31. Michael Schwirtz and Matthew Saltmarsh, “Oslo Suspect Cultivated Parallel Life to Disguise ‘Martyrdom Operation,’” New York Times, July 24, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/world/europe/25breivik.html (accessed July 26, 2011).
32. “As Horrors Emerge, Norway Charges Christian Extremist,” New York Times, July 24, 2011.
33. Balazs Koranyi and Walter Gibbs, “Norway Killer Picked Victims Who Had ‘Leftist’ Look,” Reuters, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/04/23/uk-norway-attacks-trial-idUKBRE83M0GT20120423 (accessed April 24, 2012).
34. Scott Stewart, “Norway: Lessons from a Successful Lone Wolf Attacker,” Stratfor Global Intelligence, July 28, 2011, http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110727-norway-lessons-successful-lone-wolf-attacker (accessed August 2, 2011).
35. Monte Kuligowski, “Anders Breivik: A Teachable Moment on Fundamentalism,” American Thinker, August 2, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/08/anders_breivik_a_teachable_moment_on_fundamentalism.html (accessed August 2, 2011).
36. Scott Shane, “Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.,” New York Times, July 24, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html?pagewanted=all (accessed July 28, 2011).
37. Ibid.
38. Nicholas Kulish, “Shift in Europe Seen in Debate on Immigrants,” New York Times, July 27, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/world/europe/28europe.html (accessed August 1, 2011).
39. Ibid.
40. Steven Erlanger and Scott Shane, “Oslo Suspect Wrote of Fear of Islam and Plan for War,” New York Times, July 23, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/europe/24oslo.html?pagewanted=all (accessed August 2, 2011).
41. Tad Tietze, “The Importance of the Anders Breivik Verdict Reaches beyond Norway,” Guardian, August 24, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/aug/24/anders-breivik-verdict-norway1 (accessed November 9, 2012).
42. Mark Townsend, “Breivik Verdict: Norwegian Extremist Declared Sane and Sentenced to 21 Years,” Guardian, August 24, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/24/breivik-verdict-sane-21-years (accessed November 9, 2012). Breivik himself indicated shortly after his arrest that he was quite aware of what he had done. According to his lawyer, Breivik said that “he believed the actions were atrocious, but that in his head they were necessary.” See Klesty and Fouche, “Norway Suspect Deems Killings Atrocious but Needed.”
43. Laura Smith-Spark, “Norway Killer Anders Breivik Ruled Sane, Given 21-Year Prison Term,” CNN, August 24, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/24/world/europe/norway-breivik-trial/index.html (accessed November 9, 2012).
44. Stewart, “Norway.”
45. Gavin Hewitt, “Analysis,” BBC News, July 25, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14280210 (accessed August 4, 2011).
46. “Bin Laden Death Could Inspire Lone Wolf Attacks, Feds Say,” CBS News, May 10, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20061417-503543.html (accessed May 10, 2011).
47. James Dao, “Suspect Was ‘Mortified’ about Deployment,” New York Times, November 5, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/06/us/06suspect.html (accessed May 11, 2011).
48. Chris McGreal, “Fort Hood Shootings: Nidal Hasan's Quiet Manner Hid Hostility to US Army,” Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/06/fort-hood-shootings-nidal-hasan (accessed May 11, 2011).
49. Daniel Pipes, “Maj. Hasan's Islamist Life,” FrontPageMagazine.com, November 20, 2009, http://www.danielpipes.org/7763/major-nidal-hasan-islamist-life (accessed May 11, 2011).
50. Ibid.
51. Joseph I. Lieberman and Susan M. Collins, A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the U.S. Government's Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack, United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, February 3, 2011, p. 8.
52. Pipes, “Maj. Hasan's Islamist Life.”
53. Lieberman and Collins, Ticking Time Bomb, p. 9
54. Del Quentin Wiber, “Von Brunn, White Supremacist Holocaust Museum Shooter, Dies,” Washington Post, January 7, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/06/AR2010010604095.html (accessed May 14, 2011).
55. “Extremism in America: Christian Identity,” Anti-Defamation League, 2005, http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/Christian_Identity.asp?xpicked=4&item=Christian_ID (accessed April 24, 2011).
56. “James von Brunn: An ADL Backgrounder,” Anti-Defamation League, 2009, http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/von_brunn_background.htm?Multi_page_sections=sHeading_2 (accessed April 24, 2011).
