PAGES 203–6: STEVEN AND RODDY POWLEY IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA
Various interviews by email and phone in 2013 with Jean Teillet (a Métis lawyer and partner in Pape Salter Teillet, www.pstlaw.ca/jeanbio.htm) and with Chris Andersen (a Métis scholar at the University of Alberta).
R. v. Powley, September 19, 2003, ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada, Citation 2003 SCC 43, File #28533.
Jean Teillet, Métis Law in Canada (cited above).
Factum of the Ministry of the Attorney General of Ontario, submitted in 1999 to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in the case Her Majesty the Queen v. Steve Powley and Roddy Charles Powley, Court File 5799/99. I have drawn quotes and information from this factum, relying especially on paragraphs 21, 71–74, 77, 78, and 85.
PAGES 207–11: DEFINITIONS AND THOUGHTS ABOUT THE RACIAL IDENTITIES OF INDIANS AND INUIT
Constance Backhouse, “The Historical Construction of Racial Identity and Implications for Reconciliation,” paper commissioned by the Department of Canadian Heritage for the Ethnocultural, Racial, Religious, and Linguistic Diversity and Identity Seminar, Halifax, Nova Scotia, November 1–2, 2001.
Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900–1950 (published for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press, 1999).
Pamela D. Palmater is a Mi’kmaq lawyer whose family comes from the Eel River Bar First Nation in northern New Brunswick. She is an associate professor in the Department of Politics and Public Administration at Ryerson University and Chair of Ryerson University’s Centre for Indigenous Governance. See www.ryerson.ca/politics/facultyandstaff/bio_PamelaPalmater.htm and www.nonstatusindian.com/bio/default.htm.
Pamela D. Palmater, Beyond Blood: Rethinking Indigenous Identity (Purich, 2011). I have drawn quotes and details from pages 19, 28, 31–32, and 145.
PAGES 211–12: TRACEY DEER’S DOCUMENTARY FOR THE NATIONAL FILM BOARD OF CANADA
Club Native: How Thick Is Your Blood? written and directed by Tracey Deer (National Film Board of Canada, 2008). I have quoted from this documentary about challenges to the status of four women living on the Kahnawake First Nations reserve, which is located near Montreal. See the reference to Club Native on the National Film Board website, http://onf-nfb.gc.ca. Also see Wikipedia, “Tracey Deer.”
PAGES 212–16: JUDGE MICHAEL PHELAN’S DECISION ON MÉTIS IDENTITY FOR THE FEDERAL COURT OF CANADA
Ruling by Judge Michael J. Phelan, Federal Court of Canada, January 8, 2013, Docket T-2172-99, Citation 2013 FC 6, in the case known as Harry Daniels, Gabriel Daniels, Leah Gardner, Terry Joudrey and the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples v. Her Majesty the Queen. I have quoted from paragraph 119.
Jean Teillet and Jason Madden, “Plainspeak on the Daniels Case (Updated Version—February 2013)” (Pape Salter Teillet, 2013).
John Ibbitson, “Court Ruling on Aboriginal Peoples Opens a Pandora’s Box,” Globe and Mail, January 9, 2013.
I have quoted Red Bear, who spoke in Toronto on the CBC Radio program Metro Morning on June 10, 2013: http://www.cbc.ca/metromorning/.
CHAPTER 4
PAGES 221–29: WITCHES
See the painting Lilitu, by Tara McPherson, at www.taramcpherson.com/art/Paintings/Gallery%201/Detail/AD9F0B/Lilitu.
Jeffrey B. Russell and Brooks Alexander, A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans (Thames and Hudson, 2007). I have drawn especially from pages 4, 5, and 29.
Malcolm Gaskill, Witchcraft: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2010). I learned much about the mistreatment of witches in this pithy, accessible book by Gaskill, a professor of early modern history at the University of East Anglia.
Gaskill’s bio at the University of East Anglia: www.uea.ac.uk/history/People/Academic/Malcolm+Gaskill.
Gaskill’s website: http://malcolmgaskill.info/index.html.
Laura Stokes, “Prelude: Early Witch-Hunting in Germany and Switzerland,” Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 4, no. 1 (Summer 2009).
Brian P. Levack, ed., The Witchcraft Sourcebook (Routledge, 2004).
Candace Savage, Witch: The Wild Ride from Wicked to Wicca (Greystone Books, 2000).
L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (George M. Hill, 1900).
