by Chris Willis
2. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 1, p. 319. Milwaukee Tribune, May 15, 1931.
3. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 424-425.
4. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 1, p. 315. Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 6, 1931.
5. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 1, p. 315.
6. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 11-12,1931.
7. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 11-12,1931.
8. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 11-12,1931.
9. Columbus Citizen, July 30, 1931.
10. 1931 NFL Schedules is from Portsmouth Times, September 11, 1931. Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Daily Journal, July 14, 1931.
11. George S. Halas, with Gwen Morgan and Arthur Veysey, Halas: An Autobiography (Chicago: Bonus Books, 1986), 147-148.
12. Facts about Carr threatening to fine the Packers are from Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, October 15, 1931.
13. Portsmouth Times, October 20, 1931.
14. Game recap, attendance figure, and appearance of Mayor James Walker, New York Times, November 2, 1931.
15. Portsmouth Times, December 7, 1931.
16. Portsmouth Times, December 7, 1931.
17. Ohio State Journal, December 8, 1931.
18. Portsmouth Times, December 8, 1931.
19. Portsmouth Times, December 13, 1931.
20. Lambeau and Hubbard quotes are from Chuck Johnson, The Green Bay Packers: Pro Football's Pioneer Team (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1961), 140, 142.
21. Ohio State Journal, December 14, 1931.
22. Martha Sullivan, author interviews, November 21, 2004, and March 4, 2007.
23. Sullivan, interviews.
CHAPTER 19: INDOOR CIRCUS (1932)
1. Portsmouth Times, December 23, 1931.
2. Portsmouth Times, January 8, 1932.
3. Ohio State Journal, January 12, 1932.
4. Portsmouth Times, January 12, 1932.
5. Syracuse Herald, February 16, 1932.
6. Portsmouth Times, March 2, 1932.
7. Jordan Wright, author interview, July 11, 2009.
8. Wright, interview.
9. Wright, interview.
10. Wright, interview.
11. George S. Halas, with Gwen Morgan and Arthur Veysey, Halas: An Autobiography (Chicago: Bonus Books, 1986), 151.
12. Lou Little letter to Bert Bell, dated April 4, 1932, is from author's collection.
13. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 9-10,1932.
14. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 9-10,1932.
15. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 9-10,1932.
16. Halas, Halas, 148-149.
17. Portsmouth Spartans ticket prices from Portsmouth Times, October 1, 1932, and November 27, 1932.
18. John Torinus, The Packer Legend (Neshkoro, WI: Laranmark Press, 1983), 45.
19. Portsmouth Times, September 18, 1932.
20. Portsmouth Times, September 26, 1932.
21. Thom Loverro, Washington Redskins: The Authorized History (Dallas, TX: Taylor, 1996), 7.
22. Population from Federal Census. Portsmouth Times, October 7, 1932.
23. Portsmouth Times, October 7, 1932.
24. Charles K. Ross, Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 37.
25. Mason City (Iowa) Globe-Gazette, November 24, 1933.
26. Green Bay Press-Gazette, October 17, 1932.
27. Wisconsin State Journal, November 28, 1932.
28. Halas, Halas, 167.
29. Virginia McCaskey, author interview, August 8, 2005.
30. McCaskey, interview.
31. Western Union Telegram dated December 14, 1932, is from author's collection.
32. Portsmouth Times, December 15, 1932.
33. Charles "Ookie" Miller, author interview, NFL Films, 1999.
34. McCaskey, interview. Glenn Presnell, author interview, NFL Films, 1999.
35. 1932 NFL playoff game kickoff time is from Portsmouth Times, December 16, 1932. Joe F. Carr seat in Chicago Stadium for game is from his personal ticket stub from JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2 (page 361). Presnell, interview.
36. John M. Carroll, Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 170-171.
37. Presnell, interview.
38. Miller, interview. Halas, Halas, 169.
39. Stevens Point Daily Journal, December 19, 1932.
40. Portsmouth Times, December 19, 1932.
41. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 361, 366.
42. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 361, 366.
43. Portsmouth Times, December 23, 1932.
CHAPTER 20: THE PRO GAME SEPARATES ITSELF FROM THE COLLEGE GAME (1933)
1. Attendance figures are from Bob Carroll, Michael Gershman, David Neft, and John Thom, eds., Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).
