered to keep streets clear of goods, 151; Peel introduces in London, 373; routine methods, 380; traffic regulation and control, 44–5, 48–9
Police Act (1839), 151
Political Union of the Working Classes, 373
poor laws and relief, 167–9, 197; and sanitation measures, 214
poor, the: and crime, 180; disparaged and disdained, 168, 171, 181, 190; displaced by ‘improvements’, 181, 188–9, 196; economic fragility of, 158; food and diet, 281–2, 291; homeless, 196; housing districts, 181–2, 187–8; hunger and starvation, 196–7; refuges and asylums,
197; rents, 196; work, 159–61; in workhouses, 167, 169; see also slums
porters, 157–8
Portland Place, 265
Portland stone: blackens in London, 204
Portland Town, 182
Portman market, 131
Portman Square, 262
Portugal Street, 220–1
post (mail): carried by coach, 91–2; foreign post, 29n; last delivery, 155
post-chaises, 90–1
potatoes: street sellers of, 283–4, 284
Pratt, John, 418
Price’s Candles (company), 112
Prig, Betsey (character, Martin Chuzzlewit), 305
Primrose Hill, 266
Prince Regent see George IV, King
Princess Alice (steamer), 277 & n
prisoners: transport, 305
prisons: cholera epidemics, 218; conditions, 172, 179–80; debtors’, 173–6; nicknames, 383; numbers, 173; see also individual prisons
pronunciation see speech
prostitutes: age, 409; child, 379, 399; definition, 393–4; deplore street lighting, 54; dress, 398, 401–3; earnings, 410 & n; generosity, 25; guides and directories, 404–5, 412–13; numbers, 393–6, 408n; operate at home, 409–10; recruitment and backgrounds, 399–400; street-walking, 408–10; suicides, 421; supposed early deaths, 418; venues and districts, 405–9, 411–13; visual identification of, 398–404, 398; see also accommodation houses; brothels
puberty, 142
public houses (pubs): clientele, 352; design and character, 351–3; guides to, 350; landlords, 356; as meeting places for homosexual men, 414; offer services, 247; opening hours, 351; as selling sites, 142, 152; tea gardens, 274; as venues for clubs and groups, 354–7
Pückler-Muskau, Prince Herman von, 325
Pugin, Augustus, 104n
Punch (magazine), 149, 151
Punch and Judy shows, 256–7
puppet shows, 257
Queen Square, 261
Queen Victoria Street, 189
Queen’s Bench prison, 175, 177
Quilp (character, Old Curiosity Shop), 65
Rag Fair, 137, 239, 287
Ragged School: dormitories, 164, 198; education, 197; formed, 148–9; partitions, 295n; sets up Shoeblack Society, 153
Railton, William, 272
railways: arches used as shelters, 166; for commuters, 103–5; compared with coach travel, 101–2; and days out, 103; development, 61, 76, 105–6; Dickens’ view of, 101; effect on housing of the poor, 196; effect on London, 102–3, 105–7; fares, 103–4; passenger conditions, 104–5, 105, 108; passenger conventions, 107; as rival to river transport, 67; stations, 106
Ranelagh sewer, 202
raree- or peep-shows, 257–8
Ratcliffe Highway dancing establishment, 407
Raumer, Friedrich von, 99n, 296, 318
Ravensbourne (river), 201
receivers (of stolen goods), 377–8
Reed, German, 234
Reeves, George see George Reeves’ City Luncheon Rooms
Reform Bill (1831), 217
refuse-collection, 50
regattas, 275
Regent Street: construction and development, 47, 56, 264–6; shopping, 237–9, 241
Regent’s Circus see Piccadilly Circus
Regent’s Park: access, 266; concerts, 267; development, 264–5; skating accident and deaths (1867), 232–6
‘rents’ (or ‘courts’), 186–7
restaurants, 290, 301
resurrection men (anatomists), 374
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 263
Rhodes, John, 361 & n
Rhodes, William, 361n
rhubarb, 151–2
Richardson’s theatre, 278
Riderhood, Pleasant (character, Our Mutual Friend), 241
Riderhood, Rogue (character, Our Mutual Friend), 66
Riot Act (1715), 372n
riots and mass demonstrations, 371–7
Ritchie, James, 277, 305
rivers: and street names, 201; underground, 200
roads: cleaning, 50–2, 52; excavated for utilities and repairs, 52, 55–6; main access routes to London, 40; narrowness for traffic, 46; rules of the road, 44–5; surfaces, 33–8, 36; widening, 57; see also streets
Robertson, David, 414
Rokesmith, John (character, Our Mutual Friend), 277
Rolle, John, Baron, 312
rookeries see slums
Rosamond’s Pond, St James’s Park, 418–19
roundabouts (carousels), 279 & n
Routledge’s Popular Guide to London, 174
rowing competitions, 275
Rowlandson, Thomas, 54, 98n, 150, 167
Royal Academy, 269; summer exhibition, 238
Royal Commission on Metropolitan Termini (1848), 106
Royal Courts of Justice: built, 196
Royal Exchange: illuminated, 366–7
Royal Humane Society: and skating accidents, 231–3
Royal Society for the Protection of Life from Fire, 113
royalty: birthdays, 318; public appearances, 310–11
