by Jon Wilson
5N. Shyam Bhat, South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response (New Delhi, 1998), 57–9.
6C. A. Bayly, ‘Wellesley, Richard, Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842)’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004) [www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29008, accessed 31 July 2014].
7Sir John Malcolm, The Government of India (London, 1833), 187.
8Mark Wilks, History of Mysore (London, 1810), 660; Kate Brittlebank, ‘The White Raja Of Srirangapattana: Was Arthur Wellesley Tipu Sultan’s True Successor?’, South Asia, xxvi (2003), 23–35; Penderel Moon, The British Conquest and Dominion of India (London, 1989), 278.
9Arthur Wellelsey to Barry Close, 15 Dec 1799, in Lt. Col. John Gurwood, The Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, on His Various Campaigns (London, 1837), xiii, 4–7.
10Arthur Wellesley to Barry Close, 8 Feb 1800, in ibid., xiii, 35 Mesrob Vartavarias, ‘Pacification and Patronage in the Maratha Deccan, 1803-1818’, Modern Asian Studies 51, i (2017), 1-43.
11C. A. Bayly, ‘The British Military-Fiscal State and Indigenous Resistance in India, 1750–1820’, in Lawrence Stone, An Imperial State at War: Britain From 1689–1815 (London, 1994), 344–6.
12Burton Stein, Thomas Munro. The Origins of the Colonial State and His Vision of Empire (Delhi, 1989), 87–9.
13Stein, Thomas Munro, 89–91; History of the Madras Army (1883), iii, 25–31.
14For the career of the concept see Clive Dewey, ‘Images of the Village Community: A Study in Anglo-Indian Ideology’, Modern Asian Studies, vi (1972), 296–97; Thomas R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1997), 70; Ronald B. Inden, Imagining India (Oxford, 2000), 137–42; Richard Fox, Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture (1989); Karuna Mantena, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (Princeton, NJ, 2010), 126–66.
15Kenneth Ballhatchet, Social Policy and Social Change in Western India 1817–1830 (London, 1961), 33; David Washbrook, ‘South India 1770–1840: The Colonial Transition’, Modern Asian Studies, xxxviii (2004), 479–516.
16Arthur Wellesley to Barry Close, 1 Jan 1803, in Gurwood, The Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, 391–400; Randolf G. S. Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy (Cambridge, 2003), 284–313.
17Munro to Lord Wellesley, 11 Dec 1802, in George Robert Gleig, The Life of Major-General Sir Thomas Munro (1831), 367.
18John Malcolm to Lord Clive, 3 April 1803, in Gurwood, The Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, i, 466; Henry Thoby Prinsep, Memoirs of the Puthan Soldier of Fortune: The Nuwab Ameer-Ood-Doulah Mohummud Ameer Khan, Chief of Seronj, Tonk, Rampoora, Neemahera, and Other Places in Hindoostan, trans. Basavan Lal Shadan (Calcutta, 1832), 180.
19Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India, 141–212.
20John Blakiston, Twelve Years’ Military Adventure in Three Quarters of the Globe (London, 1829), i, 125; Prinsep, Memoirs of the Puthan Soldier of Fortune, 195.
21Bowen, The Business of Empire, 231; C. A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 (Cambridge, 1983), 231–2; D. M. Peers, Between Mars and Mammon. Colonial Armies and the Garrison State in India 1819–1835 (London, 1995), 202.
22Bayly, ‘Wellesley, Richard, Marquess Wellesley (1760–1842)’; N. Kasturi, History of the British Occupation of India (Calcutta, 1926), i, 139.
23Arthur Wellesley to Lord Wellesley, 30 Dec 1804, in Gurwood, The Dispatches of the Duke of Wellington, iii, 882.
24Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars, 120–1.
25Prinsep, Memoirs of the Puthan Soldier of Fortune, 347, 188, 184 & 339; John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, including Malwa and adjoining Provinces (London, 1824), 325–249; James Baillie Fraser, Military Memoir of Lieut. Col. James Skinner (1851), 115 & 139.
26Memoranda of 3 April 1814 and 1 Dec 1815, in S. V. Desika Char, Readings in the Constitutional History of India, 1757–1947 (Delhi, 1983), 193–7.
27Roland Thorne, ‘Hastings, Francis Rawdon, First Marquess of Hastings and Second Earl of Moira (1754–1826)’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
28Gordon, The Marathas 1600–1818, 175–8.
29A.P. Coleman, ‘Ochterlony, Sir David, First Baronet (1758–1825)’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
30Henry Thoby Prinsep (ed.), A Narrative of the Political and Military Transactions of British India, under the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813 to 1818 (London, 1820), 334; Prinsep, Memoirs of the Puthan Soldier of Fortune, 460–6.
