Rights of War and Peace 198
Grub Street Journal 168
Guardian 217
gymnosophists 40, 41, 43, 47, 84, 85, 148
Haeckel, Ernst 148, 431, 433, 434
Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey 340
Code of Gentoo Laws 340
Haller, Albrecht von 99, 147, 238–9
Usong 238
Hamilton, Eliza 117
Hanriot, François 327
harmony 67, 338
environmental 210
interspecific 417, 434
natural 42, 61, 73, 86, 200, 323, 371, 386–7, 391–6, 413
primeval xix–xx, xxv, 10, 12, 78, 81
social 177
Harris, Elizabeth 63
Harris, John 250
Harrison, Mark 270
Hartley, David: Observations on Man 221
Hartlib, Samuel 12, 84
Hartly House, see Gibbes, Phebe
Harvey, Gideon 173
Harvey, William 155, 156, 159
Haslewood, Joseph 297
Hastings, Warren 349
health xxii, 13, 63, 67, 73–4, 122, 126, 135–6, 143–4, 156–7, 159, 165, 229, 241, 269, 367, 436–7, 439–41
see also gout
scurvy
Hecquet, Philippe 154–62, 204, 238, 239, 288
La Médecine Théologique 159
Helmont, Franciscus Mercurius van 12, 89–94, 180
Helmont, Jan Baptista van 141, 142, 565n, 570n
Helvétius, Claude–Adrien 202
herbivores 253, 421
apes 139–40, 195, 213
man as xxi–xxii, 140, 142–3, 149, 363
physiology 142, 146–7, 239–40, 280, 414
Rousseau on 195–6, 200–202, 208
see also anatomy
Herder, Johann Gottfried von 213
heresy 7, 23, 151, 152, 161, 174, 550n
Hermes Trismegistus 110
Hermeticism 76
Herodotus 524n
Hervey, Ann 175
Hervey, Lord, John 175–6
Hess, Rudolf 435
Highland Clearances 250–51, 301, 403
Hildrop, John 282
Himmler, Heinrich 435, 440, 441
Hinduism xx, xxiv, xxv, 40–4, 49–58, 79, 209, 523n
counter-vegetarians and 216
European enthusiasts 286–94, 296, 299, 338, 353, 363
Evelyn and 84–6
Holwell’s research into 275, 277–86
metempsychosis 54, 55, 76, 145, 261, 268
and original religion 110, 279, 524n
parallels in Christianity 13–14, 54, 56, 66, 77, 93, 278–9, 282–3, 288, 291, 340
respect for animals 50–53, 57–8, 119, 390–91
Tryon and 64–70, 72, 73, 74–5, 77
see also ahimsa
Brahmins
Hippocrates 57, 144, 145, 158, 159, 174, 230, 530n, 584n
Hippolytus, St: Refutation of all Heresies 43
Hitler, Adolf xxvi, 434–5, 437–44, 442, 606n, 607n
Mein Kampf 434
Table Talk 438–9, 443
Hobbes, Thomas 4, 5, 71, 253–4, 432, 434
Leviathan 121
rationale for meat eating 132–3
Rousseau and 197–8
and war in nature 197, 360, 395, 403, 417, 419
Hoffman, Friedrich 156
Hogarth, William 190
Hogg, Thomas Jefferson 372–4, 381
Holcroft, Thomas 341
Alwyn 341
Holland, Henry 152
Hollis, Thomas Brand 297, 324
Holwell, John Zephaniah 275–91, 294, 296, 340, 367, 379, 391, 599–600n, 601n
Account of the Small Pox 282
Dissertation on the Origin, Nature, and Pursuits of Intelligent Beings 285
Interesting Historical Events 277, 284–5
Primitive Religion Elucidated 285
Voltaire on 288–9
Homo sapiens, see humans
Hopetoun, John Hope, 2nd Earl of 247, 249, 581n
Horne-Tooke, John 306, 308, 312
Hotham, Durand: Life of Jacob Behmen 75
Houdetot, Sophie d’ 202
Howard, John 223, 297
Huet, Pierre-Daniel 93, 112
Hufeland, Christian Wilhelm 213–14, 436
humans: as animals xxv, 29, 138–40, 142, 147–8, 169, 195, 201, 253–4, 261, 363, 367, 370–1, 435, 438–9
see also anatomy
animals, human treatment of
Hume, David 137, 177, 197, 203, 221, 242, 401
Hunt, Leigh 395–6
hunting xviii, 51, 70, 100, 126, 127, 149, 190, 199, 201, 204, 206, 215, 222, 225, 253, 265, 290, 292, 303, 343, 354, 377, 389, 391, 399, 400, 418–21, 441–2, 445
Huntingdon, Earls of 227
Huntingdon, Lady Selina 168, 175, 227
