by Herb Boyd
Whitaker, “Sweet” Lou, 261
Whitall, Susan, 297
White, Horace, 132, 140
White, John, 187
Wilkins, Roy, 199
Williams, Andrew, 168
Williams, Fred Hart, 67–68
Williams, Geneva, 313
Williams, Holman, 125
Williams, James, 52
Williams, John, 52, 218, 221
Williams, John A., 66
Willoughby, Benjamin, 30, 33
Wilson, Danton, 271
Wilson, Jackie, 179
Wilson, John, 29–31
Wilson, Mary, 296
Wilson, Porterfield, 316
“Wilson, James” (composite head of family), 55
Winans (gospel group), 264
Winfield, Owen, 230
Winslow, Kellen, 310
Wise, Rose Poole, 68
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 64
women’s issues
Crockett as first female black obstetrician, 162–163
employment of, during World War II, 144–146, 154–155
employment of, early twentieth century, 109, 119
Henderson as first black City Councilwoman, 232
Wonder, Stevie, 240, 269, 273
Wooten, Chuck, 218, 221
World War I, 97–103
World War II era, 139–157
blacks as political representatives, 155–157
Detroit race riot of 1943, 150–154
early civil rights movement of, 155
employment during, 142–147, 154–155
housing projects, 139–142
military service by blacks during, 147–150
Poole and, 102
Worthy, Kym, 276–277
Worthy, William, 195
Wright, Bruce M., 212
Wright, Charles H., 163, 241, 242, 283–284
Wright, Simeon, 164
WW (gang), 254
Wyley, Ann, 19–20
Wylie, Jeanie, 248–249
X, Malcolm, 137, 150, 163, 190, 195, 197, 236
Yakini, Malik Kenyatta, 314
Yakub theory (Nation of Islam), 150
Young, Beulah Alexander, 119
Young, Charles, 98–99
Young, Coleman
Cavanagh and, 189–190
death of, 284–285
as Detroit mayor, 230–234, 245–252, 255–260, 263–264, 267–268, 271, 277–280
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and, 161–162
labor activism by, 129–132, 155
military service of, 147–148
overview, 8–9
as state senator, 196–197
Young, George, 147
Young, James Percy, 119
Young, Joe, Jr., 293–294
Young Boys Inc. (YBI; gang), 245–246
Younger, James, 263
Young Negroes’ Progressive Association (YNPA), 96
Your Heritage House, 236–237, 243
Zampty, John Charles, 101
PHOTOS SECTION
The Gateway to Freedom International Memorial to the Underground Railroad, commemorating Detroit’s role in the Underground Railroad, is located at Hart Plaza on the riverfront. It was sculpted by Edward Dwight, after winning a competition. It was dedicated on October 20, 2001. (Photo by Dale Rich)
William Lambert (1817–1890) was among the leading abolitionists in Detroit. As a conductor on the Underground Railroad, he helped thousands of runaway slaves continue their flight to freedom in Canada. (Photo courtesy of the Detroit Historical Society)
Fannie Richards, a native of Virginia, became the first African American teacher in the city’s school system by the 1860s. She was a teacher for more than fifty years, and she was inducted into the Michigan Women’s Hall of Fame for her contribution to education.(Courtesy Archives of Michigan)
Emma Azalia Hackley (1867–1892) excelled as a singer in several genres, but her lasting legacy was in the realm of music education. An extensive musical archive at the Detroit Public Library is named in her honor. (Courtesy of the E. Azalia Hackley Collection of African Americans in the Performing Arts, Detroit Public Library)
Elijah McCoy, the great inventor, was born in Canada, but beginning in the 1870s he resided in and around Detroit, where he continued his innovations in lubricating systems. So vast was the number of patents and his authority, he was deemed “the real McCoy” to distinguish him from imitators. (Courtesy of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library)
This scenic shot is along a creek that runs through Elwood Cemetery, where a coterie of black and white notables rest in eternal peace, including Lewis Cass, Coleman Young, and William Lambert (Photo by Herb Boyd)
A black man battered and bloodied during the race riot of 1943. (Photographer unknown)
The 606 Horseshoe Lounge was built in 1936. Before it was demolished in 2000, it was the last bar in Detroit’s Paradise Valley, an entertainment and business district. (Photo by Dale Ric)
This chart shows that from 1920 to 1930 there was an increase of 80,000 in Detroit’s black residents; another population explosion occurred from 1940 through 1950, when the black population doubled. (Photo courtesy of Mask Magazine)
The great boxing champion Sugar Ray Robinson shares a magazine with Joyce Finley (Garrett). (Photo courtesy of Shahida Mausi)
Milton Henry (Brother Gaidi); Jaramogi Abebe Agyeman (Albert Cleage); Thomas “Beans” Bowles; Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael), and an unidentified man.