PAGES 229–33: FORCIBLE BLOOD REMOVAL
Scott Carney, The Red Market: On the Trail of the World’s Organ Brokers, Bone Thieves, Blood Farmers and Child Traffickers (William Morrow, 2011). I have quoted from page 155.
The quote about the National DNA Data Bank is taken from the RCMP website, www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca.
The quote from the Brighteyes case comes from Jennifer Ditchburn, “Taking Suspect’s Blood Violates Charter, Trial Told,” Vancouver Sun, March 14, 1997.
For a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that limits but does not prohibit law enforcement authorities from ordering blood to be taken from people suspected of impaired driving, see Missouri, Petitioner v. Tyler G. McNeely, decision delivered April 17 by Supreme Court of the United States, 569 U.S. 2013, no. 11–1425 (2013).
PAGES 234–35: QUOTE FROM NIETZSCHE
Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (originally published in German by Ernst Schmeitzner, c. 1883–85).
PAGES 235–41: SOR JUANA
Several people offered interviews and guided me to details about the life of Sor Juana: Michael Schuessler; the Montreal poet and translator Émile Martel; the Mexican poet and translator Pura López-Colomé; and Pierre Sved and Shauna Hemingway of the Canadian embassy in Mexico City.
Octavio Paz, Sor Juana; or, the Traps of Faith, trans. Margaret Sayers Peden (Harvard University Press, 1988). I have drawn a quote from Paz’s book, which remains one of the most widely respected biographies of Sor Juana.
Electa Arenal and Amanda Powell, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: The Answer/La Respuesta, 2nd critical ed. and translation (Feminist Press at City University of New York, 2009). This excellent book contains biographical materials and translations of Sor Juana’s memoir and poetry. I have borrowed material and quotes from pages 15, 47, and 159.
Michael Schuessler, “The Reply to Sor Philothea,” in Latin-American Literature and Its Times (Moss, 1999).
Theresa Ann Yugar, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Feminist Reconstruction of Biography and Text, Ph.D. dissertation, Claremont Graduate University, December 2012.
PAGES 241–42: DUELLING
“The First Duel Fought in Hot Air Balloons — Paris, 1808,” British Newspaper Archive blog, August 24, 2012; first reported on July 23, 1808, in the Northampton Mercury.
PAGES 245–48: BOXING
Stephen Brunt, Facing Ali: The Opposition Weighs In (Knopf Canada, 2002)
Bryan Weismiller and Tony Seskus, “Knockout, Manslaughter Trial Deliver Sucker Punch” Calgary Herald, June 9, 2012.
PAGE 250: BLOODHOUNDS
The information about Robert Boyle is drawn from Wikipedia, “Bloodhound.”
PAGE 251–52: IN COLD BLOOD
Truman Capote, In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences (Random House, 1965).
PAGES 252–53: THE HUNGER GAMES
Suzanne Collins, The Hunger Games (Scholastic Press, 2008).
PAGES 253–54: THE NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION AND “THE EX”
“NRA Convention Vendor Sells Bleeding Female Mannequin Target Called ‘the Ex,’” CBS Houston, May 7, 2013.
Erin Durkin and Daniel Beekman, “NRA Blasted for Endorsing Shooting Target That Looks Like Woman and Bleeds,” New York Daily News, May 7, 2013.
PAGES 254–59: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, THE REIGN OF TERROR, THE GUILLOTINE, AND MARIE ANTOINETTE
Julia Kavanagh, Women in France during the Eighteenth Century, vol. 1 (Smith, Elder, 1850). I quoted “I was a queen, and you took away my crown . . .” from page 300.
The Kavanagh book is availab
le in another edition: Julia Kavanagh, Women in France During the Eighteenth Century (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893).
For details about Marie Antoinette bleeding during her trial, see Antonia Fraser, Marie Antoinette: The Journey (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2001).
For the “I have just been sentenced to death . . .” quote, see Michael Seed, ed., Assurance: An Anthology (Continuum, 2001), 109.
Robert Frederick Opie, Guillotine: The Timbers of Justice (Sutton, 2003). See page 70 for the Louis XVI quote, page 146 for the quote about the social isolation of executioners in the Reign of Terror, and page 88 for reference to the man who was beheaded after committing suicide. Additional details come from pages 15, 49–52, and 64–70.
For biographical details and information about Marie Antoinette’s health in her last years, see the website Marie Antoinette, at http://forum.marie-antoinette.org.
