Page 32 Action # 23 (National Comics, 1940), reprinted in Superman: The Action Comics Archives Volume 2 (DC Comics, 1998). Written by Jerry Siegel and drawn by Joe Shuster and the Superman Studio.
CHAPTER 2
Page 34 “As if describing the laws of motion . . .” The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Sir Isaac Newton, translated by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman (University of California Press, 1999); Newton’s Principia for the Common Reader, S. Chandrasekhar (Oxford University Press, 1995).
Page 35 “This is the true meaning . . .” The Life of Isaac Newton, Richard Westfall (Cambridge University Press, 1994); Newton’s Gift, David Berlinski (Touchstone, 2000); Isaac Newton, James Gleick (Pantheon Books, 2003).
Page 37 “cubical planets such as the home world of Bizarro” Superman: Tales of the Bizarro World trade paperback (DC Comics, 2000).
Page 39 “While planets in our own solar system” Astronomy. The Solar System and Beyond (2nd edition), Michael A. Seeds (Brooks/Cole, 2001).
Page 40 “To be precise, 73 percent of the” Just Six Numbers. The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe, Martin Rees (Basic Books, 2000).
Page 41 “The fusion process speeds up as the star generates . . .” The time necessary for iron and nickel synthesis can vary from several weeks to less than a day, depending on the star’s mass. See “The Evolution and Explosion of Massive Stars,” S. E. Woolsey and A. Heger, Rev. Modern Physics vol. 74, p. 1015 (Oct. 2002).
Page 42 “Only five years earlier . . .” W. Baade and F. Zwicky, Physical Review vol. 45, p. 138 (1934).
CHAPTER 3
Page 46 “This all changed with a golf game” Man of Two Worlds, My Life in Science Fiction and Comics, Julius Schwartz with Brian M. Thomsen (HarperEntertainment, 2000).
Page 46 “Instead he and Jack Kirby created a new superhero team from whole cloth.” Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book, Jordan Raphael and Tom Spurgeon (Chicago Review Press, 2003); Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee and the American Comic Book Revolution by Ronin Ro (Bloomsbury, 2004).
Page 46 Footnote. “Those who were involved in publishing DC and Marvel comics . . .” Alter Ego # 26, pg. 21 (TwoMorrows Publishing, July 2003).
Page 46 Fantastic Four # 1 (Marvel Comics, 1961), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Fantastic Four Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2003). Written by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.
Page 48 Amazing Fantasy # 15 (Marvel Comics, 1962), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Amazing Spider-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2003). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Steve Ditko.
Page 48 Amazing Spider-Man # 44-46 (Marvel Comics, 1964), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Amazing Spider-Man Volume 5 (Marvel, 2004). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Steve Ditko.
Page 48 Amazing Spider-Man # 121 (Marvel Comics, June 1973), reprinted in Spider-Man: The Death of Gwen Stacy trade paperback (Marvel Comics, 1999). Written by Gerry Conway and drawn by Gil Kane.
Page 48 Amazing Spider-Man # 39 (Marvel Comics, Aug. 1964), reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Amazing Spider-Man Volume 4 (Marvel Comics, 2004). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita.
Page 51 “This question was listed . . .” Wizard: The Comics Magazine # 100 (Gareb Shamus Enterprises, Jan. 2000).
Page 51 The towers of the George Washington Bridge are actually 604 feet above the water. See The Bridges of New York, Sharon Reier (Dover, 2000).
Page 53 “Col. John Stapp rode an experimental” Wings & Airpower magazine, Nick T. Spark (Republic Press, July 2003).
Page 54 Spider-Man Unlimited # 2 (Marvel Comics, May 2004). Written by Adam Higgs and drawn by Rick Mays.
Page 55 Wizard: The Comics Magazine # 104 (Gareb Shamus Enterprises, Apr. 2001).
Page 56 Peter Parker: Spider-Man # 45 (Marvel Comics, Aug. 2002). Written by Paul Jenkins and drawn by Humberto Ramos.
CHAPTER 4
Page 57 “It was a dark and stormy night . . .” Showcase # 4 (National Comics, Oct. 1956), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1996). Written by Robert Kanigher and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 57 Footnote. Flash Comics # 110 (National Comics, Dec.-Jan. 1960), reprinted in Flash Archives vol. 2 (DC Comics, 2000). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 59 “Captain Cold, one of the first . . .” See, for example, Showcase # 8 (National Comics, June 1957), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1996). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 59 “While friction’s basic properties were . . .” History of Tribology, 2nd edition, Duncan Dowson (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999).