31Regani, Nizam-British Relations, 1724–1857, 255.
32Prinsep, Memoirs of the Puthan Soldier of Fortune, v.
33On Afghan warriors, see Gommans, The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire. On the Pindaris, see Stewart N. Gordon, ‘Scarf and Sword: Thugs, Marauders, and State-Formation in 18th Century Malwa’, Indian Economic & Social History Review, vi (1969), 403–29, and Birendra Kumar Sinha, The Pindaris, 1798–1818 (Calcutta, 1971).
34Amar Farooqui, Sindias and the Raj: Princely Gwalior c.1800–1850 (New Delhi, 2011), 17–25.
35Farooqui, Sindias and the Raj, 25–35.
36Captain Sydenham, ‘Memorandum on the Pindarries’, Parliamentary Papers 1818 (370), 8; ‘Correspondence regarding the Pindaris’, Jan–May 1815, IOR, H/600.
37John Malcolm, A Memoir of Central India, including Malwa and adjoining Provinces, i, 427–62.
38Sir William Henry Sleeman, Report on Budhuk Alias Bagree Decoits, and Other Gang Robbers by Hereditary Profession (Calcutta, 1849), 268; Adam White, Considerations on the State of British India (Edinburgh, 1822), 216.
39Radhika Singha, ‘“Providential” Circumstances: The Thuggee Campaign of the 1830s and Legal Innovation’, Modern Asian Studies, xxvii (1993), 94; Kim A. Wagner, Thuggee: Banditry and the British in Early Nineteenth-Century India (Basingstoke, 2007).
40Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford, 1959).
41Numbers calculated from Richards, ‘The Finances of the East India Company in India, c.1766–1859’.
42‘Synopsis of evidence’, Parliamentary Papers 1831–2 (370–IV), IV, appendix, vii.
43Edward West, A Memoir of the States of the Southern Maratha Country (Bombay, 1869), 195–205.
44Letters from Thomas Munro to Lord Elphinstone, 26 July–10 Aug 1817, Dharwar Collector’s Diary, Maharashtra State Archives, 804/1818–19, 5.
45West, A Memoir of the States of the Southern Maratha Country, 202.
46D. H. A. Kolff, ‘Rumours of the Company’s Collapse. The Mood of Dasahra 1824 in the Punjab and Hindustand’, in Crispin Bates, Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857, 6 vols (New Delhi), ii, 25–42; James Mill, The History of British India with Notes and Continuation, by Horace Hayman Wilson, (London, 1858), iii, 114–142; Frederick John Shore, Notes on Indian Affairs (London, 1837), i, 158–61.
47John Briggs, Letters Addressed to a Young Person in India (1828), 48.
48C. A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1988), 144.
49Personal visit, April 2015.
7. The Idea of Empire
1Malcolm to Bentinck, 13 Sept 1828, in John William Kaye, The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir John Malcolm (1856), ii, 511.
2Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars, 105, 136; C. A. Bayly, ‘Town Building in North India, 1790–1830’, Modern Asian Studies, ix (1975) 483–504.
3My discussion of the Moro Raghunath case is heavily indebted to Haruki Inagaki, ‘The Rule of Law and Emergency in Colonial India: the Conflict between the King’s Court and the Government in Bombay in the 1820s’, PhD thesis, King’s College London, 2016; the court’s judgment is transcribed at ‘The Case of Habeas Corpus in India’, Oriental Herald, xxix (1829), 41–91.
4Boyd Hilton, A Mad, Bad and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846 (Oxford, 2006), 324–476.
6Note from Calcutta Supreme Court, Parliamentary Papers, 1831 (320E), 112.
7For this process in Bengal see Wilson, The Domination of Strangers, 133–60.
8John Malcolm to Charles Metcalfe, 30 Nov 30 1827, in Kaye, The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir John Malcolm, ii, 503.
9For a general discussion of the court, see Gagan D. S. Sood, ‘Sovereign Justice in Precolonial Maritime Asia: The Case of the Mayor’s Court of Bombay, 1726–1798’, Itinerario, xxxvii (2013); for a detailed discussion of the operation of the court see Inagaki, ‘The Rule of Law and Emergency in Colonial India’, 10–41.
10Oriental Herald ix (April 1826), 127 & xii (April 1829), 1–92; Kaye, The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir John Malcolm, ii, 505, 522.
11Frederick Drewitt, Bombay in the Days of George IV: Memoirs of Sir Edward West (London, 1907), 305–6.