57. Ibid.
58. David Stout, “Museum Gunman a Longtime Foe of Government,” New York Times, June 10, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/11/us/11shoot.html (accessed May 14, 2011); “Law Center: Shooting Suspect Has ‘Long History’ with Neo-Nazis,” CNN Justice, June 10, 2009, http://articles.cnn.com/2009-06-10/justice/dc.museum.shooting.suspect_1_white-supremacist-jews-and-blacks-von-brunn?_s=PM:CRIME (accessed May 14, 2011).
59. “James von Brunn.”
60. Neal Augenstein, “Separatist Describes Von Brunn as Depressed,” WTOP, June 11, 2009, http://www.wtop.com/?nid=25&sid=1694189 (accessed May 15, 2011).
61. “White Supremacists Celebrate Holocaust Museum Shooter Suspect as a Martyr and Hero,” Anti-Defamation League, June 11, 2009, http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/White-Supremacists-Celebrate-Shooter.htm (accessed May 14, 2011).
62. “Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession,” NPR, April 14, 2005, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4600480 (accessed May 17, 2011).
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Jeffrey Gettleman, “Ambivalence in the Besieged Town of ‘Run, Rudolph, Run,’” New York Times, June 1, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/national/01SCEN.html (accessed May 18, 2011).
66. “Atlanta Olympic Bombing Suspect Arrested,” CNN, May 31, 2003, http://articles.cnn.com/2003-05-31/us/rudolph.main_1_eric-robert-rudolph-george-nordmann-atlanta-olympic-bombing?_s=PM:US (accessed May 19, 2011).
67. “Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession.”
68. Ibid.
69. Shaila Dewan, “Olympics Bomber Apologizes and Is Sentenced to Life Terms,” New York Times, August 23, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/23/national/23bomber.html?pagewanted=print (accessed May 19, 2011).
70. Henry Schuster with Charles Stone, Hunting Eric Rudolph (New York: Berkeley, 2005).
71. Thad Anderson, “Notes on Eric Rudolph's Manifesto & Postscript,” Blogcritics, http://blogcritics.org/politics/article/notes-on-eric-rudolphs-manifesto-postscript/ (accessed May 20, 2011).
72. Blake Morrison, “Special Report: Eric Rudolph Writes Home,” USA Today, July 5, 2005, http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-05-rudolph-cover-partone_x.htm (accessed May 22, 2011).
73. Peter Jan Margry, “The Murder of Pim Fortuyn and Collective Emotions: Hype, Hysteria, and Holiness in the Netherlands?” Etnofoor:antropologisch tijdschrift 16 (2003): 106–31, http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/meertensnet/file/edwinb/20050420/PF_webp_Engels_lang.pdf (accessed May 25, 2011).
74. Rod Dreher, “Murder in Holland,” National Review Online, May 7, 2002, http://old.nationalreview.com/dreher/dreher050702.asp (accessed May 24, 2011).
75. “Crisis Talks over Dutch Killing,” BBC News, May 7, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1971943.stm (accessed May 25, 2011).
76. “Dutch Election to Go Ahead,” BBC News, May 7, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1972454.stm (accessed May 25, 2011).
77. Ibid.
78. “The Political Legacy of Pim Fortuyn,” Economist, May 9, 2002, http://www.economist.com/node/1125205 (accessed May 24, 2011); Dreher, “Murder in Holland.”
79. Lone-Wolf Terrorism, COT, Instituut voor Veiligheids- en Crisismanagement, Final draft, June 7, 2007, Case Study for Work Package 3, p. 24, http://www.scribd.com/doc/34968770/Lone-Wolf-Terrorism (accessed June 10, 2011).
80. Ibid., p. 35.
81. Ibid., p. 44.
82. Ibid., p. 46.
83. Ibid., pp. 64–65.
&
nbsp; 84. Ibid., pp. 24–25.
85. Marlise Simons, “Dutch Court Sentences Killer of Politician to 18-Year Term,” New York Times, April 16, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/16/world/dutch-court-sentences-killer-of-politician-to-18-year-term.html?ref=pimfortuyn (accessed May 24, 2011).
86. Lone-Wolf Terrorism, p. 25.
87. “Fortuyn Gunman Spared Life Term,” BBC News, April 15, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2948555.stm (accessed May 24, 2011).