Page 62 “This mechanism was proposed . . .” D. Hu, B. Chan, and J. W. M. Bush, Nature 424, pp. 663-666 (2003).
Page 62 Flash # 117 (National Comics, Dec. 1960), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 63 “One can, of course, move faster than the speed of sound . . .” “Breaking the Sound Barrier,” Chuck Yeager, Popular Mechanics (Nov. 1987); Yeager: An Autobiography, Chuck Yeager (Bantam, reissue edition, 1986).
Page 64 Fig. 10 Flash # 117 (second story) (National Comics, Dec. 1960), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 67 Flash # 124 (National Comics, Nov. 1961), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
CHAPTER 5
Page 69 “In his first appearance...” Tales to Astonish # 27 (Marvel Comics, Jan. 1962), reprinted in Essential Ant-M an, Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 70 The Incredible Shrinking Man: A Novel, Richard Matheson (Tor Books, 2001).
Page 70 Tales to Astonish # 35 (Marvel Comics, Sept. 1962), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man, Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 71 “Given that ants actually communicate . . .” Journey to the Ants, Bert Holldobler and Edward O. Wilson (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994).
Page 71 “discussing the construction of ‘time machines’” “Wormholes, Time Machines and the Weak Energy Condition,” Michael S. Morris, Kip S. Thorne, and Ulvi Yurtsever, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1446 (1998); “Warp Drive and Causality,” Allen E. Everett, Phys. Rev. D 53, 7365 (1996); “Closed Timelike Curves Produced by Pairs of Moving Cosmic Strings: Exact Solutions,” J. Richard Gott III, Phys. Rev. Lett 66, 1126 (1991); Black Holes and Time Warps, K. S. Thorne (Norton, 1994).
Page 72 See the novelization Fantastic Voyage, Isaac Asimov (based on a screenplay by Harry Kleiner) (Bantam Books, 1966).
Page 73 “As discussed in Isaac Asimov’s . . .” Ibid, chapter 4.
Page 74 Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain, Isaac Asimov (Doubleday, 1987).
CHAPTER 6
Page 78 “Making his debut...” More Fun Comics # 73 (National Comics, Nov. 1941), written by Mort Weisinger and drawn by artist Paul Norris.
Page 79 Footnote. More Fun Comics # 106 (National Comics, Nov. Dec. 1945), written by Joe Samachson and drawn by artist Louis Cazeneuve.
Page 79 Footnote “Sub-Mariner” Marvel Comics # 1 (Timely Comics, Oct. 1939) written and drawn by Bill Everett.
Page 79 “alveoli” Physics in Biology and Medicine, 3rd Edition, Paul Davidovits (Academic Press, 2007) p.129.
Page 80 “water layer, gas exchange” Ibid, p. 132.
Page 80 “surface tension” Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Francoise Brochard-Wyart and David Quere (Springer, 2003).
Page 81 “pulmonary surfactant” The Surgical Review, 2nd ed., Pavan Alturi, Giorgos C. Karakousis, Paige M. Porrett and Larry R. Kaiser (Lippin- cott Williams & Wilkins, 2005) p. 369.
Page 82 “surfactants make water wetter . . .” Fragile Objects: Soft Matter, Hard Science and the Thrill of Discovery, Pierre-Gilles
de Gennes and Jacques Badoz (Springer, 1996).
Page 83 “a year later . . .” More Fun Comics # 85 (National Comics, Nov1942), written by unknown and drawn by artist Louis Cazeneuve.
Page 85 Justice League of America # 200 (DC Comics, Mar. 1982) written by Gerry Conway and drawn by George Perez and Brett Breeding.
Page 86 “dates back to ancient Mesopotamia” The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, Samuel Noah Kramer (University of Chicago Press, 1971).
Page 89 “imploding tanker car” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_hci9vrvfw
Page 90 “fish gas bladder” Biology of Fishes (2nd edition), Carl Bond (Brooks Cole, 1996).
Page 91 “chemical engineering professor Ed Cussler” “Will Humans Swim Faster or Slower in Syrup?” Brian Gettelfinger and E.L. Cussler, AIChE Journal, vol. 50, p. 2646 (2004).
Page 91 “dolphins are continuously shedding their skin” “The Physics of Swimming,” Karen C. Fox, Discover Magazine, Feb. 2006.
