13 “Fatwa no. 34725,” Islam QA, n.d., http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/34725/defamation%20of%20the%20prophet.
14 Ibn Qayyim, Ahkam Ahl al-Dhimma (Beirut: Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah, 2002), vol. 2, 14, translation by the author.
15 Frank M. Rega, St. Francis of Assisi and the Conversion of Muslims (Rockford: Tan Books and Publishers, 2007), 90.
16 Ahmed Nazeer, “Custom seize two men carrying books about Christianity,” Minivan News, September 30, 2012, http://minivannews.com/society/custom-seize-two-men-carrying-books-about-christianity-44580.
17 Frank M. Rega, St. Francis of Assisi and the Conversion of Muslims (Rockford: Tan Books and Publishers, 2007), 60-75.
18 Sidney H. Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 99.
19 Raymond Ibrahim, “Islam’s Public Enemy #1,” National Review Online, March 25, 2008, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/223965/islams-public-enemy-1/raymond-ibrahim; Raymond Ibrahim, “Zakaria Botros: Islam’s Scourge Returns,” FrontPage Magazine, July 8, 2011, http://frontpagemag.com/2011/raymond-ibrahim/zakaria-botros-islam%E2%80%99s-scourge-returns/.
20 See Stuart Robinson, Defying Death: Zakaria Botros, Apostle to Islam (Australia: City Harvest, 2007).
21 Raymond Ibrahim, “How Taqiyya Alters Islam’s Rules of War,” Middle East Quarterly, XVII, no. 1 (2010), 3-13, http://www.meforum.org/2538/taqiyya-islam-rules-of-war.
22 Sami Mukaram, At-Taqiyya fi ʿl-Islam [Deceit in Islam] (London: Mu’assisat at-Turath ad-Druzi, 2004), translation by the author.
23 Mukaram, Deceit in Islam, 24, 21-43.
24 Carl Brockelmann, History of the Islamic Peoples (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948), 45; Philip Khuri Hitti, ed., The Origins of the Islamic State (New York: AMS Press, 1968), 143.
25 “Court Rules Against Convert,” World Watch Monitor, January 31, 2008, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/egypt/2008/newsarticle_5209.html/.
26 European Council for Fatwa and Research, “The apostate is killed in order to protect the religion and the community,” Translating Jihad, March 20, 2011, http://www.translatingjihad.com/2011/03/european-council-for-fatwa-and-research_20.html.
27 Mary Abdelmassih, “Controversy Flares Over Number Of Christians In Egypt,” Assyrian International News Agency, October 9, 2012, http://www.aina.org/news/20121008192956.htm.
28 Zwemer, The Law of Apostasy in Islam, 25.
29 Stefan J. Bos, “NEWS ALERT: Nigeria Militants Kill Children Of Christian Convert, Missionaries Say,” BosNewsLife, November 23, 2011, http://www.bosnewslife.com/19199-news-alert-nigeria-militants-kill-children-of-christian-convert.
30 As with all things of history, the lack of documentation, especially for entire epochs and regions, particularly before the modern era, poses a difficulty for historians seeking to ascertain exact details.
31 Nomikos Michael Vaporis, ed., Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437-1860 (Crestwood: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2000), 15.
32 Ibid., 9, 34.
33 Sidney H. Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 149-151.
34 Adrian Fortescue, The Lesser Eastern Churches (New York: AMS Press, 1972), 247.
35 Asad Kharal, “Christianity to Islam, and back: 60-year-old woman disgraced for reconversion,” International Herald Tribune, March 10, 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/348036/christianity-to-islam-and-back-60-year-old-woman-disgraced-for-reconversion/.
36 Rana Tanveer, “‘No compulsion in religion’: ‘One should be able to choose their religion,’” International Herald Tribune, July 26, 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/413084/no-compulsion-in-religion-one-should-be-able-to-choose-their-religion/.
37 “Algerian Christian Sentenced Beyond Prosecutor’s Request,” World Watch Monitor, May 30, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/13314/article_113189.html.
38 “Acid Attack on Pastor Highlights Growing Religious Intolerance in Uganda,” Barnabas Aid, January 25, 2012, http://barnabasfund.org/UK/News/Archives/Acid-attack-on-pastor-highlights-growing-religious-intolerance-in-Uganda.html; author interview with Umar Mulinde.
39 “Execution of Iranian Pastor Temporarily Delayed,” CBN News, October 25, 2010, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2010/October/Execution-of-Iranian-Pastor-Temporarily-Delayed/; “Full Story of Youcef Nadarkhani,” Present Truth Ministries, n.d., http://presenttruthmn.com/the-ministry/youcef-nadarkhani/.