Hutcheson, Francis 137, 177, 220–21, 331, 382, 401
Hutton, James 243
Huxley, Thomas 414, 432, 433, 435, 555n
Hyder Ali 295, 348–9
Hyndman, H. M. 431
Hystaspes 110
Iamblichus 592n
Life of Pythagoras 324
iatromechanics, see physiology
Ikhwan al-Safa 117
Ilive, Jacob 281
India xix, xxiv, 5, 13, 75, 118, 213, 241
treatment of animals in 44, 50–53, 57–8, 69–71, 110–11, 118–9, 126, 204–5, 209, 214, 223, 225, 246–8, 250, 254, 259–74, 279–81, 287–90, 292–4, 295–6, 299, 332, 356–7, 360, 364, 368, 390–1, 434
art 265–6
British imperialism 260–61, 266–7, 271–3, 275–7, 284, 294, 295, 338
effeminate ‘natives’ 58, 269, 424, 584n
European travellers in xx, 39–59, 66, 70, 84, 246, 347–9, 521–2n
independence movement 380, 398, 424, 426
healthiness of vegetarians 123, 148, 202, 211, 241, 269–70, 356, 439–40, 584n
influence on European culture xix–xxi, xxv–xxvi, 13, 39–77, 85–7, 110–11, 118–9, 123, 126, 133, 213, 216, 246–8, 250, 254, 259–312, 332, 347–360, 364, 390–1, 427, 523n, 549n, 551–2n, 563n
meat eating traditions in 50, 292, 526n, 557n
medicine 144–5, 270, 530–1n
missionaries in 259–62, 267
philosophy xix–xxi, xxvi, 40–41
religions xx, 39–42, see also Hinduism
vegetarianism xx–xxii, 39–42, 49–50, 109, 237, 246, 248, 259–71, 284, 402
see also accommodation
Brahmins
Buddhism
Hinduism
Jainism
Indian Mutiny 261, 266–7
inequality 28, 204, 207, 338, 380, 386, 399, 404
International Vegetarian Union 434
Islam 13, 103, 117, 119, 120, 264–6
Issarts, Bancal des 317
Jacobin Club 308, 309, 350
Jahangir, Emperor 265, 583n
Jainism xx, 50, 53, 68, 264–5, 523–4n, 527n
James I, King of England 3, 6, 21
James II, King of England 63
Japan 124, 212, 229, 262
Jefferson, Thomas 591n
Jenyns, Soame 222, 252
Jerome, St 7, 9, 32, 43, 52, 93, 119, 158, 160, 402
John the Baptist 27
as vegetarian 43, 61, 120
John Bull 284, 305–6, 305, 336, 343
John Chrysostom, St 44, 76, 151
Johnson, James 270
Johnson, Samuel 168, 189, 236, 251–2, 254–5, 382
Johnson, Thomas M. 324
Jones, Sir William 290–94, 353, 377
and ahimsa xxv, 290, 293
as Orientalist 48, 210, 391
Sanskrit studies 213, 278
Josephus 114
Judaeo-Christianity 13, 65–6, 76, 111–12, 118, 385;
anthropocentrism 124, 299, 338, 363, 435, 443–4
Judaism 120
animal sacrifice 109
blood prohibition 13, 21, 103, 105
–6, 112
Judaists 17–19, 21, 29, 107, 339
metempsychosis in 92–3
origins of 109
Juvenal: Satires 298–9
Kabbala/kabbalists 12, 76, 90–96, 180, 281, 282, 340
Kabbala Denudata 90
Kafka, Franz 436
Kalidasa: Sakuntala 391
Kant, Emmanuel 137
karma 41, 126, 333, 353–5, 524n, 540n, 543n
Kearby, Thomas 22
Keats, John 358
Keith, George 68, 93, 95, 542–3n
Kellogg, John Harvey 436
Kelly, Michael 352
King, John 19
King, William, Archbishop of Dublin 220, 252, 331, 356, 359, 382, 386, 412
Kingsford, Dr Anna: The Perfect Way in Diet 424–5
Kircher, Athanasius 125
China illustrata 55
Koch, Ebba 265
Kropotkin, Prince Petr Alekseevich 430–4
Mutual Aid 430
Kyrle, John 344
Lafayette, Marquis de 321–2
Lamartine, Alphonse de 214, 320;
History of the Girondins 320
Lambe, Dr William 428, 584n
on agriculture 399–400, 406
and Bracknell vegetarians 372, 379–82, 384, 388
on human-animal relations 389
treatises on vegetarianism 375–6, 379, 414–15
Lanthenas, François 317, 320
La Peyrère, Isaac 124
Lawrence, Chevalier James Henry 373–4
Lawrence, John 341, 344
Lawrence, Sir William 374, 414–15, 417, 434;
Lectures on the Natural History of Man 414
Laws of Manu 50, 76, 290, 292, 293
