14 Ibid., p. 340.
15 National Science Foundation (NSF), ‘U.S. South Pole Station: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration’, accessible at www.nsf.gov, accessed 15 April 2015.
16 Nielsen, Ice Bound, p. 47.
17 NSF, ‘U.S. South Pole Station’.
18 Nielsen, Ice Bound, pp. 47–8.
19 Ibid., p. 52.
20 Connie Samaras, ‘American Dreams’, Scholar and Feminist Online, VII/1 (Fall 2008), available at http://sfonline.barnard.edu, p. 4.
21 Robinson, Antarctica, pp. 222, 227. Robinson visited the Pole in 1995 with the NSF Artists and Writers Program and his novel Antarctica was published the same year that Congress approved the construction of the new station.
22 Siple, 90° South, pp. 322, 308–9, 317–18.
23 Elizabeth Chipman, Women on the Ice: A History of Women in the Far South (Carlton, Vic, 1986), p. 101.
24 Bill Spindler, ‘Winterover Statistics’, available at www.southpolestation.com, accessed 15 April 2015.
25 Samaras, ‘American Dreams’, p. 5.
26 Mark Andrew Cravalho, ‘Toast on Ice: The Ethnopsychology of the Winter-over Experience in Antarctica’, Ethos, XXIV (1996), pp. 628–56.
27 Johnson, Big Dead Place, p. 92.
28 Spindler, ‘Winterover Statistics’.
29 Nielsen, Ice Bound, pp. 58–9.
30 Siple, 90° South, pp. 307, 248, 310–11.
31 Nielsen, Ice Bound, p. 28.
32 K. T. Natani and J. T. Shurley, ‘Sociopsychological Aspects of a Winter Vigil at South Pole Station’, Antarctic Research Series, XXII (1974), p. 89.
33 Lawrence A. Palinkas, ‘The Psychology of Isolated and Confined Environments: Understanding Human Behavior in Antarctica’, American Psychologist, LVIII/5 (May 2003), p. 358.
34 Siple, ‘We are Living at the South Pole’, p. 23; 90° South, pp. 308–9.
35 Nielsen, Ice Bound, p. 51.
36 Douglas Mawson, The Home of the Blizzard (London, 1915), vol. I, p. 146.
37 Siple, 90° South, pp. 274–5, 315.
38 Bill Spindler, ‘A South Pole Wedding’, available at www.southpolestation.com, 15 June 2011.
6 Highest, Coldest, Driest …?
1 Valérie Masson-Delmotte, ‘Ice with Everything’, in Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent, ed. David W. H. Walton (Cambridge, 2013), p. 99.
2 Bryan Storey, ‘A Keystone in a Changing World’, in Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent, p. 38.
3 Matthew A. Lazzara et al., ‘Fifty-year Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Surface Climatology’, Atmospheric Research, CXVIII (2012), p. 245.
4 John J. Cassano, ‘Climate of Extremes’, in Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent, p. 120.
5 Masson-Delmotte, ‘Ice with Everything’, p. 78; ‘Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 5: Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, South Pole: Climate’, available at http://www.southpole.aq.
6 XiangBin Cui et al., ‘Ice Radar Investigation at Dome A, East Antarctica: Ice Thickness and Subglacial Topography’, Chinese Science Bulletin, LV/4–5 (2010), p. 425.
7 Masson-Delmotte, ‘Ice with Everything’, p. 73.
8 University of Wisconsin-Madison, IceCube, ‘Antarctic Weather’, available at http://icecube.wisc.edu/pole/weather.
9 Lazzara et al., ‘Fifty-year Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Surface Climatology’, p. 249.
10 Paul Siple, ‘We are Living at the South Pole’, National Geographic Magazine, CXII/1 (1957), p. 23.
11 Paul Siple, 90° South: The Story of the American South Pole Conquest (New York, 1959), p. 316.
12 Robert Falcon Scott, Journals: Captain Scott’s Last Expedition (Oxford, 2006), 22 June 1911, p. 233.
13 Walter Tape, Atmospheric Halos, Antarctic Research Series, LXIV (Washington, DC, 1994), p. 1.
14 Ibid.
15 Scott, Journals, 13 May 1911, p. 191.
16 Glen E. Liston, ‘Green Flash Observations on 24/25 March 1983 at the South Pole, Antarctica’, Weather, LVI (January 2001), pp. 2–3.
