by Flora Fraser
Credit ins.21 Washington and Lafayette: John Ward Dunsmore. Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge. 1907. Fraunces Tavern Museum, New York, N.Y.
Credit ins.22 An imaginary depiction of slaves and master: Junius Brutus Stearns. Washington as a Farmer at Mount Vernon. 1851. © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Va. Photo: Katherine Wetzel.
Credit ins.23 Betsy Ross: Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, Betsy Ross, 1777. c. 1890. Private collection/Bridgeman Images.
Credit ins.24 The Prayer: The prayer at Valley Forge, painted by H. Brueckner, engraved by John C. McRae. Published New York, c. 1866. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
Credit ins.25 Friberg’s Prayer: Arnold Friberg, The Prayer at Valley Forge. 1975. Friberg Fine Art, Colorado Springs, Colo.
Credit ins.26 Washington on His Deathbed: Junius Brutus Stearns, Washington on his Deathbed. 1851. The Dayton Art Institute, Gift of Mr. Robert Badenhop, 1954.16.
Credit ins.27 Martha Washington’s head on stamp: 1½-cent Martha Washington stamp. Plate block of four. Presidential Series, 1938. Sc 805. Courtesy of Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington, D.C.
Credit ins.28 Eight-cent stamp: 8-cent Martha Washington stamp. 1902 Series. Sc 306. Courtesy of Smithsonian National Postal Museum, Washington, D.C.
Credit ins.29 Martha Washington silver dollar certificate: Martha Washington $1 Silver Certificate. 1886. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Department of the Treasury, Washington. D.C.
Credit ins.30 George and Martha dolls: George and Martha Washington dolls, c. 1946. Private collection.
Credit ins.31 The Martha Washington Doll Book: Aline Bernstein, The Martha Washington Doll Book (New York, 1945). Front cover. Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C.
Credit ins.32 Study by Constantino Brumidi: Constantino Brumidi, Study for Apotheosis of George Washington, United States Capitol. c. 1859. Athenaeum of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
Credit ins.33 Washington, himself a Mason: Abbie Rowe, National Park Service.
Credit ins.34 Washington Monument: David Liff. Washington Monument, Dusk. January 2006. Copyright David Liff.
INDEX
Abingdon plantation, 17.1, 18.1, 26.1
abolition, state legislation on, 26.1, 26.2
Adam, Robert
Adams, Abigail, 11.1, 25.1, 25.2, 26.1, 30.1, 30.2
conscious of etiquette
Martha and, 25.1, 27.1
Martha described to
Adams, John, fm1.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 25.1, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1, 28.2, 30.1
ambassador to France, 17.1, 18.1
on anti-Federalists
conscious of etiquette, 25.1, 25.2
in First and Second Continental Congresses
on appointing Washington as commander-in-chief of Continental army
on Benjamin Harrison, 12.1, 13.1
declaration of independence
on delegates
on importance of Washington’s military advice
on Martha
as president, 27.1, 28.1
on title for the president, 25.1, 25.2
as vice president, 24.1, 25.1, 26.1
on women of the Roman Republic
Adams, Samuel, 12.1, 12.2
aides-de-camp of Washington
correspondence and, 12.1, 13.1
Humphreys replacing Hamilton
Martha and
in Morristown
part of the “family,”
rank of lieutenant colonel
Alexander, Robert, 17.1, 17.2
Alexander, William. See Stirling, Lord (William Alexander)
Alexandria, 1.1, 4.1, 28.1