CHAPTER 7
Page 95 “Dragline silk webbing . . .” “Stronger than Spider Silk,” Eric J. Lerner, The Industrial Physicist, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 21 (Oct./Nov. 2003); Nature, vol. 423, pg. 703 (2003).
Page 95 “Spider-Man is able to alter the material properties . . .” Spider-Man Annual # 1 (Marvel Comics, June 1963); reprinted in Marvel Masterworks: Amazing Spider-Man Volume 2 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Steve Ditko.
Page 95 “Similarly, real spiders can control” C. L. Craig et al. Molecular Biol. Evolution, vol. 17, 1904 (2000); Frasier I. Bell, Iain J. McEwen and Christopher Viney, A. B. Dalton, S. Collins, E. Munoz, J. M. Razal, V. H. Ebron, J. P. Ferraris, J. N. Coleman, B. G. Kim and R. H. Baughman, Nature, vol. 416, p. 37 (2002).
Page 95 “genetic engineering experiments . . .” The Goat Farmer Magazine (May 2002) (Capricorn Publications, New Zealand).
Page 96 “other scientists have reported . . .” D. Huemmerich, T. Scheibel, F. Vollrath, S. Cohen, U. Gat, and S. Ittah, Current Biology, vol. 14, no. 22, p. 2070 (Nov. 2004).
Page 96 “The silk-producing gene...” Jurgen Scheller, Karl-Heinz Guhrs, Frank Grosse, and Udo Conrad, Nature Biotechnology, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 573 (June 2001); S. R. Fahnestock and S. L. Irwin, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 47, p. 23 (1997).
Page 96 “As Jim Robbins discussed . . .” “Second Nature,” Jim Robbins, Smithsonian, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 78 (July 2002).
CHAPTER 8
Page 97 “he could ride on top of an ant . . .” See, for example, Tales to Astonish # 35 (Marvel Comics, Sept. 1962), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 98 “to instruct hundreds of them . . .” Tales to Astonish # 36 (Marvel Comics, Oct. 1962), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 98 Tales to Astonish # 37 (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1962), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 101 “an ingenious series of levers . . .” Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology (3rd ed.), Russell K. Hobbie (American Institute of Physics, 2001); Biomechanics of Human Motion, M. Williams and H. R. Lissner (Saunders Press, 1962).
Page 101 “essentially the same as a fishing rod . . .” See, for example, The Way Things Work, David Macaulay (Houghton Mifflin, 1988) for an amusing illustration of different lever configurations.
Page 101 “The ratio of moment arms is thus 1:7,” Back-of-the-Envelope Physics, Clifford Swartz (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
Page 103 “What determines how high you can leap?” On Growth and Form, D’Arcy Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 1961).
Page 104 “It is an easy consequence of anthropomorphism,” Ibid, page 27.
CHAPTER 9
Page 105 “Beware the Atomic Grenade” Flash # 122 (National Comics, Aug. 1961), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 106 Tales to Astonish # 50 (Marvel Comics, Dec. 1963), reprinted in Essential Ant-Man Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2002). Written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 107 “dropped from the Masters of Evil by Egghead” Avengers # 228 (Marvel Comics, Feb. 1983) written by Roger Stern and drawn by Al Milgrom.
Page 110 “innovations in gyroscope design employ electrostatically levitated micro-discs,” “Micromachined rotating gyroscope with electromagnetically levitated rotor,” Wu, X.-S.; Chen, W.-Y.; Zhao, X.-L.; Zhang, W.-P., Electronics Letters vol. 42, p. 912 (2006).
Page 111 Avengers # 139 (Marvel Comics, Sept. 1975) reprinted in Essential Avengers Volume 6 (Marvel Comics, 2008). Written by Steve Englehart and drawn by George Tuska.
Page 111 “Helicopters hover in the air” Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics (2nd ed.), J. Gordon Leishman (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Page 113 “When the Norse god Thor needed to travel” Journey into Mystery # 83 (Marvel Comics, Aug. 1962) reprinted in Essential Uncanny Thor Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 2001) written by Stan Lee and Larry Leiber and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 113 Bartman Comics # 3 (Bongo Comics, Aug. 1994) written by Steve Vance and drawn by Bill Morrison.
Page 113 “the X-Men villain the Blob” X-Men # 3 (Marvel Comics, Jan. 1964) reprinted in Essential Uncanny X-Men Volume 1 (Marvel Comics, 1999) written by Stan Lee and drawn by Jack Kirby.