17 Scott, Journals, 2 January 1912, p. 365.
18 B. Axelrod, ‘Observations of South Polar Skuas at Dome C’, Antarctic Journal of the u.s., XIV/5 (1979), p. 173.
19 Arthur B. Ford, ‘Skua and Petrel Sightings in the Interior Antarctic Ranges: Thiel and Southern Pensacola Mountains’, Antarctic Journal of the u.s., XVIII/5 (1983), p. 219.
20 Peter Convey, Angelika Brandt and Steve Nicol, ‘Life in a Cold Environment’, in Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent, pp. 194–5.
21 Ibid., p. 196.
22 R. D. Seppelt, ‘Phytogeography of Continental Antarctic Lichens’, Lichenologist, XXVII/6 (1995), p. 420.
23 Nicholas Johnson, Big Dead Place: Inside the Strange and Menacing World of Antarctica (Los Angeles, CA, 2005), p. 82.
24 Roald Amundsen, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the ‘Fram’, 1910–1912, trans. A. G. Chater (London, 1912), vol. II, p. 122.
25 Siple, 90° South, p. 178.
26 Bill Spindler, ‘The Pole Pet Puppy Debacle’, available at http://www.southpolestation.com, accessed 22 April 2015.
27 Most of this summary of introduced animals in Antarctica is based on R. K. Headland, ‘History of Exotic Terrestrial Mammals in Antarctic Regions’, Polar Record, XLVIII (2012), pp. 138–40.
28 Storey, ‘A Keystone in a Changing World’, pp. 48–51.
29 Ibid., pp. 56, 63–5.
30 Jeffrey D. Stilwell and John A. Long, Frozen in Time: Prehistoric Life in Antarctica (Collingwood, Vic, 2011), p. 185.
31 Storey, ‘Antarctica’, p. 48.
32 Written by Peter Van Dresser, the tale appeared in Amazing Stories, V/5 (August 1930), pp. 416–27, 468.
33 G. D. Trigg, ‘Negotiation of a Minerals Regime’, in The Antarctic Treaty Regime: Law, Environment and Resources, ed. G. D. Trigg (Cambridge, 1987), p. 182.
34 Ibid.
35 Olav Orheim, ‘Managing the Frozen Commons’, in Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent, pp. 286–7.
36 Masson-Delmotte, ‘Ice with Everything’, p. 92.
37 Ibid., p. 98; Alan Rodger, ‘Antarctica: A Global Change Perspective’, in Antarctica: Global Science from a Frozen Continent, p. 305.
38 Rodger, ‘Antarctica: A Global Change Perspective’, p. 306.
39 Ibid.
40 Jonathan Amos, ‘Antarctic Ice Volume Measured’, BBC News: Science and Environment, 8 March 2013, available at www.bbc.co.uk/news. The report of the original research project, Bedmap2, can be found at www.antarctica.ac.uk.
41 Masson-Delmotte, ‘Ice with Everything’, p. 92.
42 J. L. Chen et al., ‘Rapid Ice Melting Drives Earth’s Pole to the East’, Geophysical Research Letters (accepted manuscript online), 13 May 2013, DOI: 10.1002/grl.50552, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
7 Looking Up and Looking Down
1 Michael G. Burton, ‘Astronomy in Antarctica’, Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, XVIII (2010), p. 417. ‘Best seeing’ refers to a minimum atmospheric blurring of the image.
2 Steve Martaindale, ‘Pole an Ideal Spot for Astronomers’, Antarctic Sun, 21 January 2007, available at antarcticsun.usap.gov.
