21. Selskar M. Gunn and Philip S. Platt Voluntary Health Agencies: An Interpretive Study (New York: Ronald Press Company, 1945). See also “Selskar Michael Gunn” American Journal of Public Health (1944) 34: 1096–1097; “Deaths: Philip S. Platt” American Journal of Public Health (1979) 69: 191.
22. Dora Goldstine “[Review of] Voluntary Health Agencies” The Social Service Review (1946) 20: 277; see also Carter The Gentle Legions, 257–260.
23. Edward G. Huber “Official and Non-Official Health Agencies” Public Administration Review (1946) 6: 189; Brown “Organization of a Voluntary Health Agency,” 70. The NFIP raised $6.5 million in 1943, $12 million in 1944, and $19 million in both 1945 and 1946; while the American Cancer Society raised $4 million in 1945, and $10 million in 1946; Angela N.H. Creager The Life of a Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus as an Experimental Model, 1930–1965 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 152.
24. Pearl Baldock (Mrs. R. G. Baldock) to Dear Mrs. Sterne, June 2 1949, General Correspondence-B, MHS-K; and see Mrs. R.G. Baldock to Sir [Prime Minister], October 6 1952, #707/9/A, Series A462, AA-ACT.
25. “My Report on Conferences with the Medical Profession in Fourteen Foreign Countries—Elizabeth Kenny” [reprinted in] Hearings, May 14 1948, 153; [film transcript in] Kenny, Hearings, May 19 1948, 198.
26. New York Journal-American March 22 1945, [abstract] Public Relations, MOD-K; “Sister Kenny Delays Plans to Leave City” Minneapolis Morning Tribune March 21 1945.
27. John F. Pohl to Marvin L. Kline, February 5 1945, [accessed in 1992 before recent re-cataloging], UMN-ASC; Mary Pohl, interview with Rogers, August 21 2003, Tallahassee, Florida.
28. Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 116.
29. George H. Gallup The Gallop Poll: Public Opinion 1935–1971 (New York: Random House, 1972), 1: 663.
30. Kenny, Hearings, May 19 1948, 103-4.
31. [Cohn interview with] William O’Neill, May 20 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; “Sister Kenny Polio Center, First In East, to Open Here June 15” [unnamed newspaper] 1947, Public Relations, MOD-K; “Kenny Center Opens” Buffalo Courier-Express Pictorial May 16 1948; “A Higher Force Has Helped Her Work, Sister Kenny Says” Buffalo Evening News November 23 1948.
32. Kenny to Sir [Governor Dwight Green], June 4 1948, Dwight Green 1948, MHS-K.
33. Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, May 24 1948; Kenny to Sir [Governor Dwight Green], June 4 1948; “Dedication Ceremonies: Sister Elizabeth Kenny Clinic, Centralia, Illinois, Sunday, August 24, 1947,” George W. Gould, 1946–1948, MHS-K; “Sister Kenny Clinic Dedicated In Illinois” New York Times August 25 1947.
34. “Paralysis Clinic For East” New York Times February 27 1948; “Medicine: Sister Kenny’s New Center” Newsweek (March 15 1948) 31: 49; Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, May 24 1948; “Sister Kenny Asks [for] A Medical Inquiry” New York Times March 3 1948; “Sister Kenny Institute Opens” New York Herald-Tribune April 6 1948; [Cohn interview with] Al Baum and Mrs. Baum, June 14 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; “Polio Cure Goal of Mal Stevens” New York Times September 4 1949.
35. “Kenny Unit Accepts Dimes Board Offer To Confer On Rift” Buffalo Evening News November 18 1949; “Sister Kenny Asks [for] A Medical Inquiry”; “Kenny Institute in Illinois Faces Closing” Minneapolis Star July 22 1948.
36. See Jonathan Engel Doctors and Reformers: Discussion and Debate over Health Policy 1925–1950 (Charleston: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 209, 295–296; on Fishbein and the AMA see Frank D. Campion The AMA and U.S. Health Policy since 1940 (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984), 118–130; Carl F. Ameringer “Organized Medicine on Trial: The Federal Trade Commission vs. the American Medical Association” Journal of Policy History (2000) 12: 445–472. The second investigation lasted until 1951. For Fishbein’s version of events, see Morris Fishbein Morris Fishbein, M.D.: An Autobiography (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 208–223.
37. Dr. Allan M. Butler [Progressive Citizens of America], July 3 1947, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate, Eightieth Congress, First Session, on S. 545 [NIH funding] and S. 1320 [National Health Program] … Part 2, June 25, 26, 27 and July 2 and 3, 1947), (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947), 1002.