40 Raymond Ibrahim, “Islam’s Predictability: Apostasy, Execution, and Lies,” Raymond Ibraham: Islam Translated, October 6, 2011, http://www.raymondibrahim.com/muslim-persecution-of-christians/islams-predictability-apostasy-execution-and-lies/; “State Media Reports Iranian Pastor Facing Execution for Rape, Not Religion,” Fox News, October 1, 2011, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/10/01/state-media-reports-iranian-pastor-facing-execution-for-rape-not-religion/?test=latestnews; Katerina Nikolas, “Iran says no execution order for apostate Youssef Nadarkhani,” Digital Journal, October 5, 2011, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/10/01/state-media-reports-iranian-pastor-facing-execution-for-rape-not-religion/?test=latestnews; “Iran pastor won’t face death penalty for apostasy: official,” Hosted News (AFP), October 2, 2011, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jL-no1h_o5lTAgFTrDIWaMC0lCmyg?docId=CNG.ef9852b3bf30a3a9a6e5f826fa351e18.341.
41 “Unofficial Translation of Pastor Youcef Nadakhani’s Verdict,” Worthy News, July 18, 2011, http://www.worthynews.com/10672-unofficial-translation-of-pastor-youcef-nadakhanis-death-sentence.
42 Stoyan Zaimov, “Youcef Nadarkhani Re-Arrested by Iranian Authorities on Christmas Day,” Christian Post, December 26, 2012, http://global.christianpost.com/news/youcef-nadarkhani-re-arrested-by-iranian-authorities-on-christmas-day-87239/.
43 Paul Marshall, “Apostates from Islam,” Weekly Standard, April 10, 2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/059fpgrn.asp.
44 “Six-Year Jail Sentence For Iranian Church Leader Upheld,” Barnabas Aid, July 9, 2012, http://barnabasfund.org/US/News/Archives/Six-year-jail-sentence-for-Iranian-church-leader-upheld.html.
45 Stefan J. Bos, “Iran Pastors Mistreated In Prison, Activists Say,” BosNewsLife, February 1, 2012, http://www.bosnewslife.com/20292-iran-pastors-mistreated-in-prison-activists-say.
46 Dan Wooding, “Iranian Christian convert sentenced to two years in prison,” ASSIST News Service, January 29, 2012, http://www.assistnews.net/STORIES/2012/s12010160.htm.
47 “Status of five Christian converts in Shiraz Unknown,” Mohabat News, June 17, 2012, http://mohabatnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4779:status-of-five-christian-converts-in-shiraz-unknown&catid=36:iranian-christians &Itemid=279.
48 Michael Ireland, “Iranian Family asks who killed their newly-converted activist daughter?,” ASSIST News Service, June 23, 2012, http://www.assistnews.net/STORIES/2012/s12060119.htm.
49 “Authorities Raid House Church in Shiraz,” World Watch Monitor, February 10, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/iran/article_1395833.html
50 “Iran Detains Dozen Christians In Major City,” BosNewsLife, March 17, 2012, http://www.bosnewslife.com/20805-iran-detains-dozen-christians-in-major-city.
51 Marshall Ramsey II, “Muslim Convert To Christianity Missing After Arrest,” Worthy News, October 28, 2011, http://www.worthynews.com/11048-muslim-convert-to-christianity-missing-after-arrest.
52 Jeremy Reynalds, “‘Unsubstantiated Charges’ Raised against Five Imprisoned Christians,” ASSIST News Service, August 4, 2012, http://www.assistnews.net/STORIES/2012/s12080027.htm.
53 Stefan J. Bos, “Iran Launching Massive Arrests Of Evangelicals,” BosNewsLife, October 13, 2012, http://www.bosnewslife.com/24042-breaking-news-iran-launching-massive-arrests-of-evangelicals.
54 “Somali Mother of Four Slaughtered for her Faith,”
World Watch Monitor, January 17, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/31290.
55 “Muslims Behead Four Christian Orphanage Workers in Somalia,” Assyrian International News Agency, August 11, 2009, http://www.aina.org/news/20090811144715.htm.
56 “Islamic Extremists Behead Another Convert,” World Watch Monitor, February 8, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/article_1390864.html.
57 “Somali Convert to Christianity Kidnapped, Beheaded,” World Watch Monitor, September 12, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/article_120184.html
58 “New Christian Convert from Islam Murdered,” World Watch Monitor, April 20, 2012,http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/article_111281.html.
59 “Somali Convert from Islam Whipped in Public,” World Watch Monitor, January 10, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/article_1342445.html.
60 Wasul Chemosi, Somali Christians Fear Militant Islam at Home and Abroad,” Persecution, September 7, 2012, http://www.persecution.org/2012/09/07/somali-christians-fear-militant-islam-at-home-and-abroad/.