Alexandria Advertiser
Alton, John
Amherst, Sir, Jeffery (after Lord)
Anderson, James, 27.1, 29.1
André, John
army. See army, provisional; Continental army
army, provisional
establishment of
selecting officers for
Arnold, Benedict
military governor of Philadelphia
seizure of Fort Ticonderoga
at siege of Quebec
as traitor
Articles of Confederation
ratification
Washington critical of, 21.1, 24.1
Association for Virginia (nonimportation agreement), 6.1, 6.2
Austin, Ebenezer, 11.1, 12.1
Aylett, Betsy. See Dandridge, Betsy
Aylett, John, 7.1, 9.1
Ball, Joseph
Barras, Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, Comte de
Bassett, Betsy
Bassett, Burwell, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1, 19.1, 19.2, 20.1
advising against Jacky’s grand tour
appraisal of Claiborne
visiting Mount Vernon, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2
Bassett, Burwell, Jr., 15.1, 29.1
Bassett, Frances (Fanny). See also Washington, Frances (Fanny) Bassett
birth
joining the Mount Vernon household
Martha and, 15.1, 19.1, 19.2, 23.1
wedding at Mount Vernon
Bassett, Nancy, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 13.1, 15.1
children, 4.1, 15.1, 15.2
death
Martha and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Baylor, George
lack of penmanship, 12.1, 12.2
raising of a regiment in Virginia
Belvoir, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2
Bennet, George
Biddle, Clement, 20.1, 22.1, 22.2
“Black Jack,”
Blair, John
Bland, Theodorick and Martha
Bordley, Elizabeth, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 29.1
Boston, siege of (1775–1776), 10.1, 12.1. See also Cambridge headquarters
British evacuation of
enlistments during, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3
need for funds
Washington on, 11.1, 12.1
Boston Massacre
Botetourt, Norborne, Lord (royal governor of Virginia), 6.1, 6.2
Boucher, Jonathan
on education of Jacky
recommending King’s College
and smallpox inoculation, 8.1, 13.1
suggesting grand tour
on Jacky’s fiancée
schools of
in Annapolis
near Fredericksburg
in St. Barnabas, Maryland, 8.1
sending medicine for Patsy
supervision of Jacky
Boudinot, Elias
Braddock, Edward
Brandywine, defeat at
Britain
importance of maintaining commerce with
peace commissioners
Brookes, Joshua
Buchanan, Walter
Bunker Hill, Battle of
Burgoyne, John, 11.1, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 16.1
Burnet, Richard
Byrd, Lucy Park, 2.1, 5.1
Byrd, William, II
Byrd, William, III, 3.1, 9.1
Cadwalader, John
Calvert, Benedict
Calvert, Charles
Calvert, Eleanor (Nelly). See also Calvert Custis, Nelly; Stuart, Nelly Calvert Custis
engagement to Jacky
marriage to Jacky
at Mount Vernon
Calvert Custis, Nelly, See also Calvert, Eleanor (Nelly); Stuart, Nelly Calvert Custis
accompanying Martha to Cambridge
birth of second child, 12.1, 13.1
marriage to David Stuart
Mercy Warren on
Cambridge headquarters. See also Boston, siege of
aides-de-camp at
Austin steward of, 11.1, 12.1
French merchants at
Martha in, 11.1, 12.1
worship
Canada. See also Quebec, siege of
Continental army in
Carleton, Guy, 21.1, 22.1
Carlyle, John, 1.1, 6.1
, 9.1
Carlyle, Sarah Fairfax, 1.1, 1.2
Carroll, Charles, 28.1, 28.2
Carter, Landon
Cary, Ann, 1.1, 1.2. See also Nicholas, Ann Carter
Cary, Mary, 1.1, 1.2
Cary, Robert, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1
Cary and Co.
