ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
(All page number references refer to the print edition)
CHAPTER 1
PAGE 13: “DISOBEDIENCE” BY A. A. MILNE
I have quoted the opening lines of A. A. Milne’s poem “Disobedience,” in When We Were Very Young (Methuen & Co., 1924).
PAGES 13–24: THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
Sarah Levete, Understanding the Human Body: Understanding the Heart, Lungs and Blood (Rosen Publishing Group, 2010). It never hurts to start with a book for children.
Volume 1 of Justice Horace Krever’s Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Blood System in Canada, tabled in 1997.
Alistair Farley, Charles Hendry, and Ella McLafferty, “Blood Components,” Nursing Standard, November 28 – December 4, 2012.
Jacques-Louis Binet, Le sang et les hommes (Gallimard, 2001). See the photos on the first pages, which show how quickly blood clots after a vein has been cut.
The PBS web page “Red Gold: The Epic Story of Blood” offers a wealth of physical and historical facts at www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/index.html.
For notions of the four humours advanced by Hippocrates, Galen, and others, see: Noga Arikha, Passions and Tempers: A History of the Humours (Ecco, 2008), and Sherwin B. Nuland’s review “Bad Medicine,” New York Times Book Review, July 8, 2007.
PAGES 24–28: BLOODLETTING
Gerry Greenstone, “The History of Bloodletting,” B.C. Medical Journal, January/February 2010.
Melissa Jackson, “The Humble Leech’s Medical Magic,” BBC News online, July 2, 2004.
PAGE 26: BLOODLETTING IN TALMUDIC TIMES, AND THE REFERENCE TO MAIMONIDES
Fred Rosner, “Bloodletting in Talmudic Times,” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 62, no. 9 (November 1986).
PAGES 26–27: FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED DURING BLOODLETTING
Liakat Ali Parapia, “History of Bloodletting by Phlebotomy,” British Journal of Haematology 143, no. 4 (November 2008).
PAGES 28–29: WILLIAM HARVEY AND BLOOD CIRCULATION
The quote about William Harvey shaking up the seventeenth-century medical establishment comes from page xii of Thomas Wright, Circulation: William Harvey’s Revolutionary Idea (Vintage Books, 2012).
PAGES 29–34: BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
Just a few hundred years ago, we were transfusing animal blood into humans. Details about the seventeenth-century adventures in blood transfusions in Paris were drawn from: Douglas Starr, Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce (Quill, 2000) and Holly Tucker, Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution (W. W. Norton, 2011).
PAGES 32–33: NORMAN BETHUNE
Much has been written about the Canadian, who remains revered in China. For a summary of his contribution to blood transfusion advances in the Spanish Civil War, see: Peter H. Pinkerton, “Norman Bethune, Eccentric, Man of Principle, Man of Action, Surgeon, and His Contribution to Blood Transfusion in War,” Transfusion Medicine Reviews, July 2007.
PAGES 34–45: MENSTRUATION
The observation about women’s “defective barrels” comes from page 47 of Janice Delaney’s book The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation (University of Illinois Press, 1988).
Since Delaney writes critically about how men in ancient times speculated about women’s menstrual cycles, I found it helpful to check out the original comments. A.L. Peck translated Aristotle’s Generation of Animals for Harvard University Press in 1943.
Martha K. McClintock, “Social Control of the Ovarian Cycle and the Function of Estrous Synchrony,” American Zoologist 21, no. 1 (1981).
Mark A. Guterman, Payal Mehta, and Margaret S. Gibbs, “Menstrual Taboos Among Major Religions,” Internet Journal of World Health and Societal Politics 5, no.2 (2008).
Allyn Gaestel, “Women in Nepal Suffer Monthly Ostracization,” New York Times (online), June 14, 2013.
Tom Porteous, “‘I Need Feminism Because . . .’: in Pictures,” The Tab, April 23, 2013, http://cambridge.tab.co.uk/2013/04/23/i-need-feminism-because-in-pictures/.