61 “Islamists in Somalia Behead Two Sons of Christian Leader,” World Watch Monitor, July 1, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/4482.
62 “ISLAMISTS ARREST A MUSLIM FATHER AFTER HIS SONGS CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY,” Persecution, January 25, 2012, http://www.persecution.org/2012/01/25/isamists-arrest-a-muslim-father-after-his-sons-convert-to-christianity
63 “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah,” Pew Research Center, December 2, 2010, http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2010/12/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Muslim-Report-FINAL-December-2-2010.pdf.
64 Edward William Lane, Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1908), 111.
65 “Security Police Torture Christian Convert Woman,” World Watch Monitor, July 18, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/egypt/2007/newsarticle_4952.html.
66 “Convert Flees Potential Dangers in Syria,” World Watch Monitor, April 21, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/egypt/article_111398.html; see also, “Egyptian Court Denies ID Change,” Arab Vision, n.d., http://www.arabvision.org/content/egyptian-court-denies-id-change.
67 “Life on Hold for Egyptian Christian Arrested for his Faith,” World Watch Monitor, December 16, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/egypt/29755/.
68 Arabic homemade video, uploaded by Tarek TV, July 7, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=n_6SJXlWzLE.
69 I heard all this directly from Nagla when she called live on an Arabic talk-show on which I was being interviewed (“I Was a Prisoner,” Tarek TV); see Raymond Ibrahim, “The Strange—and Tragic—Case of Nagla Imam,” Raymond Ibrahim: Islam Translated, July 15, 2010, http://www.raymondibrahim.com/muslim-persecution-of-christians/the-strange-and-tragic-case-of-nagla-imam/.
70 Raymond Ibrahim, “Salafi Leader: No Freedom in Islam; Apostates Must Be Persecuted,” Raymond Ibrahim: Islam Translated, June 1, 2012, http://www.raymondibrahim.com/islam/alafi-leader-no-freedom-in-islam-apostates-must-be-persecuted/.
71 Paul Marshall, “Away in a Manger,” National Review Online, December 23, 2010, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/255861/away-manger-paul-marshall#.
72 Katherine T. Phan, “Watchdog: Said Musa Released from Afghan Prison, No Longer on Death Row,” Christian Post, February 24, 2011, http://www.christianpost.com/news/watchdog-said-musa-released-from-afghan-prison-no-longer-on-death-row-49156/.
73 Maria Gomes, “Ex imam convert to Catholicism almost killed,” AsiaNews, May 3, 2012, http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Ex-imam-convert-to-Catholicism-almost-killed-24414.html.
74 Joseph DeCaro, “Christian Deaths Climb in Eritrean Prisons,” Worthy News, August 10, 2011, http://www.worthynews.com/10862-christian-deaths-climb-in-eritrean-prisons.
75 “Parents, Islamic Extremists Beat Young Woman in India,” World Watch Monitor, March 20, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/india/article_1454450.html.
76 “Muslim Extremists in India Attack, Threaten Christian Women,” Christian Post, August 6, 2011, http://www.christianpost.com/news/muslim-extremists-in-india-attack-threaten-christian-women-53500/.
77 “Muslim Extremists in India Attack, Threaten Christian Women,” World Watch Monitor, August 5, 2012, op. cit., 80.
78 Marco Tosatti, “Kuwait: The Prince’s mysterious conversion,” Vatican Insider, January 16, 2012, http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/world-news/detail/articolo/kuwait-cristianesimo-christianism-cristianos-11709/.
79 “Lebanese priest who baptized Muslim is abducted, then released,” Catholic-Culture , May 10, 2012, http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=14265.
80 “Injured Convert in Pakistan Tries to Rebuild Life,” World Watch Monitor, May 15, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/pakistan/article_1539631.html.
81 Gary Lane and Lucille Talusan, “Philippines Pastors Face Death for Ministry to Muslims,” CBN News, April 11, 2010, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2012/March/Philippines-Pastors-Face-Death-for-Ministry-to-Muslims/.
82 Noel Tarrazona, “Christian pastor shot dead in the Philippines,” ASSIST News Service, April 25, 2012, http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2012/s12040133.htm.
83 Elizabeth Kendal, “Saudi Arabia: Convert flees; helpers to face court,” ASSIST News Service, September 4, 2012, http://www.assistnews.net/STORIES/2012/s12090029.htm.
84 Mariam Al Hakeem, “Saudi man kills daughter for converting to Christianity,” Gulf News, August 12, 2008, http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-man-kills-daughter-for-converting-to-christianity-1.124541.