The Louis XVI quote “I hope that my blood may cement . . .” comes from Jeremy Mercer, When the Guillotine Fell: The Bloody Beginning and Horrifying End to France’s River of Blood, 1791–1977 (St. Martins, 2008), 125.
PAGES 262–64: HARRY POTTER
The “filthy mudblood” quote comes from J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Bloomsbury, 1998).
See “Mudbloods and Murmurs” article on Wikibooks, http://en.wikibooks.org.
For details about blood purity in the Harry Potter series, see the “Blood Status” article, http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Blood_Status; Valerie Frankel’s essay “Harry Potter and the Rise of Nazism,” at http://frankelassociates.com; and J. K. Rowling’s quote about blood issues and the Holocaust, at www.hp-lexicon.org.
PAGES 265–69: THE SPANISH INQUISITION
Erna Paris, The End of Days: A Story of Tolerance, Tyranny, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (Lester, 1995).
PAGES 270–73: GENOCIDE
Samuel Totten and William S. Parsons, eds., Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts, 4th ed. (Routledge, 2013). From this anthology I drew especially from the following essays: Ben Madley, “The Genocide of California’s Yana Indians”; Rouben P. Adalian, “The Armenian Genocide”; Ben Kiernan, “The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979”; and Gerald Caplan, “The 1994 Genocide of the Tutsi of Rwanda.”
Also see the long and meticulously detailed book by Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (Yale University Press, 2007).
CHAPTER 5
PAGES 276–79: MY FAMILY HISTORY
I drew the story of my great-great-grandmother Maria Coakley, and her descendants, from various sources:
A telephone interview in June 2013 with my aunt Doris Hill Cochran, who lives in Virginia.
An in-person interview in 2000 with my aunt Jeanne Hill Flateau, who lived in Brooklyn, New York.
PAGES 120–22 OF MY MEMOIR, BLACK BERRY, SWEET JUICE: ON BEING BLACK AND WHITE IN CANADA (HARPERCOLLINS, 2001).
Memories of my late father, Daniel Grafton Hill III (1923–2003), who spoke often about Maria Coakley, Marie Coakley, and the challenges faced by my grandparents Daniel and May Hill in the early years of their marriage.
In 2007, I researched and wrote an online exhibit about my father, Daniel Grafton Hill. It is entitled The Freedom Seeker: The Life and Times of Daniel Grafton Hill, and available at the Archives of Ontario website: www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/dan_hill/index.aspx.
I fictionalized the story of my grandparents, and the efforts by Marie Coakley to break them apart, in my novel Any Known Blood (HarperCollins, 1997).
PAGES 283–84: CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans. Constance Garnett (P. F. Collier and Son, 1917).
PAGES 287–88: THE COLOR OF WATER
James McBride, The Color of Water: A Black Man’s Tribute to His White Mother (Riverhead Books, 1996). The quote comes from pages 50–51.
PAGE 289: ADOLF HITLER
Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Houghton Mifflin, 1971). The quote is drawn from page 286.
PAGES 289–90: EDITH HAHN BEER
Edith Hahn Beer with Susan Dworkin, The Nazi Officer’s Wife: How One Jewish Woman Survived the Holocaust (Rob Weisbach Books, 1999). Quotes and details come from pages 214–16 and 226.
PAGES 291–92: CHILDREN DURING THE HOLOCAUST
Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust, exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/hiddenchildren/index.
Simon Jeruchim, Hidden in France: A Boy’s Journey under the Nazi Occupation (SCB Distributors, 2012).
PAGES 293–94: WAYNE GRADY
Wayne Grady, Emancipation Day (Doubleday Canada, 2013).
The quote from Grady comes from an email he sent me on May 14, 2014.
PAGE 295: BELLE DA COSTA GREENE
Heidi Ardizzone, An Illuminated Life: Bella da Costa Greene’s Journey from Prejudice to Privilege (W. W. Norton, 2007).
Wikipedia, “Belle da Costa Greene.”
PAGES 295–300: PASSING, ANATOLE BROYARD, AND PHILIP ROTH
Bliss Broyard, One Drop (Little, Brown, 2007). I have taken quotes from pages 10 and 12. Pages 3–17 give a good overview of Anatole Broyard’s passing from black into white identity.
Anatole Broyard, Kafka Was the Rage: A Greenwich Village Memoir (Carol Southern Books, 1993).