Russell, Lord John, 276
Ryan, Michael: Prostitution in London, 395, 408n, 418
Sabbatarian riots (1855), 376–8
Saffron Hill (or Field Lane), 182, 184, 196, 197
St Ann’s burial ground, Soho, 219
St Clement Danes: crypt, 220; and Wellington’s funeral, 338
St George’s market, 131
St Giles: gin palaces, 353; improvements lead to homelessness, 189, 196; nightsoil, 207; riot, 372; slum, 133, 182, 191–3
St James’s Park: as Crown land, 260; skating, 231–2
St James’s Square: macadamized, 34; planted, 261
St John’s Wood, 182
St Luke’s market, Clerkenwell, 134
St Martin-in-the-Fields: church, 268–9; churchyard, 219–20; housing, 182
St Martin’s Lane, 270
St Mary-le-Strand, churchyard, 219, 222
St Pancras parish: paving Boards, 215
St Pancras railway station, 106n
St Paul’s cathedral: Portland stone, 204; and Wellington’s funeral, 341, 344–6
Sala, George Augustus: on appeal of fires, 331–2; background and career, 24n; on coffee stalls, 24; on complexity of Seven Dials, 183; on gin palace, 354; on Haymarket restaurants, 290; on Regent Street shops, 238; on road repairs, 55; on Rosamond’s Pond, 419; on street entertainer, 259; visits coffee shop, 293; witnesses cholera death, 375 & n
sandwich-boards (advertising), 244–5
Sanger, ‘Lord’ George, 257–8, 287
sanitation: improvements, 59; see also hygiene, public; sewers and drains
Saracen’s Head Inn, 90
Saturday Review, 403
Saunders, Abraham: theatre troupe, 278
Sawyer, Bob (character, Pickwick Papers), 99, 247
scavengers, 161
Scharf, George, 22, 253, 292
Schlesinger, Max: on advertising carts, 246; and bill-posting on bridges, 244; on busy streets, 30; complains of cabs and cabbies, 80, 84; on knocking at doors, 86; on omnibuses, 69; on pedestrian areas, 39; praises suburban railway, 102; sees fallen horse, 48; on street dangers, 49; on street sellers, 150
Scott’s Oyster House, 289
Scovell’s Warehouse, 111, 116
Scowton’s theatre, 278
Scrooge (character, A Christmas Carol), 170, 221, 252
season (social), 238
Sebastopol:, siege ends (1855), 368
Select Committee on Metropolis Improvement (1840), 188
Select Committee on Open Spaces (1833), 266
Select Committee on the Police (1816), 378
Select Committee on the Prevailing Vice of Drunkenness (1834), 352
Select Committee on Public Houses, 405
Serpentine (lake): drained, 305; skating, 231–2; unhygienic condition, 203; Westbourne feeds into, 202
Servant Girl in London, The, 350
servants, 86–7; sell to street t
raders, 147–8
sewers and drains: discharge into Thames, 206; disposal, 208–9; inadequacy, 57, 214, 223; legislation for (1858), 224–5; public interest in, 225; and rivers, 202–3, 208–9; see also hygiene, public; sanitation
Seymour, Robert, 256, 298
Shaw, Donald, 183
sheep, 208
Shepherd’s market, 131
Shillibeer, George, 70
Ship, the (chophouse), 300
Ship Yard, off Strand, 196
Shoeblack Society, 153–4
shoeblacks, 153
shops and shopping: and haggling, 135; holiday closing, 238; in Regent Street, 237–9; services, 246–7; signs and advertising methods, 241–3; and street sellers, 151, 162; types, 239–41
short-stagecoach, 69–70, 72–3
Sikes, Bill (character, Oliver Twist), 6, 30, 183, 191, 420
Silvester, Sir John, 348, 377
Simon, Sir John, 213, 216
Simond, Louis, 33 & n, 38, 53, 70
simplers, 162
Simpson, John, 295, 301–2
Simpson’s Divan Tavern, Strand, 302n
singing and songs: in pubs and clubs, 355, 357–62
skating: accidents and deaths, 231–6
Sketches by Boz (CD), 5, 9, 65, 73, 152, 183, 352, 355
slang, 249–51
slap-bangs (eating houses), 299–300
slaughterhouses, 132–3
Sloman, Albert, 174–5
Sloppy (character, Our Mutual Friend), 51
Slum, Mr (character, Old Curiosity Shop), 244
slums (‘rookeries’): clearance, 76; demolished for improvements, 189, 196; growth, 167, 182; living conditions, 192–5; for the poor, 180; ‘rents’ or ‘courts’, 186–7
Smallweed (character, Bleak House), 298, 300
Smith, John, 418
Smithfield: housing, 182
Smithfield market: character, 127–30; moved to Islington, 130; slaughterhouse, 133
Smithfield Removal Bill (1852), 130
Snagsby, Mr (character, Bleak House), 146n, 189
Snow, Dr John, 218
Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Prostitution, 397
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 49
Society for the Rescue of Young Women and Children, 397
Society for the Suppression of Vice, 397
Soho Square, 261–2
Solomon, Isaac (Ikey), 386n
Somerset House, 226
soup houses, 296–7
South Metropolitan Cemetery, Norwood, 223
Southey, Robert, 27, 32, 244
Southwark Bridge, 44, 64
Spa Road railway station, 61
speech: and pronunciation, 248–9; see also slang
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