85 “Christian Woman in Darfur, Sudan Arrested for Evangelizing,” World Watch Monitor, May 24, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/sudan/article_113015.html.
86 “Convert from Islam in Sudan Loses Wife, Children,” Christian Post, June 20, 2012, http://www.christianpost.com/news/convert-from-islam-in-sudan-loses-wife-children-76942/.
87 Youssef, “Christian teen sentenced to two years in Tanzanian prison,” Maghreb Christians, August 22, 2012, http://www.maghrebchristians.com/2012/08/22/christian-teen-sentenced-to-two-years-in-tanzanian-prison/#ixzz26CJWDYLQ.
88 Gary Lane, “Ex-Muslim Boy Clings to Faith Despite Beatings,” CBN News, February 9, 2012, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2012/February/Ex-Muslim-Boy-Clings-to-Faith-Despite-Beatings-/.
89 “Former Muslim Extremist in Uganda Flees Wrath of Ex-Colleagues,” World Watch Monitor, January 27, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/uganda/article_1367835.html.
90 “Convert from Islam in Uganda Survives Societal Hostilities,” World Watch Monitor, January 23, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/uganda/article_1360848.html.
91 “Muslim Extremists Strike at Christians in East African Isles,” Prophecy News Watch, n.d., http://www.prophecynewswatch.com/2012/January17/1761.html.
92 “Somali Muslims in Kenya Attack Another Christian,” World Watch Monitor, December 13, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/kenya/article_124462.html.
93 “Somali Muslims Cut, Beat Christian Unconscious in Kenya,” World Watch Monitor, November 4, 2012, http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/somalia/article_122724.html; Somali Muslims in Kenya Attack Another Chrisitian,” World Watch Monitor, December 13, 2012. http://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/english/country/kenya/article_124462.html/.
94 “Ethiopian Convert from Islam Dodges Dangers in Kenya,” Christian Post, February 21, 2012, http://www.christianpost.com/news/ethiopian-convert-from-islam-dodges-dangers-in-kenya-68481/.
95 Wasul Chemosi, “SOMALI CHRISTIANS CHRISTIANS FEAR MILITANT ISLAM AT HOME AND ABROAD,”Persecution, September 7, 2012, http://www.persecution.org/2012/09/07/somali-christians-fear-militant-islam-at-home-and-abroad/.
96 Genevieve Serra, “Terror group targeting local Christians
: Bishop,” Independent Online, July 13, 2012, http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/terror-group-targeting-local-christians-bishop-1.1340914#.UORwITk1y7z.
97 Roche Madden, “Death Threat From Iran Sent To St. Louis Men,” KPLR, June 18, 2012, http://kplr11.com/2012/06/18/death-threat-from-iran-sent-to-st-louis-men/.
98 “IRAQI CHRISTIAN CONVERT ATTACKE DIN US OVER HOLOCAUST POEM ,” Barnabas Aid, October 12, 2011, http://barnabasfund.org/US/News/Archives/Iraqi-Christian-convert-attacked-in-US-over-Holocaust-poem.html.
99 Stefan J. Bos, “Iran Threatens To Kill Evangelical Christians Unless They “Repent,” Christians say,” BosNewsLife, October 2, 2011, http://www.bosnewslife.com/18512-breaking-news-iran-threatens-to-kill-evangelical-christians-unless-they-repent-christians-say.
100 Alice Tegle, “Torturert på asylmottak i Norge,” Dagen, August 26, 2011, http://www.dagen.no//Nyheter//Innenriks/tabid/248/Default.aspx?ModuleId=73598 &articleView=true; Nicolai Sennels, “Norway: Christian convert tortured with boiling water: ‘Return to Islam or we will kill you,’” Jihad Watch, August 26, 2011, http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/08/norway-christian-convert-tortured-with-boiling-water-return-to-islam-or-we-kill-you.html.
101 Nicolai Sennels, “Norway: Two Iranian converts from Islam to Christianity stabbed, called ‘kuffar,’” Jihad Watch, January 31, 2012, http://www.jihadwatch.org/2012/01/norway-two-iranian-converts-from-islam-to-christianity-stabbed-called-kuffar.html.
102 “Italy: Moroccan would-be convert ‘hangs himself’,” Adnkronos International, December 3, 2012, http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=3.0.4065603210.
103 “Italy: Berlusconi teen makes shocking new revelations,” Adnkronos International, January 19, 2012, http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/CultureAndMedia/Italy-Berlusconi-teen-makes-shocking-new-revelations_311564128383.html.
104 “Afghan man attacked in street with plank of wood,” Nottingham Post, June 11, 2011, http://www.thisisnottingham.co.uk/Afghan-man-attacked-street-plank-wood/story-12753659-detail/story.html.
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