Page 114 “Observations of the Coma cluster of galaxies” Fritz Zwicky, Helvetica Phys. Acta vol. 6, p. 110 (1933).
Page 115 “there must be more mass in this galaxy than we can see” In Search of Dark Matter, Ken Freeman and Geoff McNamara (Springer, 2006).
CHAPTER 10
Page 118 “Galileo was perhaps not the first person to notice...” Galileo’s Pendulum, Roger G. Newton (Harvard University Press, 2004).
Page 120 “A human vocal cord is . . .” Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology (3rd ed.), Russell K. Hobbie (American Institute of Physics, 2001).
Page 121 “Alternatively, if one is too close to the source, . . .” On Growth and Form, D’Arcy Thompson (Cambridge University Press, 1961).
Page 122 Atom # 4 (National Comics, Dec./Jan. 1962), reprinted in Atom Archives Volume One (DC Comics, 2001). Written by Gardner Fox and drawn by Gil Kane.
Page 123 “An insect’s eye is very good at . . .” C. J. van der Horst, “The Optics of the Insect Eye,” Acta Zool, p. 108 (1933).
CHAPTER 11
Page 125 “or of Catwoman’s whip . . .” JLA # 13 (DC Comics, April 1998). Written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Howard Porter. The fact that the tip of Catwoman’s whip is moving at roughly twice the speed of sound (the source of the loud crack it creates) was emphasized when she snapped the villain Prometheus in a particularly vulnerable area.
Page 125 DC: The New Frontier # 2 (DC Comics, Apr. 2004), also reprinted in DC: The New Frontier Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2004). Written and drawn by Darwyn Cooke.
Page 125 Flash # 202 (vol. 2) (DC Comics, Nov. 2003). Written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Alberto Dose.
Page 126 “The Special Theory of Relativity can be boiled down . . .” What Is Relativity? L. D. Landau and G. B. Romer (Translated by N. Kemmer) (Dover, 2003).
Page 127 “with a sweeping motion . . .” Flash # 124 (National Comics, Nov. 1961), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 3 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 127 “In order for this to be true, Einstein argued . . .” Relativity and Common Sense, Hermann Bondi (Dover, 1980).
Page 127 “two observers can disagree. . . .” What Is Relativity? L. D. Landau and G. B. Romer (Translated by N. Kemmer) (Dover, 2003).
Page 128 Flash # 175 (National Comics, Dec. 1967), reprinted in Superman vs. the Flash (DC Comics, 2005). Written by E. Nelson Bridwell and drawn by Ross Andru.
Page 128 “Negative Man” My Greatest Adventure # 80
(National Comics, June 1963), reprinted in The Doom Patrol Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 2002). Written by Arnold Drake with Bob Haney and drawn by Bruno Premiani.
Page 128 “Captain Marvel” Avengers # 227 (Marvel Comics, Jan. 1983). Written by Roger Stern and drawn by Sal Buscema.
Page 129 Flash # 132 (National Comics, Nov. 1962), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 4 (DC Comics, 2006). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 129 JLA # 89 (DC Comics, late Dec. 2003). Written by Joe Kelly and drawn by Doug Mahnke.
Page 130 Legion of Superheroes # 16 (vol. 5), (DC comics, May 2006). Written by Mark Waid and drawn by Barry Kitson.
Page 132 Flash # 141 (National Comics, Dec. 1963), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 5 (DC Comics, 2009). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
Page 133 “back in the 1950s, a group of physics majors. . . .”, private communication, Hal Weisinger.
CHAPTER 12
Page 137 “As you grew and matured, you needed” See, for example, The Stuff of Life, Eric P. Widmaier (Henry Holt and Company, 2002); The Machinery of Life, David S. Goodsell (Springer-Verlag, 1998); and Stories of the Invisible, Philip Ball (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Page 139 “Studies of the decay of radioactive nuclei . . .” The Elusive Neutrino: A Subatomic Detective Story, Nickolas Solomey (W. H. Freeman & Company, 1997).
Page 141 “An automobile’s efficiency . . .” New Directions in Race Car Aerodynamics: Designing for Speed, Joseph Katz (Bentley Publishers, 1995).
Page 142 Footnote. “Positron Production in Multiphoton Light-by-Light Scattering,” D. L. Burk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1626 (1997).
Page 144 Flash # 106 (DC Comics, May 1959), reprinted in Flash Archives Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1996). Written by John Broome and drawn by Carmine Infantino.
The Physics of Superheroes: Spectacular Second Edition Page 41