Richard Neill, Facebook post, October 8, 2012, www.facebook.com/Bodyform/posts/10151186887359324.
“Bodyform Responds: The Truth,” www.youtube.com.
Arwa Mahdawi, “Bodyform’s Bloodless Snark Attack,” Guardian (Manchester) online, October 17, 2012 www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/17/bodyform-bloodless-snark-attack.
Stephanie Nolen, “India’s Improbable Champion for Affordable Feminine Hygiene,” Globe and Mail, October 3, 2012.
Gloria Steinem, “If Men Could Menstruate,” in Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983).
PAGES 50–51: IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS
For the life and struggles of Ignaz Semmelweis and his efforts to prevent blood poisoning in maternity wards in the early and mid-nineteenth century in Austria, I first drew upon a book by my maternal grandfather: George Bender, Great Moments in Medicine (Parke-Davis, 1961).
To be sure that my grandfather wasn’t telling a tall tale, I kept looking:
Patrick Berche and Jean-Jacques Lefrère, “Ignaz Semmelweis,” La presse médicale online, January 2011, www.em-consulte.com/revue/lpm.
S. W. B. Newsom, “Pioneers in Infection Control: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis,” Journal of Hospital Infection 23, no. 3 (March 1993).
PAGES 51–55: RH DISEASE (HEMOLYTIC DISEASE)
For details about early efforts to combat Rh disease (hemolytic disease), which remained the leading cause of neonatal and infant mortality until the middle of the twentieth century, I spoke with Raymonde Marius of Winnipeg, who donated plasma more than 1,000 times over the course of 40 years. I also spoke with Cheryl Lawson of Cangene Corporation in Winnipeg.
For details about the pioneering medical work of Dr. Bruce Chown of Winnipeg, who helped find a way to prevent the type A blood of a mother from attacking the type A+ blood of her fetus, see the article and video on the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame website: www.cdnmedhall.org/d-bruce-chown.
More details about Bruce Chown can be found in C. Peter W. Warren, The Birth of a Medical Research Programme: The Rhesus (Rh) Factor Studies, Dr. Bruce Chown, and the Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 1883–1946, an unpublished Ph.D. thesis for the Departments of History, Universities of Manitoba and Winnipeg, 2011.
Additional details came from the “Blood Components” article mentioned above in Nursing Standard, and from Kym H. Kilbourne’s article “RHO(D) Immune Saves Thousands of Lives,” The Source, Winter 2010.
CHAPTER 2
PAGES 67–69: PAULA FINDLAY
If you are interested in what can go wrong with the human body on the day of one of its biggest tests — a triathlon in the Olympic games — see this blog post: Paula Findlay, “A Series of Unfortunate Events,” September 11, 2012, http://paulafindlay.blogspot.ca.
PAGES 76–80: HUMAN SACRIFICE
Entire books are devoted to human sacrifice, and I relied on some of them to write just a few pages on the subject. Among the most helpful were:
Mark Pizzato, Theatres of Human Sacrifice: From Ancient Ritual to Screen Violence (State University of New York Press, 2005). In his first chapter, Pizzatto describes the theatrical element of human sacrifice in ancient cultures.
In Other Others: Levinas, Literature, Transcultural Studies (SUNY Press, 2010), Steven Shankman offers an interesting meditation on how Caravaggio and Rembrandt offered contrasting paintings about the Biblical story of Abraham and Isaac.
Miranda Aldhouse Green, Dying for the Gods: Human Sacrifice in Iron Age and Roman Empire (Tempus Publishing Group, 2001).
For an article that explains the story of the kamikaze pilots during World War II and challenges the notion that all such pilots were happy to give up their lives for Japan’s war effort, see David Powers, “Japan: No Surrender
in World War Two,” BBC History website, February 17, 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_no_surrender_01.shtml.
PAGES 80–82: HONOUR KILLINGS
For information about honour killings, see two articles, the first about the killings as an international phenomenon and the second about how they have been unfolding in Canada:
Robert Fisk, “The Crime Wave That Shames the World,” Independent (London), September 7, 2010.