3 Ibid.
4 Burton, ‘Astronomy in Antarctica’, pp. 431, 436–7, 439.
5 Will Saunders et al., ‘Where is the Best Site on Earth? Domes A, B, C and F, and Ridges A and B’, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, CXXI (2009), pp. 976–92.
6 Burton, ‘Astronomy in Antarctica’, p. 420.
7 Ibid., p. 440.
8 ‘BICEP Flexes its Muscles’, The Economist (22 March 2014), pp. 78–9.
9 Statistics provided here are drawn from ‘IceCube Quick Facts’, University of Wisconsin-Madison, available at icecube.wisc.edu, accessed 22 April 2015.
10 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), ‘Science Picks – USGS Seismology at the South Pole’, available at www.usgs.gov, accessed 22 Apri
l 2015.
11 Ibid.
12 Gabrielle Walker, Antarctica: An Intimate Portrait of the World’s Most Mysterious Continent (London, 2012), p. 198.
13 South Pole ASMA, ‘Seismology’, available via http://www.southpole.aq; USGS, ‘Seismology at the South Pole’.
14 Jean Robert Petit, ‘The Vostok Venture: An Outcome of the Antarctic Treaty’, in Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science, and the Governance of International Spaces, ed. Paul Berkman et al. (Washington, DC, 2011), p. 167.
15 P. B. Price, K. Woschnagg and D. Chirkin, ‘Age vs Depth of Glacial Ice at South Pole’, Geophysical Research Letters, XXVII/14 (15 July 2000), pp. 2129–32.
16 Peter Rejcek, ‘SPICE-ing It Up’, Antarctic Sun, 8 March 2013, available at antarcticsun.usap.gov.
17 Ibid.
18 B.W. Davis, ‘Science and Politics in Antarctic and Southern Oceans Policy: A Critical Assessment’, in Antarctica’s Future: Continuity or Change?, ed. R. A. Herr, H. R. Hall and M. G. Haward (Hobart, 1990), p. 39.
8 South Polar Politics
1 Ariel Dorfman, The Nanny and the Iceberg [1999] (New York, 2003), p. 56.
2 Paul Siple, 90° South: The Story of the American South Pole Conquest (New York, 1959), pp. 16, 77, 360.
3 For Amundsen, see Roald Amundsen, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the ‘Fram’, 1910–12, trans. A. G. Chater [1912] (London, 2002), vol. II, p. 122; for Scott see Max Jones, The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott’s Antarctic Sacrifice (Oxford, 2003), p. 74.
4 Hilary Shibata, ‘Lt Shirase and the Japanese Antarctic Expedition of 1910–12: The Historical Background’, The Japanese South Polar Expedition 1910–12, by the Shirase Antarctic Expedition Supporters’ Association, trans. Lara Dagnell and Hilary Shibata (Norwich and Huntingdon, 2011), p. 15.
5 Ibid., p. 173.
6 The history of territorial claims is outlined in a number of publications. This summary is particularly indebted to Peter Beck, The International Politics of Antarctica (London, 1986), pp. 21–45 and 119–22; Christopher C. Joyner, Governing the Frozen Commons: The Antarctic Regime and Environmental Protection (Columbia, SC, 1988), pp. 14–20; and Klaus Dodds, The Antarctic: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2012), pp. 48–68.
7 Victor Prescott and Gillian Triggs, International Frontiers and Boundaries: Law, Politics and Geography (Leiden, 2008), pp. 375–8.
8 Jan-Gunnar Winther et al., Norway in the Antarctic: From Conquest to Modern Science (Oslo, 2008), p. 49.
9 Ibid.
10 Cornelia Lüdecke and Colin Summerhayes, The Third Reich in Antarctica: The German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39 (Norwich and Huntingdon, 2012), p. 18.
11 Siple, 90° South, p. 82.
12 H. R. Hall, ‘The “Open Door” into Antarctica: An Explanation of the Hughes Doctrine’, Polar Record, XXV (1989), pp. 137–40.
13 Christopher C. Joyner and Ethel R. Theis, Eagle Over the Ice: The U.S. in the Antarctic (Hanover, NH, and London, 1997), p. 40.