Leask, Nigel: Anxieties of Empire 293
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van 156
Le Grand, Antoine 143, 149
Entire Body of Philosophy 143
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 89, 180, 359
Leiden, University of 236
Lémery, Louis 161, 238, 561n
A Treatise of Foods 149
Le Roy, Charles-Georges 200, 201
Lesage, Alain-René: The Adventures of Gil Blas 161–2
Lessius, Leonard 152, 581n
Levellers 16, 26–7, 29, 31, 169
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 397
lifestyle 167, 174, 185
Lilly, William 28, 29
Linand, Barthelemy 238
Abstinence from Flesh made Easy 154
Lind, James: Treatise of the Scurvy 234–5
Linguet, Simon 301
Linnaeus, Carl 196, 199
Systema naturae 147–8
Linschoten, John Huygen van: Itinerario 53, 113
Locke, John 64, 71, 75, 89, 145–6, 170, 200, 555n
Essay Concerning Human Understanding 101, 145
Letter Concerning Toleration 67
Thoughts Concerning Education 145
London Gazetteer 307
London Magazine 402
London Mercury 307
longevity xxii, 4–7, 11, 12, 57, 67–8, 81, 88, 99, 108, 135, 143, 159, 168, 251, 254, 297, 333, 376, 436, 440
of Indians xxii, 5, 44, 47, 85, 210, 241, 269–70, 288, 440, 524n
Lord, Henry 54–5, 69, 263
Louis XVI, King of France 301–3, 307, 309–10, 312, 315, 325, 327
Louvet de Couvray, Jean-Baptiste 327–9
Lucretius 144
Luria, Isaac 90, 92, 95
luxury 57, 169, 224, 245, 248, 333, 338, 379–80
as buffer against famine 409, 441
and inequality 28
urban 155, 165
vegetable 231
see also meat Lycurgus 524n
Lymington, Viscount 103
Lyttelton, Lord George 178
Macaulay, Catherine 334–5, 337, 591n
Letters on Education 334–5
McCalman, Iain 337
macrobiotic: see raw food
mad 341
vegetarians accused of being 56, 365, 366–7, 520n
see also blasphemy
magic 74–5
Maier, Michael 99, 110, 113
Maimonides 105
Malabar rights controversy 262
Malebranche, Nicolas 136, 177, 201
Search after Truth 132
Malpighi, Marcello 156
Malthus, Thomas Robert xxv, 250, 406–16, 419, 434, 441, 604n
Essay on the Principle of Population 407, 410–11, 416
man, see humans
Mandelslo, Johann Albrecht von 84
Mandeville, Bernard xvii, 137, 197, 202, 300
Fable of the Bees 177, 191, 221, 361
Mandeville, Sir John: Travels 47, 51
Manetho 108
Manicheans 7, 33, 151, 386, 396
Manucci, Niccolao 58, 109, 263
Manuel, King of Portugal 49
Mar, John Francis, Earl of 245
Marana, Giovanni Paolo 116
Marie-Antoinette, Queen 194
Marignolli, John of 46–7
Markham, Amy 38
Marsay, Charles Hector Marquis St George de 180
Marshall, John 84, 555n
Martin, Richard 344
Marvell, Andrew 9, 591n
Mead, Richard 156, 169, 227
meat xix
as acid 248
as alkaline 171–2, 212, 228, 234, 563n
as cause of violence 32, 57, 66, 76, 106, 125, 134, 143, 177–8, 188, 206, 214, 218, 248–9, 280, 290, 321, 355, 363–4, 368–9, 379, 382–4, 386, 596n
clouds the brain 28, 142, 194, 355, 577n
cruelty of xxiii, 14, 76, 86–7, 178, 217ff, 292, 295, 426
easily digestible 161, 239, 245, 580n
indigestible xxii, 136, 142, 149, 157–8, 171–2, 187, 228, 254, 268–9, 577n
eaten to excess in Europe, especially England 57, 145, 172–3, 206, 247, 252, 266, 270, 304ff
fat in 63, 156–7, 171–2, 228, 248, 439
not eaten until after Noah’s Flood xviii–xix, 6–7, 10–11, 32, 43, 46, 61, 81–2, 85, 178
harmful physical effects xxii, xxvi, 11, 28, 32, 63, 88, 144–5, 149–50, 158, 160, 171, 177, 230, 239–41, 248–9, 254, 268–9, 280, 318–9, 333, 355, 376, 440
physiologically heating 238, 241, 269–70, 380