88. Margry, “Murder of Pim Fortuyn.”
89. Ibid.
90. Lone-Wolf Terrorism, p. 79.
91. Ibid., p. 80. The Netherlands experienced another assassination in November 2004 when controversial filmmaker Theo van Gogh was shot and stabbed to death in Amsterdam by a Dutch Moroccan man upset with Van Gogh's anti-Islamic views as well as with a recent film that portrayed violence against women in Islamic societies.
92. Jeffrey D. Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, 2nd ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), pp. 49–51.
93. Ibid., p. 49.
94. Ibid., pp. 49–50.
95. Ibid., p. 50.
96. “What Kind of Man Is This?” Rocky Mountain News, November 16, 1955, p. 44.
97. “Famous Cases and Criminals: Jack Gilbert Graham,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/jack-gilbert-graham (accessed May 31, 2011); “Graham Paying Back Check Forgery Fund,” Denver Post, November 14, 1955, p. 1.
98. “Graham Paying Back Check Forgery Fund.”
99. “Graham Faces Charge of Murder,” Denver Post, November 14, 1955, p. 3.
100. “Famous Cases and Criminals.”
101. Ibid.
102. Ibid.
103. This discussion of Panos Koupparis (“Commander Nemo”) is drawn from Simon, Terrorist Trap, pp. 335–37, and from Jeffrey D. Simon, “Lone Operators and Weapons of Mass Destruction,” in Hype of Reality: The “New Terrorism” and Mass Casualty Attacks, ed. Brad Roberts (Alexandria, VA: Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, 2000), pp. 75–76, 78–79. I have included Koupparis in this discussion of criminal lone wolves even though he had help from more than one or two other people. However, since that support came entirely from his family members, it seems to be a special case of an individual who uses close relatives to assist him in threatening a terrorist attack.
104. Pericles Solomides, “Blackmailers Had Plans for Bombings,” Cyprus Mail, May 19, 1987, p. 1.
105. Simon, Terrorist Trap, p. xii.
106. Ted Ottley, “Ted Kaczynski: The Unabomber,” TruTV Crime Library, http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/terrorists/kaczynski/15.html (accessed June 9, 2011).
107. For a discussion of the Croatian hijacking, see Simon, Terrorist Trap, pp. 110–19.
108. Ibid., p. xii.
109. Lone-Wolf Terrorism, pp. 27–28.
110. Ibid., pp. 39–40.
111. Ottley, “Ted Kaczynski.”
112. Kevin Fagan, “Victims React to Kaczynski's Plea Deal/They're Sad, Angry But Glad It's Over,” SFGate, January 24, 1998, http://articles.sfgate.com/1998-01-24/news/17710993_1_hugh-scrutton-unabomber-theodore-kaczynski-unabomber-explosion (accessed June 10, 2011). Epstein died in 2011 at the age of seventy-seven.
113. “Psychological Evaluation of Theodore Kaczynski,” 1998, http://www.paulcooijmans.com/psychology/unabombreport2.html (accessed June 10, 2011).
114. This discussion of Muharem Kurbegovic (the “Alphabet Bomber”) is drawn from Jeffrey D. Simon, “The Alphabet Bomber,” in Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, ed. Jonathan B. Tucker, BCSIA Studies in International Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 71–94; Simon, Terrorist Trap, pp. xxvi–xxvii; and Simon, “Lone Operators and Weapons of Mass Destruction,” pp. 76–79.
115. Transcript of tape recovered on August 9, 1974, in Maywood, California, following call to CBS (Los Angeles Police Department Item No. 1340, Files, Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office).
116. Transcript of tape recovered August 16, 1974, at 11th and Los Angeles Streets (Los Angeles Police Department Item No. 1345, Files, Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office).
117. Simon, “Alphabet Bomber,” p. 92.
118. Transcript of tape recovered August 20, 1974, at Sunset and Western, the site of Kurbegovic's arrest (Los Angeles Police Department Item No. 1337 and Item No. 1338, Files, Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office).
119. Simon, “Alphabet Bomber,” p. 92.
120. Ibid., pp. 92–93.
CHAPTER 3. WHY LONE WOLVES ARE SO DANGEROUS
1. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks, US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-ISC-559 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 54.
2. Jeffrey D. Simon, Terrorists and the Potential Use of Biological Weapons: A Discussion of Possibilities (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1989).
3. Milton Leitenberg, The Problem of Biological Weapons (Stockholm: Swedish National Defense College, 2004), pp. 27–29; David C. Rapoport, “Terrorism and Weapons of the Apocalypse,” in Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation, ed. Henry Sokolski and James M. Ludes (London: Frank Cass, 2001), p. 22.