informed of Washingtons’ marriage
orders placed by Daniel Parke Custis, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
orders placed by Martha Custis, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
orders placed by Washington, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1
Washington’s debt to, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2, 11.1
Chastellux, François-Jean, Marquis de, 19.1, 19.2, 21.1
Chester, Katherine
Chester, Lucy
Chestnut Grove, 2.1, 2.2
residence of Martha’s mother, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1
childlessness of the Washingtons
children of Martha. See also Parke Custis, Jacky; Parke Custis, Patsy
dancing classes
fortune
friends, 5.1, 6.1
horsemanship, 5.1, 7.1
Martha’s worries about
report of Lund on
china of the Washingtons, 17.1, 23.1, 26.1, 28.1
church. See also worship
Washington and
Claiborne plantation, 15.1, 17.1
Clinton, George, 16.1, 22.1, 24.1
Clinton, Henry (after Sir Henry), 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 17.1, 17.2
Clinton, James, 13.1, 19.1
clothes of Washington
as president
uniform, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1
Cochran, Gertrude
Cochran, John, 18.1, 18.2, 19.1
Congress
final arrangements for the new government
on title for Washington
Connecticut, 12.1, 18.1
Constitution
adoption by Convention
George Mason and, 24.1, 25.1
ratification
Washington on preparation of
Continental army. See also Middlebrook; Morristown; Newburgh; New Windsor; Valley Forge
after cessation of hostilities, 22.1, 22.2
attire
standardization of uniforms
behavior in retreat from New York
consistently on the move
correspondence into British hands
creation
discipline, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1
“free negroes” in
hospital department
John Morgan head of
Shippen head of
inoculation for smallpox, 12.1, 15.1
lack of plans for half-pay
mutinies in 1780
needs
clothing
food, 16.1, 18.1
gunpowder
money
rum
shoes, 15.1, 18.1
tents and wagons
numbers at the Delaware
officers
organization
as standing army, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4
terms of service
Washington as commander-in-chief, 10.1, 11.1, 17.1, 22.1
women’s fund-raising for
Continental Congress
on cessation of trade with Britain
Continental army and
discussion of permanent army
recommendations of army reform
reluctant to providing cash
move from Philadelphia to Baltimore
on need of common authority over militias
political divisions
Virginia delegates, 10.1, 10.2, 12.1
Washington in, 10.1, 13.1
Washington’s complaints about, 13.1, 14.1
Washington’s resignation as commander-in-chief
in York, Pennsylvania
Conway, Henry
Cooper, Myles, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Cope, Thomas
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, 14.1, 15.1, 17.1, 19.1, 19.2. See also Yorktown
at battle of Camden
at battle of Guilford Courthouse
in the south, 18.1, 19.1
correspondence of the Washingtons
burned by Martha
extant postscript to a letter by Lund
surviving items, n
Craik, James, 4.1, 7.1
at birth of Frances Parke Lewis
as escort of Martha
in Greyheads
physician of Washington family, 7.1, 29.1, 30.1
physician of Washington’s slaves
on Washington’s resignation from Virginia Regiment
currencies
colonial, 2.1, 5.1
Continental dollar
depreciation, 17.1n, 17.2
depreciation of Virginia money
United States dollar, n
Currency Act of 1773 (tender laws), n
Custine-Sarreck, Adam-Philippe, Comte de
Custis. See Parke Custis
Custis, John, IV, 2.1, 2.2
Custis Children, The (attr. Pratt)
Cutler, Manasseh
Dana, Francis
Dandridge, Bartholomew, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1, 15.1, 16.1, 19.1, 20.1
Continental army and, 14.1, 14.2
counselor of state, 14.1, 14.2
as Jacky’s executor and administrator
opposed to Jacky’s grand tour
supports Martha in managing Parke Custis estate
Dandridge, Bartholomew (nephew), 26.1, 27.1
Dandridge, Betsy (after Aylett and Henley), 4.1, 5.1, 7.1