2. Thom Loverro, Washington Redskins: The Authorized History (Dallas, TX: Taylor, 1996), 8.
3. Joe F. Carr quote is from newspaper article in the Sport Chatter column by Sam Levy, from Carr file at Pro Football Hall of Fame, dated January 27, 1933.
4. Sport Chatter column by Sam Levy.
5. New York Times, January 10, 1933. Portsmouth Times, January 11, 1933.
6. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, p. 331.
7. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 25-26,1933.
8. Arthur Daley, Pro Football's Hall of Fame (New York: Tempo Books, 1963), 154.
9. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 25-26,1933.
10. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 25-26, 1933. Charleston (West Virginia) Daily Mail, February 27, 1933.
11. Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, February 27, 1933. Dan Rooney, as told to Andrew E. Masich and David F. Halaas, Dan Rooney: My 75 Years with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the NFL (New York: Da Capo Press, 2007), 14.
12. Art Rooney background information from Andrew O'Toole, Smiling Irish Eyes: Art Rooney and the Pittsburgh Steelers (Haworth, NJ: St. Johann Press), 1-40.
13. Myron Cope, The Game That Was (New York: World, 1970), 124-25.
14. Cope, The Game That Was, 125. Rooney, Dan Rooney, 10.
15. O'Toole, Smiling Irish Eyes, 14.
16. Rooney, Dan Rooney, 11
17. Cope, The Game That Was, 127.
18. Rooney, Dan Rooney, 10.
19. Cope, The Game That Was, 126. 1930 United States Census.
20. Cope, The Game That Was, 126.
21. Rooney, Dan Rooney, 12.
22. Rooney, Dan Rooney, 12.
23. Art Rooney, archival interview, PBS-TV, 1984. Dan Rooney, interview, NFL Films, 1999.
24. George S. Halas, with Gwen Morgan and Arthur Veysey, Halas: An Autobiography (Chicago: Bonus Books, 1986), 151.
25. Ohio State Journal, February 28, 1933. New York Times, February 27, 1933.
26. Philadelphia Public Ledger, March 1, 1933.
27. Portsmouth Times, May 7, 1933.
28. Columbus Dispatch, June 11, 1933. Graduation invitation from JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 412-413.
29. Portsmouth Times, May 19, 1933. Portsmouth Times, June 28, 1933.
30. Cincinnati Times-Star, June 21, 1933. Cincinnati Post, June 21, 1933.
31. Ray Didinger and Robert Lyons, The Eagles Encyclopedia (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2005), 6.
32. Bert Bell Jr., author interview, May 2, 2009.
33. New York Times, February 1, 1973.
34. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 8-9, 1933.
35. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 8-9, 1933.
36. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 8-9, 1933.
37. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 8-9, 1933.
38. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 8-9, 1933.
39. "NFL Meeting Minutes," July 8-9, 1933.
40. Ohio State Journal, August 23, 1933.
41. Halas, Halas, 150.
42. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 461-462.
43. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, p. 441.
44. Portsmouth Times, September 18,193
3.
45. Pittsburgh Press, September 21,1933.
46. Ray Kemp quotes are from 1981 interview with Black Sports in Pittsburgh.
47. Kemp, Black Sports in Pittsburgh interview.
48. Kemp, Black Sports in Pittsburgh interview.
49. Cope, The Game That Was, 138.
50. Mary Carr's hand-written letter is from JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 427-429.
51. Wellington Mara, archival interview, NFL Films, 1999.
52. Columbus Citizen, December 7,1933.
53. Ohio State Journal, December 8, 1933.
54. Chicago Tribune, December 8,1933. Literary Digest, December 9,1933.
55. Columbus Citizen, December 15, 1933.
56. "NFL Meeting Minutes," December 16, 1933. Columbus Citizen, December 16, 1933.
57. "NFL Meeting Minutes," December 16, 1933. Chicago Tribune, December 15, 1933.
58. Joe F. Carr's actual game ticket from the 1933 NFL Championship Game is from JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, p. 445.
59. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, p. 445. New York Times, December 18, 1933.
60. George Musso, author interview, NFL Films, 1999.
61. Mara, archival interview.
62. Harry Newman, author interview, NFL Films, 1999.
63. Musso, interview.
64. Chicago Tribune, December 18, 1933. John M. Carroll, Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 175.
65. Newspaper headlines and quotes from New York Times, December 18, 1933; Chicago American, December 18,1933; Chicago Tribune, December 18,1933; Burlington (North Carolina) Daily-Times, December 18, 1933.