14 Jean Robert Petit, ‘The Vostok Venture: An Outcome of the Antarctic Treaty’, in Science Diplomacy, ed. Paul Arthur Berkman et al. (Washington, DC, 2011), p. 166.
15 Dodds, The Antarctic, p. 58.
16 Ibid., p. 67.
17 Quoted in Frank G. Klotz, America on the Ice: Antarctic Policy Issues (Washington, DC, 1990), p. 171.
18 Ibid., p. 191.
19 PDD/NSC-26, ‘U.S. Antarctic Policy’, available at www.fas.org.
20 Tim Wirth, in the Rocky Mountain News, quoted in Bernadette Hince, The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English (Collingwood, Vic, 2000), p. 338.
21 Dodds, The Antarctic, p. 68.
22 Stephen Moss, ‘No, It’s Not a Ski Resort – It’s the South Pole’, The Guardian (24 January 2003), available at www.theguardian.com.
23 Malcolm W. Browne, ‘Bold New Plan for Imperiled South Pole Station’, New York Times (28 June 1994), p. C1. Bryon MacWilliams, ‘Russia Pulls Out of Antarctic Station’, Nature, CDXXII (13 March 2003), p. 104.
24 Jane Qui, ‘China Builds Inland Antarctic Base’, Nature News (8 January 2009), available at www.nature.com.
25 William J. Mills, Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA, and Oxford, 2003), vol. II, p. 539.
26 Matthew Beard, ‘British Explorers Recount “Agony” of Pole Trek’, The Independent (23 January 2007), p. 9.
9 Pictures of Nothingness
1 Parade, 14 October 1956, p. 43. I am indebted to Bill Spindler’s website www.southpolestation.com for my knowledge of this image.
2 Rüdiger Joppien and Bernard Smith, The Art of Captain Cook’s Voyages (Melbourne, 1985), p. 19.
3 Ibid., p. 17.
4 Stephen J. Pyne, The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica (New York, 1988), p. 160.
5 Nigel Gosling, Gustave Doré (Newton Abbot, Devon, 1973), pp. 23–8.
6 William L. Fox, ‘Every New Thing: The Evolution of Artistic Technologies in the Antarctic; or, How Land Arts Came to the Ice’, in Far Field: Digital Culture, Climate Change, and the Poles, ed. Jane Marsching and Andrea Polli (Bristol and Chicago, IL, 2012), p. 21.
7 Pyne, The Ice, p. 176.
8 Robert K. Headland, A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration (London, 2009), p. 224.
9 Kathryn Yusoff, ‘Configuring the Field: Photography in Early Twentieth-Century Antarctic Exploration’, in New Spaces of Exploration: Geographies of Discovery in the Twentieth Century, ed. Simon Naylor and James R. Ryan (London, 2010), p. 73.
10 Beau Riffenburgh, Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition (London, 2004), p. 184.
11 David M. Wilson, The Lost Photographs of Captain Scott: Unseen Images from the Legendary Antarctic (New York and London, 2011), p. 26; Ernest Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic: Being the Story of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–1909 (New York, 1999), pp. 250, 343.
12 Fox, ‘Every New Thing’, p. 23.
13 Harald Østgaard Lund, ‘The South Pole Photograph’, in Roald Amundsens Sydpolekspedisjon, 1910–1912 [booklet accompanying DVD] (Oslo, 2010), pp. 169, 171; Roland Huntford, ed., The Amundsen Photographs (London, 1987), p. 44.
14 Roald Amundsen, The South Pole: An Account of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the ‘Fram’, 1910–1912 (London, 1912), vol. II, p. 39.
15 Lund, ‘The South Pole Photograph’, pp. 167–8.
16 See Wilson, The Lost Photographs of Captain Scott.
17 Herbert Ponting, The Great White South: Traveling with Robert F. Scott’s Doomed South Pole Expedition (New York, 2001), pp. 185–6.