Philip Roth, The Human Stain (Vintage, 2001).
For details about fraudulently claiming Blackfoot identity — a fascinating subject but unexplored in this book — see Karina Vernon, “The First Black Prairie Novel: Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance’s Autobiography and the Repression of Prairie Blackness,” Journal of Canadian Studies 45, no. 2 (Spring 2011).
PAGES 300–301: JOHN HOWARD GRIFFIN
John Howard Griffin, Black Like Me (Signet, 2011).
PAGES 301–2: THE KU KLUX KLAN IN OAKVILLE, ONTARIO, IN 1930
The Ku Klux Klan burned crosses in Oakville, Ontario, on February 28, 1930, to threaten the life of a black man (Ira Johnson) who planned to marry a white woman (Isabella Jones). They married anyway, although Johnson — a World War I veteran who had been born and raised in Oakville’s black community — was sufficiently intimidated by the incident to find it necessary to tell the media that he was not actually black but Cherokee.
I have a chapter on this incident in my book Black Berry, Sweet Juice: On Being Black and White in Canada (HarperCollins, 2001). See page 222 for the quote from the Toronto Star.
I fictionalized this KKK incident in my novel Any Known Blood (HarperCollins Canada, 1997).
On the same subject, see Constance Backhouse, Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900–1950 (published for the Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press, 1999). Of particular interest is chapter six, “It Will Be Quite an Object Lesson: R. v Phillips and the Ku Klux Klan in Oakville, Ontario, 1930,” which focuses on the charges and court cases stemming from the incident. Only one man was punished: a Hamilton chiropractor by the name of William A. Phillips, who was fined $50 for wearing a mask by night. When Phillips appealed the conviction, the Ontario Court of Appeal sentenced him to three months in jail.
PAGES 303–8: THOMAS JEFFERSON AND SALLY HEMINGS
There are many books and articles about the nearly four-decades-long love affair between American president Thomas Jefferson and his slave mistress, Sally Hemings. I will mention the sources I found most helpful:
Barbara Chase-Riboud, Sally Hemings (St. Martin’s, 1979). This novel is interwoven with many bits of historical information. See page 262 for the provocative quote from Dolley Madison (wife of James Madison, the fourth American president), and page 341 for the quote from Thomas Jefferson’s first draft of the Declaration of Independence.
For a visual representation of Thoma
s Jefferson’s fulminations against King George III in the first draft of the Declaration of Independence, see page 272 of my novel The Book of Negroes, illustrated edition (HarperCollins Canada, 2009).
Jan Lewis, “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Redux: Introduction,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 57, no. 1 (January 2000).
For the excerpt from James Thomson Callender’s newspaper article alleging Jefferson’s long-time affair with Hemings, see B. R. Burg, “The Rhetoric of Miscegenation: Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and Their Historians,” Phylon 47, no. 2 (1986).
For a meditation on the paternity of Sally Hemings’s children, based on the timing of visits by Thomas Jefferson to the Monticello plantation where Hemings worked, see Fraser D. Neiman, “Coincidence or Causal Connection? The Relationship between Thomas Jefferson’s Visits to Monticello and Sally Hemings’s Conceptions,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 57, no. 1 (January 2000).
For Jefferson’s quote on “the amalgamation of whites with blacks,” see E. M. Halliday, Understanding Thomas Jefferson (Harper Perennial, 2002), 153.
PBS Frontline quiz that indicates that Jefferson wrote the quote in 1814. See www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/quiz/12.html.
The Wikipedia article “John Wayles” indicates that Sally Hemings was the half-sister of Jefferson’s wife.
Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (W. W. Norton, 2008).
Wikipedia, “Sally Hemings.”
PAGES 308–14: RACE, ANCESTRY, AND GENETICS
Sheldon Krimsky and Kathleen Sloan, Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture (Columbia University Press, 2011). From this anthology, I especially drew from the article by Troy Duster, “Ancestry Testing and DNA: Uses, Limits and Caveat Emptor.” The quote is drawn from Duster’s article, page 113.
Carolyn Abraham, The Juggler’s Children: A Journey into Family, Legend and the Genes That Bind Us (Random House Canada, 2013). This book provides an up-to-date picture of just how far a person can run with genetics in exploring her family ancestry.
Edward Ball, The Genetic Strand: Exploring a Family History Through dna (Simon and Schuster, 2007).
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