12Charles Metcalfe, Minute, 15 April 1829, Parliamentary Papers, 1831 (320E), 13–25.
13Charles Grey and Edward Ryan, ‘On a suggestion by the Governor-General in Council to the formation of a Code of Laws’, Parliamentary Papers, 1831 (320E), 112.
14Eric Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford, 1959), xii.
15David Lieberman, The Province of Legislation Determined: Legal Theory in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1989), 241–76.
16John Bowring (ed.), The Works of Jeremy Bentham, 11 vols (London, 1838), ix, 62 & ii, 314.
17Terence Ball, ‘Mill, James (1773–1836), Political Philosopher’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
18Charles Knight, The English Cyclopedia. A New Dictionary of Useful Knowledge (London, 1854), iv, 231; James Mill, The History of British India (London, 1826), i, 177 & i, 332.
19Mill, The History of British India, i, 264, 404.
20See Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India for link between conservative imperial officers and utilitarianism.
21T. E. Colebrooke, Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone (London, 1884), 38 & 55; Kumar, Western India in the Nineteenth Century; Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India, 149.
22For example the debate on ‘Vote of Thanks for Marquis Hastings, Hansard, House of Commons, 4 March 1819, vol. 39, §869 & §891.
23John Crawford, ‘The Indian Taxation of Englishmen’, Edinburgh Review, xlvii (1828), 144; ‘The Institution of Caste’, The Edinburgh Review, xlviii (1828), 32–4; Stokes, The English Utilitarians and India, 63–5.
24Nicholas Dimsdale and Anthony Hotson, ‘Financial Crisis and Economic Activity since 1825’, British Financial Crises Since 1825 (Oxford, 2014), 33–5.
25Alexander Dick, Romanticism and the Gold Standard (Basingstoke, 2013); P. J. Thomas and B. Natarajan, ‘Economic Depression in the Madras Presidency (1825–54)’, The Economic History Review, vii (1936), 67–75; Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, 124–5.
26Thomas Macaulay, ‘East India Company’s Charter Bill’, 10 July 1833, Hansard, House of Commons xix, §535.
27J. Lively and J. C. Rees, Utilitarian Logic and Politics: James Mill’s ‘Essay on Government’, Macaulay’s Critique, and the Ensuing Debate (Oxford, 1978).
28Thomas Macaulay, ‘East India Company’s Charter Bill’, §504–45.
29Robert E. Sullivan, Macaulay: The Tragedy of Power (Cambridge, MA, 2009), 7.
30Robert Eric Frykenberg, ‘Malcolm, Sir John (1769–1833)’, The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).
31Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj, 28–43; Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton, NJ, 2005), 123–62.
32Thomas Macaulay, ‘East India Company’s Charter Bill’, §532–4.
33Catherine Hall, Macaulay and Son: Architects of Imperial Britain (Yale, New Haven, 2012), 234.
34Hall, Macaulay and Son, 214–238; Kartik Kalyan Raman, ‘Utilitarianism and the Criminal Law in Colonial India: A Study of the Practical Limits of Utilitarian Jurisprudence’, Modern Asian Studies, xxviii (1994), 760.
35Different calculations are offered by W. H. Sykes, ‘Expenditure in India on Public Works from 1837–8 to 1845–6’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, xiv (1851); Nitin Sinha, Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s–1880s (London, 2014), 165; and Richards, ‘The Finances of the East India Company in India, c.1766–1859’; it is particularly difficult to isolate road-building from military expenditure.
36Sinha, Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India, 155–64.
37‘First Steamboat of India’, Bulletin of the Victoria Memorial, ix (1975), 33.
38Lt.Col. Wilkie, ‘The British Colonies Considered as Military Posts’, The United Service Magazine (1841), II, 215; Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (1981).
39Capt J. E. Johnson, ‘Steam Navigation to India’, Kaleidoscope, Or, Literary and Scientific Mirror, v (1824), 13–4.
40Evidence of P. Malcolm to Select Committee on Steam Navigation, Parliamentary Papers, 1834 (478), 241.
41Evidence of Thomas Peacock, McGregor Laird and Joshua Field to Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India, Jun 1834, Parliamentary Papers, 1834 (478), 1–80; ‘Voyage of the Hugh Lindsay to the Red Sea’, ibid., Appendix, 112–124.
42John Malcolm to Court of Directors, 10 May 1832, Parliamentary Papers, 1831–2 (735–II), ii, Appendix, 760.
43John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, Economic History Review, vi (1953); Julia Lovell, The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams, and the Making of Modern China (London, 2011); Robert A. Bickers, The Scramble for China: Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire, 1832–1914 (2011), 77–87.