18 Amundsen, The South Pole, vol. II, p. 2.
19 Pyne, The Ice, pp. 187–9, 201.
20 Klaus J. Dodds, ‘Screening Antarctica: Britain, the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and Scott of the Antarctic (1948)’, Polar Record, XXXVIII (2002), p. 6.
21 Allison Barrett Beaumont, ‘The U.S. Naval Art of Arthur Beaumont’, available at www.navyart.com, accessed 22 April 2015. Arthur Beaumont’s Antarctic artworks can be seen at this website.
22 Emil Schulthess, Antarctica, trans. Peter Gorge (London, 1961), text accompanying pl. 96.
23 Pyne, The Ice, p. 194.
24 Rodney James, Sidney Nolan: Antarctic Journey, exh. cat., Mornington Peninsula Regional Gallery, Victoria (2006), pp. 7, 10.
25 Fox, ‘Every New Thing’, p. 23.
26 James, Sidney Nolan, p. 12.
27 Ibid., p. 37.
28 Ibid., p. 3.
29 Ibid., pp. 2–3.
30 Schulthess, Antarctica, text accompanying pl. 13; Eliot Porter, Antarctica (New York, 1978), p. 117.
31 Porter, Antarctica, p. 16.
32 Elena Glasberg, Antarctica as Cultural Critique: The Gendered Politics of Scientific Exploration and Climate Change (New York, 2012), pp. 90, 93.
33 Ibid., p. 90.
34 William L. Fox, ‘Mirror from an Other World’, in The Antarctic: From the Circle to the Pole (San Francisco, CA, 2008),
p. 13.
35 Fox, ‘Every New Thing’, p. 24.
36 Glasberg, Antarctica as Cultural Critique, p. 102.
37 Michael Almereyda, ‘An-My Lê’ [interview transcript], Bombsite: The Artists Voice since 1981, available at http://bombsite.com, accessed 22 April 2015.
38 ‘An-My Lê: Events Ashore’, press release available at the (New York gallery) Murray Guy website, http://murrayguy.com, accessed 22 April 2015.
39 Glasberg, Antarctica as Cultural Critique, p. 96.
40 Quoted in Mark Chalon Smith, ‘Southern Exposures’, Today@UCI, 7 June 2005, available at http://archive.today.uci.edu.
41 Samaras’s V.A.L.I.S. series can be viewed online at her website www.conniesamaras.com.
42 Connie Samaras, ‘American Dreams’, Scholar and Feminist Online, VII/1 (Fall 2008), available at http://sfonline.barnard.edu., p. 1.
43 Ibid., p. 2.
44 Anne Noble, untitled note, These Rough Notes, by Bill Manhire, Anne Noble, Norman Meehan and Hannah Griffin (Wellington, 2012), p. 63.
45 Paul Coldwell, Re-Imagining Scott: Objects and Journeys, exh. cat., The Polar Museum, Scott Polar Research Institute (Cambridge, 2013), p. 22.
46 This and other South Pole installations by Cortada are described at his website, www.cortada.com.
47 Samaras, ‘American Dreams’, p. 1.
10 Adventurers and Extreme Tourists
1 Adventure Network International, ‘90° South Overnight’, available at www.adventure-network.com, accessed 22 April 2015.
2 Robert K. Headland, A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration: A Synopsis of Events and Activities from the Earliest Times until the International Polar Years, 2007–09 (London, 2009), p. 58. Many of the details of expeditions to the South Pole cited in this chapter are based on this work.
3 See Greg O’Brien, ‘Towards an Antarctic Tourism Policy’, Graduate Certificate in Antarctic Studies thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch (2009), p. 2, available at www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz.
4 Thomas G. Bauer, Tourism in the Antarctic: Opportunities, Constraints, and Future Prospects (Binghamton, NY, 2001), p. 15.
5 Carl Murray and Julia Jabour, ‘Independent Expeditions and Antarctic Tourism Policy’, Polar Record, XL (2004), p. 311.
6 Ranulph Fiennes, in Kari Herbert and Huw Lewis-Price, In Search of the South Pole (London, 2011), pp. 15, 17.
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