38. Joe W. Savage, Hearings, May 13 1948, 71.
39. William O’Neill Sherman [M.D., Pittsburgh] to Morris Fishbein, January 17, 1947, Public Relations, MOD-K. Nicholas Ransohoff’s paper was submitted to JAMA for publication but was rejected by the AMA’s Orthopedic Section.
40. Eleanor Roosevelt “My Day” September 4 1947, http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1947&_f=md000749, accessed 12/11/2009.
41. Helen Waterhouse “Akron No Polio Nest, County Doctors Told” Akron Beacon Journal June 2 1948.
42. Basil O’Connor to My Dear Mr. Michaels, February 15 1944, Public Relations, MOD-K.
43. [Script] WPTF- “Fighting Infantile Paralysis,” Raleigh, N.C. March 11 [1944]–7:30–8:00 PM, Public Relations, MOD-K. See also Roland H. Berg Polio and Its Problems (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1948), 97–98. The appointment of anatomist Harry Weaver as director of research in 1946 further demonstrated the fund’s belief in centralized and coordinated investigation; On Weaver see Richard Carter Breakthrough: The Saga of Jonas Salk (New York: Trident Press, 1966), 56–59. For comments that this direction of scientific research ran counter to “scientific tradition” and was “controversial,” see Paul A History, 412–413.
44. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis A Decade of Doing: The Story of the National Foundation For Infantile Paralysis, 1938–1948 (New York: National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, 1948), 11.
45. Hart Van Riper, Hearings, May 13 1948, 79; Joe W. Savage, Hearings, May 13 1948, 71.
46. Joe W. Savage, Hearings, May 13 1938, 71.
47. Gerald Gross “Demurrer By O’Connor, Et Al” Washington Report on the Medical Sciences (May 17 1948) 50: 1.
48. Basil O’Connor “The American Way” June 7 1947, Public Relations, AMA, MOD. On O’Connor’s longstanding campaign against federal giving see Oshinksy Polio 80–81; and O’Connor “Foreword” in Berg Polio and Its Problems, vii-viii.
49. “Address by Dr. Morris Fishbein, Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association Given at a Dinner in the Ansley Hotel, Atlanta, Georgia on Wednesday, September 17, 1947 Marking the End of the Clinical Conference on Poliomyelitis Held at Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, September 15th Thru the 17th Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of its Founding,” Public Relations, Fishbein, MOD.
50. Joe W. Savage to Morris A. Fishbein, February 25 1948, Public Relations, AMA, MOD; Fishbein to Savage, February 28 1948, Public Relations, AMA, MOD; Editorial, “Medical Research,” JAMA (1948) 137: 465.
51. John O’Connor, Hearings, May 13 1948, 41, 49–50. New York Democrat John Joseph O’Connor (1885–1960) had been in the House 1923–1939.
52. Gross “Sister Kenny Has Her Say Against Polio Foundation,” 1.
53. Joseph P. O’Hara during Van Riper’s testimony, Hearings, May 13 1948, 81. Joseph Patrick O’Hara (1895–1975), a Minnesota Republican, was in the House 1941–59.
54. Wolverton, Hearings, May 14 1948, 107; Edwin D. Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced” Washington Times-Herald, May 15, 1948.
55. Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced.”
56. Wolverton and Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 101.
57. Gross “Sister Kenny Has Her Say Against Polio Foundation,” 1.
58. Kenny, Hearings, May 19 1948, 193; Gerald Gross “Sister Kenny Shows Her Film To House Interstate Group” Washington Report on the Medical Sciences (May 24 1948) 51: 2.
59. Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 103, 112; Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced”; Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, May 24 1948.
60. Kenny, Hearings, May 19 1948, 204; Kenny to Wolverton, May 26, 1948, reprinted in Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 154. See also Gro
ss “Sister Kenny Has Her Say Against Polio Foundation,” 1.
61. John Heselton, Hearings, May 14 1948, 111. John Walter Heselton (1900–1962) was a Massachusetts Republican in the House 1945–1959.
62. Jungeblut “Vitamin C Therapy and Prophylaxis in Experimental Poliomyelitis” Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937) 65: 127–146; Jungeblut “Further Observations on Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental Poliomyelitis” Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937) 66: 459–477; Jungeblut and R.R. Feiner “Vitamin C Content of Monkey Tissues in Experimental Poliomyelitis” Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937) 66: 479–491; Jungeblut “A Further Contribution to Vitamin C Therapy in Experimental Poliomyelitis” Journal of Experimental Medicine (1939) 70:315–332. See also Paul de Kruif to Dear Doctor Jungeblut, February 19 1936, Box 1, Folder D, Jungeblut Papers, NLM; de Kruif to Dear Dr. Jungeblut, December 16 1938, Box 1, Folder D, Jungeblut Papers NLM.
63. Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, February 24 1948, Board of Directors, MHS-K.
64. Jungeblut “Vitamin C Therapy and Prophylaxis in Experimental Poliomyelitis,” 141; Victor Cohn “Sister Kenny Wins New Medical Praise” Minneapolis Morning Tribune October 4 1949; “Polio Clues: Vitamin C” Time (September 18 1939) 34: 35–36; “Claus Jungeblut, Bacteriologist, 78” New York Times February 2 1976.
65. “Report of the Queensland Royal Commission on Modern Methods for the Treatment of Infantile Paralysis” Medical Journal of Australia (January 29 1938) 1: 195–198; National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis Infantile Paralysis: A Symposium Delivered at Vanderbilt University April, 1941 (Baltimore: Waverly Press, 1941), 207–209.
66. Kenny, Hearings, May 19 1948, 202; Jungeblut to Kenny, February 24 1948, Dr. Claus W. Jungeblut, 1945–1950, MHS-K; Kenny to Jungeblut, February 16 1948, Dr. Claus W. Jungeblut, 1945–1950, MHS-K.
67. Kenny, Hearings, May 19 1948, 202; Jungeblut to Kenny, February 24 1948; Kenny to Jungeblut, February 16 1948.
68. Jungeblut, Hearings, May 13 1948, 67–69; Gerald Gross “ ‘Monopoly’ Charge Hurled” Washington Report on the Medical Sciences (May 17 1948) 50: 1.
69. Kenny to Dear Sir [Wolverton], June 9 1948, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Trade, MHS-K.
70. Wolverton in Jungeblut testimony, Hearings, May 13 1948, 68.
71. O’Hara in Van Riper testimony, Hearings, May 13 1948, 83.
72. Van Riper, Hearings, May 13 1948, 79–81.
73. Kenny quoted by William Langer May 7 1945, Congressional Record Appendix, 79th Congress volume 91, no. 2 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1945), A2109.
74. Stanley Henwood to Marvin Kline, May 21 1948, [reprinted in] Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 155.
75. Martin L. Kline to Dear Mr. Henwood, May 25 1948, [reprinted in] Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 156; Henwood to Kline 1948, [reprinted in] Kenny, Hearings, May 14 1948, 105.
76. Kline to Henwood, May 25 1948.
77. [Cohn interview with] Al Baum and Mrs. Baum, June 14 1955, Cohn Papers, MHS-K; [Cohn first interview with] Rosalind Russell, August 18 1953, Cohn Papers, MHS-K.
78. Wolverton [during testimony of Dr. Leonard A. Scheele, Surgeon General], Hearings, May 13 1948, 22.
79. According to reporters, Wolverton gave the NFIP “a severe tongue lashing,” warning that its refusal to support Kenny was “inconceivable” and that the NFIP had clearly “given her the run-around” when she offered to design an exhibit for the conference; Neff “Kenny Polio Fund Denial Is Denounced”; Wolverton, Hearings, May 14 1948, 118; Wolverton, remarks, Hearings, May 19 1948, [enclosed in] Kenny to Mr. President, Mrs. Webber and Gentlemen, February 24 1948; Gross “Sister Kenny Shows Her Film To House Interstate Group,” 2.
80. Wolverton, Hearings, May 19 1948. Kenny had been the guest of honor at a luncheon hosted by Jersey City Mayor Frank Eggers who had promised the KF his full cooperation and recalled that his uncle, Frank Hague, had urged Kenny 7 years ago to have a clinic in the Medical Center; “Sister Kenny Asks [for] A Medical Inquiry” New York Times March 3 1948.
81. Appel Shaping Biology, 34–35; Kevles The Physicists, 324–366.
82. England Patron for Pure Science, 91; Marks “Cortisone,” 429, 438 n.88.
83. Campion The AMA and U.S. Health Policy, 127–164.
84. Kevles The Physicists, 356–364; Appel Shaping Biology, 18–37; Gerald Gross “Clinical Research Center Nearing Contract Stage” Washington Report on Medical Sciences 57 (July 5 1948), 4, Washington Report File, MHS-K.
85. Dr. Edward L. Bortz [AMA president], Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives Eightieth Congress Second Session on H.R. 5159, H.R. 3059, H.R. 3464, H.R. 3762, H.R. 5087 May 5 and 6, 1948 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1948), 102; Steven P. Strickland Politics, Science and Dread Disease: A Short History of United States Medical Research Policy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), 53; Roger L. Geiger Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 180–181.
86. [Herbert M. Shelton] “Women To the Rescue,” Dr Shelton’s Hygienic Review (July 1945) 6: 257–258.