Marie-Pierre Robert, “Les crimes d’honneur ou le déshonneur du crime: étude des cas canadiens,” Canadian Criminal Law Review 16 (2011).
PAGES 82–83: GREEK MYTHOLOGY
Marie Carrière, Médée protéiforme (University of Ottawa Press, 2012).
See Wikipedia article on Uranus at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus_(mythology).
See Wikipedia article on Aphrodite at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite.
PAGES 84–87: ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI AND JUDITH SLAYING HOLOFERNES
My daughter Eve Freedman introduced me to the paintings by the Italian Artemisia Gentileschi about the story of Judith slaying Holofernes (in the Book of Judith). In an effort to catch up with a sixteen-year-old art history buff, I began to read up on the story.
For a quick overview of Gentileschi’s life: see “Artemisia Gentileschi,” Encyclopedia of World Biography (www.encyclopedia.com).
If women wanted to paint in Gentileschi’s seventeenth-century Italy, they had to be married to painters: David Platzer, “Feminist Icon? David Platzer Salutes an Exhibition That Demonstrates the Greatness of Gentileschi — in Both Her Painting and Her Life,” Apollo, June 2012.
For an art historian’s book on Gentileschi, see Mary D. Garrard, Artemisia Gentileschi (Princeton University Press, 1991).
Mary D. Garrard and Gloria Steinem wrote a flyer to criticize a film for trivializing the rape of Gentileschi: www.h-net.org/~women/threads/disc-inaccurate.html.
For a news article about the film: Jonathan Jones, “Screen: The historians called it rape. The filmmaker called it romance. No wonder the feminists are up in arms,” Guardian (Manchester), May 29, 1998.
For the suggestion that Artemisia may have painted Judith Slaying Holofernes in response to her rape by Tassi, see Rachel Spence, “Artemisia Gentileschi: Story of a Passion, Palazzo Reale, Milan,” FT.com November 23, 2011.
PAGES 88–89: TRUTH AND BEAUTY
Ann Patchett’s memoir Truth and Beauty (HarperCollins, 2004) is a story of friendship between two women, one of whom survives a childhood bout with cancer of the jaw, but embarks on a tragic path.
PAGES 89–98: STEM CELLS
Eric M. Meslin, Director, Indiana University Center for Bioethics and Associate Dean for Bioethics, Indiana University School of Medicine, provided me with information about embryonic stem cells and their controversy. As the former Executive Director of the U.S. National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Meslin was responsible for the Commission’s publication Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research (September 1999).
For introductory material about stem cells, see the National Institutes of Health website at http://stemcells.nih.gov.
For details about stem cell research in Canada, see the article “Stem Cell Research” by Patricia Bailey in The Canadian Encyclopedia, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/stem-cell-research.
Advita Fund USA offers information about bone marrow transplants and their history on its website, www.advitausa.org/bone-marrow-transplant-understanding-the-term-and-procedure.
For information about the National Marrow Donor Program based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, see Wikipedia, “National Marrow Donor Program.”
For information about haematopoiesis, which is the formation of blood cellular components, see Wikipedia, “Haematopoeisis.”
Eliane Gluckman, Head of the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation at the Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris, has written extensively on issues of bone marrow transplants, as well as about the uses of cord blood. Her article “A Brief History of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation” appeared in esh-ebmt Handbook on Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, published by the European School of Haematology in 2012. Gluckman’s article, which can be found online, notes that after the Americans dropped atomic bombs on Japan and ended World War II, scientists began to look for ways to protect people from radiation, which led to stem cell research and bone marrow transplants.
In addition to winning the Nobel Prize, E. Donnall Thomas — born in Texas in 1920 — met his future wife in the course of a snowball fight. It must be an effective way to launch a romance, because he and Dorothy Martin remained married until he died, sixty years after their wedding. For an article about E. Donnall Thomas and his groundbreaking scientific work, which culminated in 1969 with a bone marrow transplant using a matched sibling donor for a patient, see Denise Gellene, “E. Donnall Thomas, Who Advanced Bone Marrow Transplants, Dies at 92,” New York Times, October 21, 2012.