Congressman Charles Diggs addresses a crowd in Washington, D.C., in 1972 at the first African Liberation Day celebration. (Photo by Dale Rich)
This is Hitsville, U.S.A., the original Motown headquarters, on West Grand Boulevard. (Photo by Dale Rich)
Berry Gordy’s mansion at 918 West Boston. (Photo by Dale Rich)
The wall near Eight Mile Road, once a line of demarcation separating the black and white communities. (Photo by Dale Rich)
Rosa Parks with Mayor Coleman Young at his inaugural prayer breakfast in January 1975 at Cobo Hall. (Photo by Dale Rich)
Shahida Mausi holds a picture of her great-grandmother. (Photo courtesy of Shahida Mausi)
On the left, partially obscured, is Michigan Chronicle reporter Jim Ingram. Councilwoman Erma Henderson and attorney Ken Cockrel join him at a press conference in the early 1970s. (Photo by Don Van Freeman)
Ribbon-cutting ceremony on Friday, August 31, for the opening of the new Detroit Jazz Center, 2110 Park Avenue. Front Row: Herb Boyd, executive director of the Detroit Jazz Center; Representative John Conyers (first congressional district); Senator John Faxon. (Photo by Leni Sinclair)
Concert on Washington Boulevard. Front row (l to r): Miller Brisker, Wendell Harrison, Vincent York, Ernie Rodgers, Teddy Harris (standing), Malvin McCray, Sam Sanders, Arnold Clarington, and Beans Bowles. Second row: Vaughn Klugh, Marcus Belgrave, Ron Jackson, Herbie Williams, Steve Hunter, Donald Towns, Jimmy Wilkins, Ed Gooch, Brad Felt. In the rear: Rod Hicks, two unidentified members, bassist Melvin “Skull” Jackson, and Roy Brooks. (Photo by Leni Sinclair)
Nadine Brown, Michigan Chronicle reporter; Rosa Parks; Elza Dinwiddie; Katherine Brown; a Wayne State University student; a faculty member at Wayne State; Herb Boyd; and Alex Haley. All are listening to Almitra Dye, Boyd’s daughter, read from Boyd’s first publication of student essays in response to Haley’s Roots in 1977. (Photographer unknown)
Yusef Lateef signs his autobiography for Katherine Brown at the Jazz Festival in 2007. (Photo by Herb Boyd)
Shrine of the Black Madonna. (Photo by Dale Rich)
Artist Bennie White Ethiopia studying his mural of Malice Green, who was killed by the police on November 5, 1992. In 2013, the mural was demolished along with the building located at Warren and Twenty-Third Street. (Photo by Dale Rich)
Ron Scott, with the megaphone, leading a demonstration in the summer of 2010 in downtown Detroit following the police shooting death of Aiyana Jones. The wom
an to the left of Scott is Jewell Allison, who organized the protest. In back of Scott is activist Carl Dix of the Revolutionary Communist Party. (Photo by Herb Boyd)
Summer of 2014 advisory council and history collective, including George Gaines, with the purse; Gene Cunningham, kneeling; and Elza Boyd, center. The others are Monica Music, Greg Hicks, Ron Lockett, and Charles Simmons. The photo was taken by Herb Boyd at Reggie Carter’s house.
David Rambeau, actor, director, and pioneer in black television, in the rotunda at the Dr. Charles Wright Museum of African American History in 2014. (Photo by Herb Boyd)
Artist McArthur Binion and his daughter, Stella, in New York, at the Lelong Gallery, in 2016. (Photo by Herb Boyd)
Civic leader Ron Lockett and former mayor Dave Bing at Northwest Activities Center, in 2016. (Photo by Herb Boyd)
Power of Togetherness is Charles McGee’s twenty-five-foot sculpture outside the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. (Photo by Herb Boyd)
Roy Brooks, famed percussionist and bandleader. (© 2017 Barbara Weinberg Barefield)
(Photo courtesy of smartbus.org)
Rosa Parks’s home. (Photo by Dale Rich)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
HERB BOYD is a journalist, activist, teacher, and author or editor of twenty-three books, including his latest, The Diary of Malcolm X, edited with Ilyasah Al- Shabazz, Malcolm X’s daughter. His articles have been published in the Black Scholar, Final Call, the Amsterdam News, Cineaste, Downbeat, the Network Journal, and the Daily Beast. A scholar for more than forty years, he teaches African American history and culture at the City College of New York in Harlem, where he lives.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
ALSO BY HERB BOYD
Brotherman—The Odyssey of Black Men in America (Co-edited with Robert Allen)
Autobiography of a People—Three Centuries of African
American History as Told by Those Who Lived It (Editor)
The Diary of Malcolm X: El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Co-edited with Ilyasah Shabazz)
We Shall Overcome—The History of the Civil Rights Movement as It Happened
Civil Rights—Yesterday & Today (With Todd Steven Burroughs)
Baldwin’s Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin
Pound for Pound: A Biography of Sugar Ray Robinson
Heroes of America: Martin Luther King, Jr.
Down the Glory Road: Contributions of African Americans in United States History and Culture
Black Panthers for Beginners (Illustrated by Lance Tooks)
African History for Beginners (Illustrated by Shey Wolvek Phister)
The Harlem Reader (Editor)
Race and Resistance (Editor)
The Former Portuguese Colonies: Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, São Tomé, and Principe
CREDITS
Cover design by Adalis Martinez
Cover photograph © Francis Miller / Getty Images
COPYRIGHT
BLACK DETROIT. Copyright © 2017 by Herb Boyd. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
Print ISBN 978-0-06-234662-9
EPub Edition June 2017 ISBN 9780062346643
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