44Gallagher and Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’; Lovell, The Opium War.
45H. T. Prinsep, ‘Note on the Introduction of Steam Navigation’, Parliamentary Papers, 1831–2 (735–II), ii, Appendix, 680.
46H. T. Prinsep, Parliamentary Papers, 1831–2 (735-ii), 677–85; J.H. Johnston, Controller of Government Steam Vessels to J.C.Sutherland, 16 February 1847, National Archives of Bangladesh, Dhaka Collectorate Records, vol. 554.
47Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago, IL, 1999); Pitts, A Turn to Empire.
48Wilson, The Domination of Strangers, 148–150.
49Secretary, Board of Revenue to Superintendant of Survey Department, 25 June 1850, National Archives of Bangladesh, Dhaka Collectorate Records, vol. 280, 10.
50Quoted in Sinha, Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India, 51.
51Bengal Despatch, 18 Nov 1835, IOR E/4/746, 346; L. Magniac to Board of Revenue, 24 March 1825, Rangpur District Records, National Archives of Bangladesh, vol. 164, 23–7; L. Magniac to Board of Revenue, 26 April 1831, ibid., vol. 170, 106–7.
52Radhika Singha, ‘Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject’, Studies in History, xix (2003), 89.
53C. A. Bayly, Empire and Information. Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge, 1996), 219; M. H. Fisher, ‘The East India Company’s “Suppression of the Native Dak”’, Indian Economic & Social History Review, xxxi (1994), 311–348.
8. Fear and Trembling
1Herman Merivale, Life of Sir Henry Lawrence, 2 vols (London, 1872), ii, 318, 322–3; William Hodson, Twelve Years of a Soldier’s Life in India (London, 1859), 296.
2‘The Sepoy Rebellion’, London Quarterly Review, ix (1857); John William Kaye, A History of the Sepoy War In India (London, 1872).
3Kaye, A History of the Sepoy War In India, i, xii.
4Robert Montgomery Martin, The Indian Empire, 8 vols (London, 1858), ii, 89; Walter Scott Seton-Karr, A Short Account of Events during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857–8 (London, 1894), 9; For a good discussion of Briti
sh and Indian arguments about 1857 see Peter Robb, ‘On the Rebellion of 1857: A Brief History of an Idea’, Economic and Political Weekly, xlii (2007), 1696–1702.
5Figures calculated from Richards, ‘The Finances of the East India Company in India, c.1766–1859’; Romesh Chunder Dutt, India in the Victorian Age; an Economic History of the People (London, 1904), 210–222; Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars.
6Chart Source: John F. Richards, ‘The Finances of the East India Company in India, c.1766–1859’; ‘Statistical Abstract Relating to British in India, from 1840–1865, Parliamentary Papers, 1867 (3817), 3–5; ‘Statistical Abstract Relating to the British in India, 1865–1874’, Parliamentary Papers 1875 (1350), 7–10.
7Thomas Metcalf, Land, Landlords and the British Raj: Northern India in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, CA, 1992), 122; Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance (New Delhi, 1984), 51.
8Washbrook, ‘South India 1770–1840’, 479–516.
9Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, 1857–1858, 51.
10Michael H. Fisher (ed.), The Politics of the British Annexation of India 1757–1857 (Oxford, 1997), 22.
11Lord Dalhousie, ‘Minute Reviewing his Administration’, 28 Feb 1856, Parliamentary Papers 1856 (245), 4.
12Richard Cobden, How Wars Are Got Up in India: The Origin of the Burmese War (London, 1853), 59.
13Richard Williams, ‘Hindustani Music between Awadh and Bengal, c.1758–1905, King’s College London PhD Thesis, 2015.
14Robert Bird, Dacoitee in Excelsis: Or, The Spoliation of Oude (London, 1857), 110; W. H. Sleeman, A Journey through the Kingdom of Oude, in 1849–1850 (London, 1858), ii, 382.
15Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, Last King in India: Wajid Ali Shah (London, 2014), 20–24.
16Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan¯, The Causes of the Indian Revolt (Patna, 1995); Faisal Devji, ‘Apologetic Modernity’, Modern Intellectual History iv (2007): 61–76.
17F. W. Buckler, ‘The Political Theory of the Indian Mutiny’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, v (1922) 71-100.
18S. A. A. Rizvi and M. L. Bhargava (eds.), Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh, 6 vols (Lucknow, 1957), i, 406; Kim A. Wagner, The Great Fear of 1857: Rumours, Conspiracies and the Making of the Indian Uprising (Oxford, 2010), 219.