The history of stem cell research also owes much to Canadians. Ernest McCulloch and James Till proved the existence of stem cells in 1961 and defined their properties in 1963, and thus became known as the “fathers of stem cell research.” See the article “James Till 1931–, Ernest McCulloch 1926–2011,” on the website of the Canada Science and Technology Museum, at www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca.
For more about Ernest McCulloch’s work on stem cells, see Wikipedia, “Ernest McCulloch.”
For details about the work of the Nobel Prize–winning American biologist James Thomson, who isolated stem cells from human embryos in 1998 and then showed in 2007 that it is possible to transform skin cells into human embryos, see Gina Kolata, “Man Who Helped Start Stem Cell War May End It,” New York Times, November 22, 2007; and Wikipedia, “James Thomson (cell biologist).”
“The Stem Cell Research Controversy” was posted January 5, 2011, on the website Stem Cell History: www.stemcellhistory.com.
The CBC news report “Stem Cells FAQs,” posted October 12, 2010, can be found at www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2009/01/07/f-stemcells.html.
Wikipedia, “Stem Cell Controversy.”
Opposed to embryonic stem cell research: The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity at Trinity International University, Deerfield, Illinois: http://cbhd.org/stem-cell-research/overview.
In favour: Francisco D. Lara, “Should We Sacrifice Embryos to Cure People?” Human Affairs 22, no. 4, October 2012.
“Shinya Yamanaka: Facts,” on Nobelprize.org, http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/yamanaka-facts.html.
Matt Ridley, “Mind & Matter: Stem Cells Without the Controversy,” Wall Street Journal, December 8, 2012.
Dennis Normille, “First Clinical Trial with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Grows Closer,” ScienceInsider, June 26, 2013.
PAGES 98–99: THE DESIRE TO DONATE BLOOD
Richard M. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy (Pantheon Books, 1971).
Eric M. Meslin, Patrick M. Rooney, and James G. Wolf, “Health Related Philanthropy: Towards Understanding the Relationship Between the Donation of the Body (and Its Parts) and Traditional Forms of Philanthropic Giving,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (Supplement), 2008.
Gene Curtis, “Donors Overwhelm Blood Banks after 9/11 Attacks,” Tulsa World, August 29, 2011.
PAGE 100: TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
Susan M. Reverby, Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy (University of North Carolina Press, 2009).
E. M. Meslin and D. Mathieu, “The Tuskegee Syphilis Study,” in Robert H. Blank and Janna Merrick, eds., Encyclopedia of US Biomedical Policy (Greenwood Publishing, 1996).
Wikipedia, “Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.”
PAGES 100–106: CHARLES DREW AND BERNARD LOWN
During World War II, the American Red Cross first banned blacks from donatin
g blood, and then, after facing an outcry from the black community, ruled that African-Americans could donate blood that would be segregated and thus not transfused into whites, as described in Spencie Love, One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew (University of North Carolina Press, 1996). I drew quotes from pages 155–58 about Drew’s objections to the blood segregation policies. In addition to biographical material, Love’s book explores myth-making in the United States, and how Americans came to believe falsely that Drew died of blood loss in a car accident after a hospital in North Carolina refused to treat him because he was black.
Although policies of racial segregation affected nearly every walk of life in the American South in the early and mid-twentieth century, Drew died after a serious car accident, despite being treated promptly and thoroughly at the hospital.
Another biography of Charles Drew was published eight years before Love’s book: Charles E. Wynes, Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth (University of Illinois Press, 1988).
See Wikipedia, “Charles R. Drew,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Drew.
In an interview on the British Medical Journal website, Dr. Bernard Lown speaks with Elizabeth Loder about the end of segregation by race of blood donations in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, at www.bmj.com/multimedia/video/2012/05/28/bernard-lown-part-3-segregation-blood-bank.
Blood Page 26