66. Portsmouth Times, December 19, 1933.
67. Pittsburgh Press, February 27,1933.
CHAPTER 21: SNEAKERS IN NEW YORK (1934)
1. Columbus Citizen, December 16,1933.
2. Attendance figures are from Bob Carroll, Michael Gershman, David Neft, and John Thom, eds., Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).
3. Carl Becker, Home & Azvay: The Rise and Fall of Professional Football on the Banks of the Ohio, 1919-1934 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1998), 302.
4. Glenn Presnell, author interview, NFL Films, 1999.
5. Ray Didinger, "The Man Who Had a Dream," Pro! The Official Program of the National Football League 7, no. 5 (September 18, 1977), 12C.
6. Rozene Supple, author interview, October 30, 2009. Richards quoted in Ohio State Journal, October 27, 1934.
7. Portsmouth Times, March 23, 1934. Hamilton Daily Journal, April 7, 1934. 2009 Detroit Lions Media Guide.
8. Charlie Sanders, with Larry Paladino. Tales from the Detroit Lions (Sports Publishing: Champaign, IL, 2005), 96. Detroit Free Press, April 10-11, 1934. Detroit Times, April 11, 1934.
9. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 1 (April 26,1934).
10. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 2 (June 23, 1934).
11. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 2.
12. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 2.
13. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 2. Harry A. March, Pro Football: Its Ups and Dozens (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon, 1934).
14. March, Pro Football. Abebooks.com (checked in August 2009).
15. "NFL Meeting Minutes," June 30-July 1, 1934.
16. Lowell (Massachusetts) Sun, June 23, 1934.
17. "NFL Meeting Minutes," June 30-July 1, 1934.
18. JFC Scrapbook, Binder 2, pp. 510-512.
19. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 3 (July 7,1934).
20. Art Rooney, archival interview, PBS-TV, 1984. Charles K Ross. Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League (New York: New York University Press, 1999), 44. March, Pro Football, 151.
21. Gerald Gems, "Shooting Stars: The Rise and Fall of Blacks in Professional Football," Professional Football Researchers Association, 1988 Annual, 11.
22. Jordan Wright, author interview, July 11, 2009.
23. Wright, interview.
24. Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1934.
25. Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1934.
26. Pittsburgh Press, August 9, 1934.
27. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 19 (September 14, 1934). Thomas Littlewood, Arch: A Promoter, Not a Poet: The Story of Arch Ward (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990), 93-94.
28. Columbus Citizen, December 4,1933.
29. Richard Whittingham, Illustrated History of the New York Giants (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2005), 36.
30. New York Times, December 10, 1934.
31. New York Times, December 10, 1934.
32. New York Times, December 10, 1934. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 23 (December 20, 1934).
33. "NFL Meeting Minutes," December 10, 1934. New York Times, December 11, 1934.1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 23 (December 20,1934).
34. 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 23 (December 20,1934).
CHAPTER 22: THE POSTGRADUATE GAME IS FINALLY A BIG-CITY SPORT (1935)
1. Attendance figures are from Bob Carroll, Michael Gershman, David Neft, and John Thorn, eds., Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (New York: HarperCollins, 1999). 1934 NFL Bulletin, no. 23 (December 20, 1934).
2. Elyria (Ohio) Telegram, September 19, 1934.
3. Art Rooney quote found in 1935 NFL newspaper file at the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
4. Richard Whittingham, What a Game They Played (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 121-122.
5. Whittingham, What a Game They Played, 121-122.
6. Whittingham, What a Game They Played, 121-122. Mike Rathet and Don Smith. Their Deeds and Dogged Faith (New York: Rutledge Books and Balsam Press, 1984), 89-90.
7. 1935 NFL Bulletin, no. 3 (March 2, 1935).
8. 1935 BFL Bulletin, no. 5 (April 18,1935).
9. Official Guide of the National Football League: 1935 (New York: American Sports Publishing, 1935).
10. "NFL Meeting Minutes," May 18,1935. Who's Who in Major League Football (Chicago: BE. Callahan Publisher, 1935).
11. Who's Who in Major League Football. NFL coupon attached inside cover next to cover page.
12. New York Times, February 1, 1973.
13. "NFL Meeting Minutes," May 18, 1935.