meat industry xxv, 86, 225–6, 103, 333, 357, 411, 446, 573n
effect on arable agriculture 301, 403–4
offloading of guilt onto 207, 222
painless slaughter 103, 105, 107–8, 215–26, 300–1, 341, 356–7, 362, 443 545n
slaughterhouses 225
see also agriculture
butchers
cannibalism
sacrifice
inefficiency of, see agriculture
as luxury xxiv, 6, 28, 34, 36, 125, 151–2, 173, 242, 244, 248, 320, 379–80, 404–6, 441
and masculinity/virility 57, 81, 168, 173, 203–4, 211–2, 269, 425, 598n
and morality 158, 242, 364, 379
most nourishing xxii, 173, 200, 239–40, 357
nutritionally superfluous xxii, xxiv, 49, 57–8, 86–7, 154, 159–60, 198–9, 241, 419
poor eat little xix, 28, 141, 159–60, 187, 200, 213, 222, 241–2, 301, 364, 375, 406
salts in 171–3, 178, 228, 232–3
and sexual concupiscence 28, 124, 151–2, 191, 242
unnatural for humans xix, xxii–xxiii, 135, 143, 145, 149, 158, 206, 217, 279, 318–9, 372, 375–6, 385, 438–39
unsuitable for children 143, 146, 205–6, 214, 318–9, 334–5, 379
see also beef eating
medical vegetarianism 14, 136, 148, 150, 224, 354–5, 370
Cheyne and 163–76, 181–7
for children’s ailments 145
Cocchi 227–8, 230
Crab and 28
diet doctors xxii, 11, 145, 168
in Edinburgh 236, 239–41, 244–6
Graham and 332–4
Hecquet and 154–5, 157–9
in India 144, 270,
293
Lambe and 375–6
in Nazi Germany 439
Medici, Giuliano de 48
medicine xxii–iv, 131–258
abstinence from flesh as remedy xxii, 14, 83, 144–5, 158, 160, 169, 176, 184, 186, 192, 219, 224, 233–4, 236, 240, 242–5, 252, 370, 375–6, 437, 544n, 568n, 578–9n
mercury
medicines 182–4, 232
other remedial diets 4, 144, 176, 183, 241, 245, 588n
Indian 143–5, 530n
tropical 269–70
see also anatomy
diet
physiology medical vegetarianism xix, xxi–xxiv, 14, 123, 126, 135–7, 148–50, 224, 255, 280, 354–5, 370, 530n
Cheyne and 163–76, 181–7
for children’s ailments 145
Cocchi and 227–8, 230
Crab and 28
diet doctors xxii, 11, 145, 168
Gassendi and Bernier 56–9, 141–5, 149
in Edinburgh 236, 239–41, 244–6, 333
Graham and 332–4
Hecquet and 154–5, 157–9
in India 144, 270, 233, 269–70, 293
Lambe and 375–6
in Nazi Germany 439
see also medicine
diet
vegetable diet
Medwin, Thomas 287, 395
Mercerus, Joannes 106, 112
Mercurius Fumigosus 29
Metcalfe, William 423
Mickle, William Julius 284, 286, 296
microcosm 75, 77, 143, 571n
see also sympatheia
Middle Ages 7, 13, 44, 152
Milindapanha 44
milk 44, 46, 51, 63, 71, 73, 99, 122, 152, 160, 168, 169, 186–7, 194, 196–7, 203–8, 210, 216, 229, 232, 240–1, 243, 245, 272, 280, 289, 305, 319, 323, 335, 352, 368, 370, 374, 392–3, 396, 402, 426–7, 587n
milk diet 166–7, 173–6, 184, 195, 222, 230, 237–8, 242–3, 524n, 565n, 566n
dairy industry 404, 406
Mill, John Stuart 357
millennium, Christian 12, 17–21, 83–4, 265, 385, 386, 388, 583n
Evelyn and 83, 86
Graham and 332, 336
radical 339–40
Shelley’s 385, 386, 390
as vegetarian kingdom 9, 19, 37, 83–4
Milton, John: Ode to Christ’s Nativity 222
Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della 75, 571n
missionaries 259–63
Molitor, Father 136
monasticism 6–7, 87, 122, 152, 153–5, 376
Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord 213, 253–5, 277, 297, 299, 332, 387, 391, 399
Monro, Alexander 240, 333
Essay on Comparative Anatomy 239
Montagu, Lady Barbara 223
Montaigne, Michel de 121, 189, 571n
Apology for Raymond Sebond 136
Montbazon, Marie, Duchess of 153
Montesquieu, Charles de 117, 270, 287
De l’Esprit des Lois 269
Monthly Review 285
The Bloodless Revolution Page 68