4. David E. Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, The Cult at the End of the World: The Incredible Story of Aum (London: Arrow Books, 1996), pp. 93–112, 289.
5. Jeffrey D. Simon, “Technological and Lone Operator Terrorism: Prospects for a Fifth Wave of Global Terrorism,” in Terrorism, Identity, and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence, ed. Jean E. Rosenfeld (London: Routledge, 2011), p. 58.
6. Rebecca L. Frerichs, Reynolds Mathewson Salerno, Kathleen Margaret Vogel, et al., Historical Precedence and Technical Requirements of Biological Weapons Use: A Threat Assessment, Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2004-1854, May 2004, p. 3.
7. Simon, Terrorists and the Potential Use of Biological Weapons; Jeffrey D. Simon, “Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism: Understanding the Threat and Designing Responses,” International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 1, no. 2 (Spring 1999): 81–89.
8. The following discussion is drawn from Simon, “Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism,” pp. 83–84.
9. Jessica Eve Stern, “The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord,” in Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, BCSIA Studies in International Security, ed. Jonathan B. Tucker (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 139–57.
10. “Evidence of Anthrax Labs near Kandahar,” ABC News, March 25, 2002, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=80052&page=1 (accessed September 9, 2011).
11. Graham Allison, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe (New York: Times Books, 2004), p. 26.
12. Jeffrey D. Simon, “The Forgotten Terrorists: Lessons from the History of Terrorism,” Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence 20, no. 2 (April/June 2008): 207.
13. Richard Preston, The Hot Zone (New York: Random House, 1994); “Fort Detrick, Maryland,” GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/fort_detrick.htm (accessed September 22, 2011).
14. Noah Shachtman, “Anthrax Redux: Did the Feds Nab the Wrong Guy?” WIRED, April 2011, http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/03/ff_anthrax_fbi/all/1 (accessed September 30, 2011).
15. Ibid.
16. Amerithrax Investigative Summary, United States Department of Justice, February 19, 2010, p. 10.
17. Shachtman, “Anthrax Redux.”
18. Ibid.
19. Amerithrax Investigative Summary, p. 61.
20. David Willman, The Mirage Man: Bruce Ivins, the Anthrax Attacks, and America's Rush to War (New York: Bantam Books, 2011), p. 13.
21. Ibid., p. 48.
22. Ibid., p. 9.
23. Ibid., pp. 55–56.
24. Ibid., p. 72.
25. Amerithrax Investigative Summary, p. 39.
26. Ibid.
27. Willman, M
irage Man, pp. 49–50.
28. Ibid., pp. 62–63.
29. Ibid., p. 61.
30. Ibid., p. 67.
31. Ibid., p. 65.
32. Scott Shane, “Panel on Anthrax Inquiry Finds Case against Ivins Persuasive,” New York Times, March 23, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/us/24anthrax.html?_r=1&hp (accessed October 16, 2011).
33. Amerithrax Investigative Summary, p. 8.
34. Ibid., p. 10.
35. Ibid., p. 9.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., pp. 2–3.
38. “Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation,” Famous Cases and Criminals, Federal Bureau of Investigation, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/anthrax-amerithrax (accessed September 9, 2011).
39. Shachtman, “Anthrax Redux.”
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Amerithrax Investigative Summary; see also “Amerithrax or Anthrax Investigation.”
43. Scott Shane, “Expert Panel Is Critical of F.B.I. Work in Investigating Anthrax Letters,” New York Times, February 15, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/us/16anthrax.html (accessed October 17, 2011).
44. Shane, “Panel on Anthrax Inquiry.”
45. Ibid. Regarding Ivins's animosity toward the news media, the panel wrote that the New York Post, which was one of the targets of the anthrax letters, “represented [to Ivins] the media and New York City, [and] appeared to have been [a] symbolic stand-in…for broader targets.” See Report of the Expert Behavioral Analysis Panel, Gregory Saathoff, chairman, August 23, 2010, p. 9. The panel's report was not made public until March 2011.
46. Simon, “Forgotten Terrorists,” p. 207.
47. Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 326.
48. “Sixteen Individuals Arrested in the United States for Alleged Roles in Cyber Attacks,” Department of Justice, July 19, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/July/11-opa-944.html, (accessed January 7, 2012).
49. Jeffrey D. Simon, “The Alphabet Bomber,” in Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons, ed. Jonathan B. Tucker, BCSIA Studies in International Security (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), p. 86.
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