Dandridge, Frances Jones, 2.1, 5.1, 16.1
Dandridge, Francis, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1
Dandridge, John
Dandridge, Martha. See Washington, Martha
Dandridge, William
Deane, Silas, 10.1, 15.1, 17.1
Deane, Simeon
Declaration of Independence, adoption of
Declaratory Act (Great Britain)
Delaware, crossing of the
Delaware, retreat to the, 1776–1777, 14.1
Dinwiddie, Robert
drawing-room gatherings
in New York
in Philadelphia
Drinker, Henry and Elizabeth
Dunbar suit, 2.1, 3.1, 8.1, 11.1
Dunlap, William, 22.1, 25.1
Dunmore, John, Earl of (Lord Dunmore), 7.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 13.1, 14.1
Du Ponceau, Pierre, 16.1, 16.2, 19.1
Du Portail, Louis Lebègue
Du Simitière, Pierre Eugène
education
of Martha’s children, (See also Parke Custis, Jacky: education)
of Martha’s grandchildren, 25.1, 26.1 (See also Parke Custis, George Washington: education)
music lessons, 25.1, 27.1
Ehlers, Catherine
Ellison, William
Emerson, Mrs. Ann (housekeeper), 26.1, 27.1
epilepsy of Patsy Custis
Estaing, Charles Hector, Comte d’, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 18.1
Ethiopian Regiment, 11.1, 13.1
etiquette
Adams and
Hamilton’s advice on
Washington and
Fairfax, Bryan, 4.1, 5.1, 9.1, 10.1
Fairfax, Deborah
Fairfax, George William, 1.1, 4.1, 9.1, 10.1
Fairfax, Henry
Fairfax, Robert
Fairfax, Sally Cary, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 9.1
Washington’s feelings for
Fairfax, Sarah Walker
Fairfax, Thomas, Lord
Fairfax, William, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4
Fairfax, William (Billy)
Fairfax County, Virginia
Committee of Correspondence
defense measures
Fairfax Independent Company
Fairfax Proprietary
Fairfax Resolves
farming at Mount Vernon, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2
Fauquier, Francis, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Federal City. See Washington, D.C
.
Fell, John
Field, Robert
Fitzgerald, John, 16.1, 17.1
Fitzhugh, William
Forbes, Eleanor, 28.1, 29.1
Forbes, John, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
forks of the Ohio, campaigns for, 1.1, 4.1
Fort Lafayette, British capture of
Fort Washington
France, 27.1, 27.2, 28.1
Franco-American alliance
British reaction to
Congress’s reaction to
first anniversary of
first joint military attack
French and attack in Canada
French troops blockaded in Brest
ships and troops in 1790
Washington on importance of French in the war
Franklin, Benjamin, 5.1, 11.1, 12.1, 16.1, 17.1
Fraunces, Samuel “Black Sam”
steward at Philadelphia presidential mansion
during yellow fever epidemic, 27.1, 27.2
steward in New York presidential mansion
tavern of
Fredericksburg, New York, 17.1, 17.2
Fredericksburg, Virginia, 10.1, 14.1
Free Masons’ Lodge, Washington part of
French and Indian War
Frenchmen. See also French officers by name
arrival of troops at Sandy Hook
in Continental army (See also Lafayette, Marquis de)
in Morristown
at Valley Forge
merchants in Cambridge
Fugitive Slave Act
Gage, Thomas, 6.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2, 11.1, 11.2, 12.1
Garth, Thomas
Gates, Betsy, 12.1, 12.2, 21.1
Gates, Horatio, 16.1, 17.1, 21.1
arrival in New York City
campaign to replace Washington with
commander of the army in the north
defeat at the battle of Camden
professional soldier
Gazette of the United States, 25.1, 25.2
General Advertiser
Gérard, Conrad-Alexandre, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4
German mercenaries in British army
Germantown, Pennsylvania
Martha during summer of 1776
as retreat from yellow fever
Washington’s attack on
Gibbs, Caleb
captain of Washington guard
household accounts
in Morristown
procuring clothing and household help
Godwin, Thomas
Gouvion, Jean Baptiste
Gradual Abolition Act (Pennsylvania)
grandchildren of Martha
elder, 26.1, 27.1
part of Washington’s household, 22.1, 23.1, 23.2, 25.1 (See also Parke Custis, George Washington; Parke Custis, Nelly (granddaughter))
worries about
Grand Convention, 24.1, 24.2