14. George S. Halas, with Gwen Morgan and Arthur Veysey. Halas: An Autobiography (Chicago: Bonus Books, 1986), 158.
15. "NFL Meeting Minutes," May 18, 1935.
16. Mary Carr Father's Day card and envelope from Carr family collection.
17. Ray Didinger, "The Man Who Had a Dream," Pro! The Official Program of the National Football League 7, no. 5 (September 18, 1977), 14C.
18. Didinger, "The Man Who Had a Dream," 14C. Rozene Supple, author interview, October 30, 2009.
19. Columbus Dispatch, June 17, 1935. Chicago Tribune, June 17, 1935.
20. 1935 NFL Bulletin, no. 7 (July 17, 1935).
21. Ironzvood (Michigan) Daily Globe, July 19, 1935.
22. New York American, September 17, 1935. 1935 NFL Bulletin, no. 12 (September 27, 1935).
23. Attendance figure from Carroll et al., Total Football II.
24. Carroll et al., Total Football II. Ticket price from actual game ticket for 1935 NFL Championship Game.
25. 1935 NFL Bulletin, no. 14 (December 19, 1935).
26. 1935 NFL Bulletin, no. 14 (December 19, 1935).
CHAPTER 23: PACKERS, REDSKINS, AND THE NFL DRAFT (1936)
1. Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Northwestern, January 13, 1936.
2. Attendance figures are from Bob Carroll, Michael Gershman, David Neft, and John Thom, eds., Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).
3. Ohio State Journal, January 27, 1936.
4. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 8-9, 1936.
5. Wellington Mara quote from conversation with Giants PR director Pat Hanlon.
6. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 8-9, 1936.
7. Chicago Tribune, February 11, 1936.
8. Richard Whittingham, Illustrated History of t
he New York Giants (Chicago: Triumph Books, 2005), 43.
9. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 8-9, 1936.
10. Attendance figures are from Carroll et al., Total Football II. Ohio State Journal, October 13, 1936.
11. Both George Halas and Joe F. Carr quotes are from newspaper clipping found in 1935 NFL file at the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
12. Michael Richman, The Redskins Encyclopedia (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2008), 4.
13. Richman, The Redskins Encyclopedia, 4.
14. Corinne Griffith, My Life with the Redskins (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1947), 20.
15. Dan Daly and Bob O'Donnell, The Pro Football Chronicle (New York: Macmillan, 1990), 70.
16. Ironwood (Michigan) Daily Globe, December 7, 1936.
17. Thom Loverro, Washington Redskins: The Authorized History (Dallas, TX: Taylor, 1996), 12-14.
18. Richman, The Redskins Encyclopedia, 5.
19. "NFL Meeting Minutes," December 12,1936.
20. "NFL Meeting Minutes," December 12,1936.
CHAPTER 24: HEART OF GOLD CONTINUES TO WORK (1937)
1. Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent, January 18, 1937.
2. Attendance figures are from Bob Carroll, Michael Gershman, David Neft, and John Thom, eds., Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).
3. "NFL Meeting Minutes," February 12-13, 1937.
4. Jordan Wright, author interview, July 11, 2009.
5. Howard Roberts, The Story of Pro Football (New York: Rand McNally, 1953), 200. Wright, interview.
6. Roberts, The Story of Pro Football, 200.
7. Dorothy Walsh letter to Joe F. Carr, dated September 16, 1935. Letter is from the Carr family collection.
8. Joe F. Carr letter to Dorothy Walsh, dated September 18, 1935. Letter is from the Carr family collection.
9. Joe F. Carr letter to Mary (Carr) Pratt, dated December 23, 1935. Letter is from the Carr family collection.
10. Monessen Daily Independent, July 10, 1937. Chicago Tribune, September 1, 1937.
11. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 8 and 11, 1937.
12. Columbus Dispatch, September 21, 1937.
13. Michael Carr, author interview, July 31, 2004. Columbus Citizen, September 22,1937.
14. James Carr, author interview, July 31, 2004.
15. Michael Carr, interview.
16. Ohio State Journal, September 28, 1937. Attendance figures are from Carroll et al., Total Football II.
17. Ohio State Journal, October 30, 1937.
18. Gregory Carr, author interview, July 31, 2004.