87. Morris Fishbein “Introduction” in Poliomyelitis: Papers and Discussions Presented at the First International Poliomyelitis Conference (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1949), vii; “Polio Conference Opens Here Today,” New York Times July 12 1948; William I. Laurence “Older Age Groups Attacked by Polio” New York Times July 13 1948. This conference inaugurated a series of international polio meetings sponsored by the NFIP, held every 3 years until 1962, with Fishbein assisting with the publication of the proceedings.
88. These conferences, Yale epidemiologist John Paul later reflected, “set both the stage and the American standard for a global type of representation that had not existed before, and was especially welcome [by researchers] in the immediate post-World War II period.” But, he added, the conferences were “conducted in a lavish manner, and it was obvious that they could not have been put on without the unique financial backing of the NFIP.” This “spectacle of medical science being closely allied to fund-raising and fund-spending techniques,” Paul believed, resulting in “the raising of eyebrows” among both American and European scientists; Paul A History, 320–323. Paul compared these conferences to meetings held by the WHO Expert Committee on Poliomyelitis which began in 1952 and “in the eyes of the world had a truly authoritative ring,” 323.
89. “Sister Kenny Joins Guild” New York Times July 10 1948.
90. “News: Sister Kenny” Newsweek (July 26 1948) 32: 53.
91. Harold Aaron “Polio: A Story of Conflicting Personalities, Promotional Methods and Treatments for a Crippling Disease,” Consumer Reports (February 1949) 14: 80. See also Kenny’s report of a foreign doctor about the recent conference that “when weighed in the balance, [it] left the scales empty for the National Foundation … and with gold for Sister Kenny;” Kenny to Dear Mr. LaRoche, November 8 1948, Clara and Chester LaRoche, 1945–1948, MHS-K. On “The Incomprehensible Tabu” cited by Kenny see “Polio Foundation Fights Her Method, Sister Kenny Says” [Freeport NY] Leader October 21 1948.
92. Roland Berg to Roy Naftzger [chairman, executive committee of the Los Angeles County Chapter], November 23 1948, Public Relations, MOD-K.
93. “First International Poliomyelitis Conference” Physical Therapy Review (September-October 1948) 28: 252–253.
94. Irvine McQuarrie “The Evolution of Signs and Symptoms in Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 57, 59.
95. David Bodian “Poliomyelitis: Pathologic Anatomy” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 81, 83, 81.
96. Fritz Buchthal “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 85, 88.
97. Pollock [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliom
yelitis Conference, 99.
98. Russell [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 96–97, 104.
99. Faber [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 97.
100. Bodian [in Discussion of Fritz Buchthal] “Some Aspects of the Pathologic Physiology of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 99.
101. Kenny “This Report Was Presented to The Honorable The Premier of the State of Queensland E.M. Hanlon, M.L.A. and to Doctors Pye, Nye, Lee, Arden, Wilkinson, and Fryberg of the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Concerning the disease Poliomyelitis [1950],” Kenny Collection, Box 1, Fryer Library, 11.
102. Herbert J. Seddon “Economic Aspects of the Management of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 35–36; Laurence “Older Age Groups Attacked By Polio”; Nicholas S. Ransohoff “Intocostin in the Treatment of Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis” New York State Medical Journal (1947) 47: 151–153.
103. Seddon [in “Discussion” of Herbert J. Seddon] “Economic Aspects of the Management of Poliomyelitis” in First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 53.
104. Seddon [in Discussion], “Great Britain: Orthopaedic Section of the Royal Society of Medicine” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (May 1948) 30: 386–388.
105. H.J. Seddon “The Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis” British Medical Journal (August 30 1947) 2: 319–321; Kenny “For the Information of: Dr. Aubrey Pye, Dr. Felix Arden, Dr. Jarvis Nye, Dr. Alan Lee, Dr. Abraham Fryberg, Professor Wilkinson” November 10 1947, Kenny Collection, Fryer Library; Kenny “For the Information of the Staff of the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney” [1947] [enclosed in] Kenny to Sir [Hanlon] November 11 1947, Wilson Collection.
106. Laurence “Older Age Groups Attacked by Polio”; “Paralysis Trend Found to Adults And Teen-Agers” New York Herald-Tribune July 13 1948; “News: Sister Kenny,” 53; Kenny [Report] July 19 1948, First International Poliomyelitis Conference, 1948, MHS-K; “Polio Treatment Costs Defended by Sister Kenny” Los Angeles Times July 13 1948. For the claim that the cost of the Kenny method was at least 10 times as great as therapy used several years ago see Joseph G. Molner “The Kenny Method” [paper presented at] Post-Graduate Course in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, March 7 1946, Public Relations, MOD-K; “Medicine: Sister Kenny’s New Center,” 49.
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